武汉东湖颗粒有机碎屑现存量的测定

对武汉东湖三个采样点的颗粒有机碎屑现存量进行了测定,三个站的平均量(以dmm^3／1表示)分别为72,505、18,125和52,398。其现存量与湖水的pH值无关;与水温有一定的正相关,但这种关系是间接的。     

中国南方灌丛凋落物现存量

凋落物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在区域尺度上阐明其现存量的分布特征及其影响因子有助于理解陆地生态系统碳循环的机理。该研究采用分层随机抽样调查方法分析了中国南方灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的空间分布格局及其影响因子。结果发现:该区域灌丛凋落物现存量的平均值为0.32 kg·m~(–2),是中国森林凋落物现存量(0.47 kg·m~(–2))的68%,是中国草地凋落物现存量(0.06 kg·m~(–2))的5倍;凋落物现存量呈现出明显的纬度格局,随着纬度的增加而升高;该区域的灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的碳转换系数为0.41,显著低于植被活体转换系数0.50;凋落物现存量与年平均气温、土壤全磷含量和土壤pH值显著负相关,与年降水量、土壤碳、氮以及有机碳含量相关性不显著。研究表明:该区域灌丛凋落物现存量是中国陆地生态系统碳库不可忽视的组分;年平均气温是影响该区域内灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的重要环境因子;采用常用的植被活体碳转换系数可能会高估凋落物现存量碳库的22%。     

长白落叶松人工林热值及其能量现存量

采用量热法对5个径级的长白落叶松各器官热值进行测定,结合生物量的数据,对长白落叶松的能量现存量进行研究。结果表明:长白落叶松各器官能量现存量模型W=aD~b最适推算长白落叶松的能量现存量。长白落叶松各器官热值的测定结果显示:枝皮干叶根。各器官的能量现存量呈现:干根皮枝叶的规律,能量现存总量1988.39×10~9J/hm~2,地上部分能量现存量远远高于地下部分,主要集中在0—12 m的树段,地下部分主要集中在粗根和根坨。对比5个径级根系的能量现存量,20径级根系的能量现存量最大(187.73×10~9J/hm~2),8径级根系的能量现存量最小(7.72×10~9J/hm~2)。对比5个径级长白落叶松的能量现存量,16径级的能量现存量最大(723.45×10~9J/hm~2),8径级的能量现存量最小(46.58×10~9J/hm~2)。对比长白落叶松和樟子松的能量现存量可知:长白落叶松小于樟子松。     

不同林龄柠条细根现存量比较

采用微根管技术(Minirhizotron technique)对晋西北黄土丘陵区幼林(5a)与成林(30a)柠条(Caragana korshinskii)细根动态进行了为期5a的原位观测。基于2008—2011年的观测数据,对两林龄柠条不同土层细根现存量动态进行了比较研究,并探讨了两林龄柠条细根现存量与不同年际间水热条件的差异。结果表明:在0—100 cm土壤剖面,柠条幼林与成林细根现存量的峰值均位于50 cm土层以下,成林细根现存量峰值位于50—60 cm土层,幼林细根现存量峰值则从观测期初的90—100 cm土层到观测期末的80—90 cm土层。各观测年内,两林地各土层每年生长季初(3—4月)会出现细根现存量的积累;30—100 cm土层中,幼林细根最大现存量出现时间均较成林早,而生长季末(9—10月),所有土层幼林细根现存量下降均较成林快。柠条细根现存量的垂直分布主要受土壤水分影响,季节变化受温度的影响更大,年际间细根现存量的差异主要是由于年降雨量变化;幼林细根现存量受降水、土壤水分、土壤温度等的影响比成林大。     

西双版纳不同热带森林群落土壤表层的细根年动态

用钻土蕊法和内生长土蕊法研究了西双版纳 4个不同的热带森林群落一年内细根现存量和两个群落长入细根量的动态变化 ,结果表明 :在原始群落中活细根现存量 6～ 1 2月间相对较大 ,峰值为 1 0月份 ,在 2～ 6月间相对较少 ,死细根现存量高值出现于 4月中后期 ,最小值出现于 8月。人为干扰较大的 1 5年生群落和人工群落活细根现存量在各个月份出现不规律的变化 ,死细根现存量与原始林有类似的变化规律。 3 0年生群落活细根现存量在 6～ 1 0月份相对较大 ,低值出现于 2月 ,死细根现存量高峰值则出现于 6月 ,低峰值出现在 8月。细根长入量在原始群落和人工群落 4～ 6月期间量最大 ,人工群落于上年 1 2～ 2月份出现最低值。     

短花针茅荒漠草原不同放牧处理地上现存量的对比及拟合优化

为探讨放牧强度季节调控下荒漠草原地上现存量的变化趋势及放牧强度与季节的耦合作用对地上现存量影响,本研究整理2010—2014年9月蒙古高原短花针茅荒漠草原地上现存量观测数据,采用对比分析和回归建模对荒漠草原地上现存量进行了研究。结果表明:荒漠草原地上现存量在试验处理间和年度间均存在极显著性差异(P0.01),且放牧处理效应大于年度间水温变化引起的生物量变化。回归建模分析显示,通过6个试验处理可建立拟合率达到99%以上的通用模型,根据通用模型可以预测27种试验处理组合的地上现存量变化;模型同时显示,春季放牧强度增加可导致草地可持续利用能力下降,且前一季节放牧强度对后一季节放牧存在明显影响,不同放牧季存在影响结果的叠加作用,导致前期的影响作用在放牧季被放大,使得草地在重牧过程后的可恢复能力降低。     

中国森林和草地凋落物现存量的空间分布格局及其控制因素

凋落物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,它对生态系统的养分循环非常重要。凋落物现存量是凋落物输入量与分解量的净累积量,理论上影响凋落物输入过程和分解过程的因素都会对凋落物现存量产生重要影响。目前,我国科学家对部分区域典型陆地生态系统凋落物现存量及其影响因素进行了探讨,但迄今为止,全国尺度下的关于凋落物现存量评估的结果还未见报道。因此,如何准确地评估凋落物现存量对揭示生态系统应对全球变化具有重要意义。收集了2000—2014年公开发表文献中的森林和草地凋落物现存量数据(共1864个样点),并结合气候、土壤和地上生产力探讨了中国森林和草地凋落物现存量的空间格局及其主要控制因素,此外,还利用森林和草地凋落物的碳氮含量,结合凋落物现存量估算了不同区域和全国尺度的凋落物的碳氮贮量。分析结果表明:中国森林和草地的凋落物现存量存在较弱的经度和纬度格局,然而按照不同经度和纬度间隔整理数据后凋落物现存量表现出显著的空间分布格局。森林的凋落物现存量表现为随着经度和纬度的增加而逐渐增加,主要控制因素为温度。草地的凋落物现存量表现为随着经度的增加而逐渐升高,其主要影响因素为降水。森林和草地凋落物现存量在局部(或区域内)存在非常大的变异,这是造成其大尺度格局较弱的重要原因。结合1∶100万中国植被图的森林和草地面积数据,估算出中国森林的凋落物现存量约为1135.56 Tg,其碳氮贮量约为517.93 Tg C和15.33 Tg N;此外,中国草地的凋落物现存量约为119.63 Tg,其碳氮贮量分别为47.11 Tg C和1.59 Tg N。首次尝试对全国尺度森林和草地凋落物现存量及其碳氮贮量进行估算,其研究结论有助于揭示凋落物在碳氮循环中的重要作用,并可为准确评估中国陆地生态系统碳氮贮量提供重要参考。     

2008年浒苔大暴发末期黄海小型底栖动物现存量及空间分布

在2008年夏季浒苔暴发末期,对黄海33个站位(其中冷水团中22个,浒苔暴发区域9个)进行了小型底栖动物现存量、分布及沉积环境研究.结果表明:在浒苔灾害严重的南黄海区域,沉积物中的粉砂-粘土含量较往年(2007年)有明显增加;沉积物中叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素a含量在大多区域较2007年变化不大,但在苏南至长江口近岸海域的含量有明显降低.所获的16个小型底栖动物类群的垂直分布及各类群对现存量的贡献较往年未见明显差异.小型底栖动物平均丰度为(1375±793)ind·10 cm-2,生物量为(1203±707)μg·10cm-2.黄海小型底栖动物总体现存量较2007年低约1/3,并在浒苔暴发区域下降尤为明显,而南黄海冷水团海域则略有上升,由此导致南黄海的小型底栖动物现存量分布呈现从中央冷水区向外围减小的反常现象;相较于此,在浒苔灾害影响较小的北黄海则呈从冷水区向外围增加的趋势.统计分析显示,浒苔暴发区域的小型底栖动物丰度与盐度呈正相关,与叶绿素a含量不相关.浒苔的暴发对近岸的小型底栖生物现存量产生了明显的抑制,但导致小型底栖动物现存量降低的主要因素并非缘于饵料匮乏,而更可能是浒苔暴发后的沉积与降解过程产生的影响所致.     

长白山北坡主要森林群落凋落物现存量月动态

以长白山北坡4种主要森林群落类型为研究对象,于2006年群落生长季节(5-10月)每月初采用直接收获法对森林凋落物现存量进行连续定位调查研究。结果表明:各群落内凋落物现存量大小依次为阔叶红松林(6.43 t/hm²)>白桦林(6.02 t/hm²)>云冷杉林(5.51 t/hm²)>山杨林(5.50 t/hm²);凋落叶和枝现存量占现存凋落物总量的比例最大,达50%以上,其次为半分解物(>35%),花果皮等所占比例较少,各占总量的10%和5%以下。凋落物现存量月动态阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林呈双峰型变化,峰值出现在5月和7月;云冷杉林则呈单峰型变化,峰值仅出现在7月。位于相近海拔高度的阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林,凋落物各组分现存量月动态变化趋势相似,其中白桦林和山杨林变化趋势基本相同,凋落枝、皮及半分解物现存量5月和7月较高,凋落叶则呈现下降趋势,而阔叶红松林凋落叶和枝现存量5月和7月较高,而位于较高海拔的云冷杉林,则与前者呈现不同变化趋势,8月前波动较大,从5月开始明显上升,7月达到峰值,8月后曲线渐趋平缓或略有下降。进一步对阔叶红松林和云冷杉林内凋落叶现存量月动态进行比较得出,阔叶红松林7月份凋落叶现存量高不完全取决于红松叶现存量,主要由色木槭、紫椴和水曲柳等阔叶树种叶凋落物现存量变化决定,而云冷杉林则取决于红松和云冷落叶的凋落物的量。     

神农架常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物动态及影响因素

凋落物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分, 凋落物动态特征可以反映出生态系统的存在状况以及环境对植被的影响作用。为探究北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物产量及现存量的动态及其影响因素, 该研究观测了神农架地区一处典型植被2009-2015年的凋落物产量及现存量, 据此分析其动态特征及其与气象因素的关系。研究结果表明: 该森林凋落物平均年产量及现存量分别为5.94 t·hm ^-2和10.46 t·hm ^-2, 2009至2014年均无明显年际变化趋势, 但在2015年均显著降低, 且当年倒春寒天数显著高于其他年份; 季节动态变化呈现双峰型, 峰值分别出现在3-5月和10月; 凋落物月产量与当月的前第1-4个月的月平均气温正相关, 与当月的前第8-10个月的月平均气温负相关, 且与当月的前第6-7及第10个月的月平均相对湿度负相关; 凋落物产量季节性指数平均值为0.032, 与年平均气温显著正相关。可见, 长时间倒春寒现象会显著影响凋落物年产量及现存量, 月平均气温和相对湿度对凋落物产量季节动态的影响有明显的滞后性, 且年平均气温对北亚热带主要森林类型的凋落物产量季节性指数有显著影响。     

四种浮游生物的碎屑形成过程

本文就不同学者的观点,讨论了有机碎屑的具体定义问题。从有机碎屑产生的具体途径来看,细菌侵入已死亡的有机体这一时刻,就是碎屑形成的开始。根据Golterman的藻类矿化概念,以细菌侵入藻细胞这一时相作为有机碎屑的开始期;作者将隆线溞,水华束丝藻、螺旋鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻的碎屑开始期分别定为:心跳停止和细菌入侵(枝角类)、藻丝体断裂期(水华束丝藻及螺旋鱼腥藻)、灰蓝色细胞质显现期(铜绿微囊藻)。碎屑开始期及其后的各种形态均属碎屑范畴。       

Long-term changes of Copepoda community (1957-1996) in a subtropical Chinese lake stocked densely with planktivorous filter-feeding silver and bighead carp

In contrast to the relatively well documented impact of particulate-feedingfish on zooplankton communities, little attention has been devotedto the impact of filter-feeding fish. Filter-feeding silverand bighead carp are the most intensively cultured fish speciesin Asia and comprise much of the production of Chinese aquaculture.However, little information is known about the impact of eitherfish on the zooplankton community. Long-term changes in theCopepoda community (1957–1996) were studied at two samplingstations of a subtropical Chinese lake (Lake Donghu) dominatedby silver and bighead carp. For both calanoids and cyclopoids,the littoral station (I) was much more resource profitable thanthe pelagic station (II). There has been a tremendous increasein the annual fish catch over the past 30 years due to the increasedstocking with fingerlings of the two carp species. There wasa notably higher fish density at Station I than at Station II.Cyclopoid abundance was notably higher at Station I than atStation II during the 1950s to the 1980s, while the reversebecame true in the 1990s. This is probably because when fishabundance increased to an extremely high level, the impact offish predation on the cyclopoids became more important thanthat of food resources at the littoral station. At both stations,cyclopoid abundance was relatively low in spite of the presenceof abundant prey. Similarly, calanoid density did not differsignificantly between the two stations in the 1950s and 1960s,but was significantly lower at Station I than at Station IIduring the 1980s and 1990s. Such changes are attributed to thegradient of fish predation between the stations and an increasingpredation pressure by the fish. The increased fish predationalso correlated with a shift in summer-dominant calanoids fromlarger species to smaller ones. In conclusion, the predaceouscyclopoids are affected by fish predation to a much lesser extentthan the herbivorous calanoids, and therefore increased predationby filter-feeding fish results in a definite increase in thecyclopoid/calanoid ratio. Predation by filter-feeding fish hasbeen a driving force in shaping the copepod community structureof Lake Donghu during the past decades.     

Seston composition in the point pelee area of lake erie

Approximately one-third of organic seston in western Lake Erie was estimated to be living algae; the remainder was mainly detritus. The amount of detrital carbon was least in summer and maximal in autumn. Allochthonous organic matter, particularly municipal and industrial wastes, and resuspended sediments were considered to be major sources of detritus.     

疏浚后杭州西湖浮游动物群落的变化

2003年1-12月调查了疏浚后杭州两湖(小型、浅水、富营养化湖泊)四个采样站(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)浮游动物群落的变化。研究包括优势种组成、密度和生物量,以及浮游动物生物量与水体叶绿素a、有机物耗氧量、总氮和总磷含量之间的相关分析。疏浚后,Ⅲ-Ⅳ站原生动物第一优势种由似铃壳虫(Tintinnopsis sp.)变为筒壳虫(Tintinnidium sp.);Ⅲ-Ⅳ站轮虫第一优势种由暗小异尾轮虫(Trichocerca pusilla)变为针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla);Ⅰ站的长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)和Ⅲ站的微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)分别取代了长肢秀体溞(Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum)第一优势种的地位;桡足类中,剑水蚤优势种为粗壮温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops dybowskii),哲水蚤优势种为汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)。疏浚后,西湖浮游动物平均密度增加了80.5%,其中原生动物密度增量贡献57.3%。平均生物量增加了49.7%,其中轮虫生物量增量贡献36.5%。西湖浮游动物生物量与水体叶绿素a、有机物耗氧量和总磷含量之间均呈垃著的正相关关系。不同采样站中,以Ⅳ站环境生态因子与浮游动物生物量之间的相关程度最高,其次为Ⅲ站、Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站,水体环境生态因子对浮游动物的影响程度与其优势利演变的体现相一致。在不同浮游动物类群中,枝角类生物量与水质生态因子之间的相关程度最高,其次为轮虫、桡足类和原生动物。     

武汉东湖浮游植物水华的多元分析

应用多元分析中的fuzzy聚类分析、Fisher判别分析和逐步回归分析,对武汉东湖1983至1985年浮游植物水华进行一系列分析处理,得到其Ⅰ、Ⅱ两站的水华判别函数,分析了判断水华形成的主要指标:Ⅰ站为初级生产量和氨氮浓度,Ⅱ站为温度、硝酸盐浓度、叶绿素a浓度和COD,此外,本文还就Ⅰ、Ⅱ两站浮游植物的两个因子(chl a和初级生产量)分别对不同形态的营养元(氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、总氮、磷酸盐、总磷和硅酸盐)进行了回归分析;结果指出,现在东湖浮游植物不是以磷为限制因子而是氮限制。       

Structure of the Phytoplankton Community and Its Relationship to Water Quality in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China

The phytoplankton community structure, in terms of species composition, total standing crop,and abundance of the dominant algal species, at four stations in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China, was investigated monthly from January 1994 to December 1996. A total of 260 taxa was observed, of which Chlorophyta (106 taxa) contributed the highest portion of the total number of taxa, followed by Bacillariophyta (82 taxa) and Cyanophyta (32 taxa). The total standing crop measured by means of chlorophyll a content, cell density,and cell biovolume, as well as the abundance of the dominant species, declined in the order of Station I to Station IV. Seasonal changes of the standing crop varied greatly among the four stations. Although the cell density at the four stations showed a single peak within a year, the peak density varied from July to November, dependent on the sampling year and the station. For chlorophyll a content and cell biovolume,multiple peaks were observed at Stations I and II, but a single peak was found at Stations III and IV. The phytoplankton community structure indicated that the trophic status was the highest at Station I (most eutrophic), followed by Station II; Stations III and IV were the least trophic areas. The long-term changes in phytoplankton community structure further suggested that changes in phytoplankton community structure were correlated with water quality, and eutrophication of Donghu Lake had been aggravated since the 1950s.     

Structure of the Phytoplankton Community and Its Relationship to Water Quality in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China

The phytoplankton community structure, in terms of species composition, total standing crop,and abundance of the dominant algal species, at four stations in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China, was investigated monthly from January 1994 to December 1996. A total of 260 taxa was observed, of which Chlorophyta (106 taxa) contributed the highest portion of the total number of taxa, followed by Bacillariophyta (82 taxa)and Cyanophyta (32 taxa). The total standing crop measured by means of chlorophyll a content, cell density,and cell biovolume, as well as the abundance of the dominant species, declined in the order of Station I to Station Ⅳ. Seasonal changes of the standing crop varied greatly among the four stations. Although the cell density at the four stations showed a single peak within a year, the peak density varied from July to November, dependent on the sampling year and the station. For chlorophyll a content and cell biovolume,multiple peaks were observed at Stations Ⅰ and Ⅱ, but a single peak was found at Stations Ⅲ and Ⅳ. The phytoplankton community structure indicated that the trophic status was the highest at Station Ⅰ (most eutrophic), followed by Station Ⅱ; Stations Ⅲ and Ⅳ were the least trophic areas. The long-term changes in phytoplankton community structure further suggested that changes in phytoplankton community structure were correlated with water quality, and eutrophication of Donghu Lake had been aggravated since the 1950s.     

Long-term changes of planktonic rotifers in a subtropical Chinese lake dominated by filter-feeding fishes

1. The long-term changes (1956–1998) in density and species composition of planktonic rotifers were studied at two sampling stations (I, II) of Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic Chinese Lake densely stocked with filter-feeding fishes. Annual average densities of rotifers increased with an increase in fish yield and eutrophication, whilst species number decreased from 82 in 1962–1963 to 62 in 1994–1998.
2. During 1962–98, some species such as Anuraeopsis fissa , Polyarthra spp. (including P. dolichoptera & P. vulgaris ) , Trichocerca pusilla and Synchaeta oblonga increased their percentage in abundance remarkably, whilst the proportion of Keratella cochlearis decreased at two relatively eutrophic stations from 19 to 4.2% at Station I and from 30 to 3.2% at Station II.
3. The high r _max of A. fissa probably made it more successful than other rotifers under high predation pressure by planktivorous fish. The decrease in the K. cochlearis population might be attributed partly to predation by Cyclops vicinus .
4. Small rotifers were less vulnerable to fish predation than large-sized cladocerans. Decreases in cladocerans coincided with increases in rotifers, suggesting that the indirect effect of fish predation on cladocerans might have partly contributed to the population development of rotifers in Lake Donghu during recent decades.
5. We also conducted surveys (1994–1998) of seasonal dynamics of rotifers at four sampling stations (I–IV) which have varied in trophic status after fragmentation of the lake in the 1960s. A total of 75 species were identified at the four stations. Both densities and biomass of rotifers were considerably higher in the two more eutrophic stations than in the two less eutrophic stations. This indicates that the population increase of rotifers at Stations I and II during recent decades might be partly attributed to eutrophication of the lake water.     

Planktonic green algae in western Lake Erie: the importance of temporal scale in the interpretation of change

1. Total densities of planktonic Chlorophyceae collected in weekly sampling of the Kingsville (Ontario) municipal water intake in western Lake Erie were evaluated for potential effects of the recent zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) invasion and for the longer term effects of the Lake Erie phosphorus loading control programme.
2. At a relatively small temporal scale of about 10 years, an apparent zebra mussel-related impact was clearly revealed in 1988 as an inflection point on the cumulative sum chlorophyte density curve. However, at a temporal scale of nearly three decades, this inflection point was not distinct. There was a steady decline in total Chlorophyceae throughout the 1970s which accelerated during the early 1980s; this corresponds to declining western Lake Erie phosphorus loading rates and phosphorus concentrations reported by others over the same period. In the absence of zebra mussels, average annual chlorophyte density decreased by 94% between the early 1970s and the mid-1980s.
3. The dramatic long-term decline of planktonic chlorophytes in western Lake Erie reveals the success of the phosphorus control programme, places the recent impact of the zebra mussels in its proper perspective and underscores the need for and value of long-term limnological data for management of the Laurentian Great Lakes.     

武汉东湖浮游动物数量和生物量变动的研究

本文报道了东湖Ⅰ、Ⅱ站1974—1975,1979—1980四个周年浮游动物种类组成和现存量的调查结果。束湖浮游动物的种类在减少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ站间种类组成的差别亦在缩小。浮游动物现存量的总趋势为逐渐增加。年数量变动曲线一般有夏季和秋季两个高峰,秋季高峰比夏季高峰更为突出。浮游动物总数的消长完全受原生动物数量的支配。年生物量的变动曲线不甚规则,不同的年份,Ⅰ、Ⅱ站均有所不同,以冬、春两季的生物量较高。四年年平均生物量统计结果:Ⅰ站原生动物占浮游动物总量的18.93%,轮虫占25.25%,枝角类占46.02%,桡足类占9.80%;Ⅱ站原生动物占总量的13.92%,轮虫占15.24%,枝角类占58.93%,桡足类占11.91%。本文还对影响浮游动物现存量变动的生态因子进行了讨论。