NORTH CAROLINA MARINE ALGAE. IX. ONSLOWIA ENDOPHYTICA GEN. ET SP. NOV. (PHAEOPHYTA,SPHACELARIALES) AND NOTES ON OTHER NEW RECORDS FOR NORTH CAROLINA1

Four benthic algae are reported here for the first time in the North Carolina flora. The new brown algal genus and species, Onslowia endophytica Searles, is described as an endophyte of Halymenia floridana from the North Carolina continental shelf. New records of Boodleopsis pusilla and Naccaria corymbosa from North Carolina constitute range extensions of these tropical species on the American coast north from Florida. Blastophysa rhizopus, an endophyte and epiphyte known from the North Atlantic coast of Europe and America as well as the Caribbean is reported from North Carolina for the first time and in a new host, Predaea feldmannii.     

A revision of the genus Cryptonemia (Halymeniaceae,Rhodophyta) in Bermuda,western Atlantic Ocean,including five new species and C. bermudensis (Collins & M. Howe) comb. nov.

Cryptonemia specimens collected in Bermuda over the past two decades were analysed using gene sequences encoding the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and the large subunit of RuBisCO as genetic markers to elucidate their phylogenetic positions. They were additionally subjected to morphological assessment and compared with historical collections from the islands. Six species are presently found in the flora including C. bermudensis comb. nov., based on Halymenia bermudensis, and the following five new species: C. abyssalis, C. antricola, C. atrocostalis, C. lacunicola and C. perparva. Of the eight species known in the western Atlantic flora prior to this study, none is found in Bermuda. Specimens reported in the islands in the 1900s attributed to C. crenulata and C. luxurians are representative of the new species, C. antricola and C. atrocostalis, respectively.     

Hidden in the mangrove forest: the cryptic intertidal mite Carinozetes mangrovi sp. nov. (Acari,Oribatida, Selenoribatidae)

The small archipelago of Bermuda is a geologically young landmass in the Western Atlantic Ocean and recently turned out to be inhabited by a number of intertidal oribatid mites. One newly described species, Carinozetes bermudensis, showed an unusual vast range of habitats like sandy beaches, rocky substrate and mangroves. In the present study, 13 Bermudian populations of C. bermudensis were analysed to verify species integrity of specimens from different microhabitats. A morphometric analysis of 17 continuous variables as well as a molecular genetic investigation of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I revealed the existence of a new species Carinozetes mangrovi sp. nov., inhabiting exclusively intertidal algae growing on mangrove roots. Although both species are morphologically nearly identical, the configuration of the genus-specific ventral carinae represents a clear diagnostic character. The high genetic divergence of approximately 12 % of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequence between C. bermudensis and C. mangrovi sp. nov. suggests that these two species diverged before the emergence of the Bermuda islands. Accordingly, both of them are older than the geologically young archipelago of Bermuda.     

Production of zearalenone,T-2 toxin,and deoxynivalenol by Fusarium spp. isolated from plant materials grown in North Carolina

Fusarium spp. isolated from plant materials grown in the hot, humid climate of North Carolina were tested for production of mycotoxins. Isolates of F. acuminatum, F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, and F. solani produced zearalenone while isolates of F. equiseti and F. graminearum produced T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol, respectively. This is the first report of zearalenone production by F. solani. The toxins were identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These findings suggest that there are toxigenic strains of Fusarium indigenous to the warmer regions of the USA and that fasariotoxicoses of animals in this region are not necessarily the result of importing toxic grains from the cooler, upper midwestern USA.Paper No. 8953 of the Journal Series of North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the product named nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN UMBELLIFERAE. II

Bell , C. Ritchie (U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.), and Lincoln Constance . Chromosome Numbers in Umbelliferae. II. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(1) : 24-32. Illus. 1960.–Chromosome numbers are reported for plants representing an additional 100 taxa of Umbelliferae. Chromosome numbers for 77 of these taxa are published here for the first time, previously published chromosome numbers of 19 taxa are verified, and numbers differing from those previously published are reported in 4 instances. Ten of the genera included here have been previously unknown cytologically. Polyploidy has been discovered in Bowlesia and confirmed in Pimpinella. Aneuploid series appear to occur in Eremocharis, Eryngium, Oenanthe, Perideridia, and Ptilimnium. Every chromosome count is referable to a cited herbarium specimen.     

GENETIC VARIATION IN PLANT-INSECT ASSOCIATIONS: SURVIVAL OF LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA POPULATIONS ON SOLANUM CAROLINENSE

Populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), from the east coast of the United States differ in their ability to survive on a wild host, Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae), but not on their most important cultivated host, Solanum tuberosum. On the wild host, the North Carolina population survived best, while populations from Virginia, New Jersey, and Connecticut exhibited uniformly low survival. Formal genetic studies of populations from Connecticut and North Carolina demonstrated heritable variation in the ability to survive on S. carolinense both between and within populations; the North Carolina population had the higher heritability for this trait. Overall, there was no genetic variation between populations or within the North Carolina population for survival on S. tuberosum, but such variation existed within the Connecticut population. Hybrids and backcrosses between these two lines all survived at intermediate levels, although survivorship did not appear to be inherited additively. Differences in survival were greater than differences in adult weight at emergence and development time of the survivors. Leptinotarsa decemlineata was first reported from North Carolina less than 100 years ago. The rapid expansion of L. decemlineata's host range in North Carolina is attributed to the poor synchrony between the insect and S. tuberosum compared to more northerly locations. In contrast to the prediction of a strong negative correlation in fitness on different host species, the ability of L. decemlineata to survive on S. carolinense was not correlated with that on S. tuberosum. Adult weight and female development time were significantly positively correlated across hosts. Our results are in accord with most previous studies in which strong negative correlations in fitness of specialized phytophagous insects feeding on different hosts were expected, sought, but not found.     

VAUCHERIAE OF NORTH CAROLINA. I. MARINE AND BRACKISH WATER SPECIES1

Marine Vaucheriae of North Carolina were investigated in the field and in culture for 4 years. Of the 11 species collected, 4 are new records for North Carolina and 2 are previously unreported species. A new section is established, Acrandrae, to contain Vaucheria acrandra sp. nov. and Vaucheria adela sp. nov. The diagnostic character of the new section is the production of androphores directly from the terminal portion of the main filament rather than from a special cell produced laterally on the filament as in the section Androphorae.     

Ciliary receptors associated with the mouth and pharynx of Acoela (Acoelomorpha): a comparative ultrastructural study

The ultrastructure and distribution of receptor cells near the mouth and (where present) the pharynx of Hofstenia miamia, Proporus bermudensis, Conaperta thela, and Convoluta convoluta (Acoela) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy of specimens stained with a fluorescence marker for actin. Five types of monociliary receptors were identified: (1) non‐collared receptors with a single long and narrow ciliary rootlet; (2) non‐collared receptors with a wide main ciliary rootlet and a smaller posterior rootlet; (3) non‐collared receptors with a single wide and hollow ciliary rootlet with a granulated core; (4) Collar (?) receptors with obliquely radial filament bundles in the cell apex and with a single hollow ciliary rootlet composed of numerous strand‐like elements; and (5) Collar receptors lacking a striated rootlet but with a granular body (swallow's nest rootlet). While H. miamia bears the first two receptor types, P. bermudensis has receptors of type 1, 3 and 5, and Cona. thela and Conv. convoluta have receptors of type 3, 4 and 5. The density of receptors is generally highest at the anterior body tip, regardless of where the mouth is located. Most receptor types occur scattered over the whole body but type 2 receptors of H. miamia are restricted to the pharynx and mouth region. The lack of a common receptor type specific for the mouth and pharynx of the investigated species points to an independent origin of the pharynges in Hofsteniidae and in Proporidae and of the mouth tube in Convolutidae. Moreover, the homology of the so‐called collar receptors in Acoela with typical collar receptors in other invertebrates is questioned.     

The sexual mechanism of the reef bass Pseudogramma bermudensis and its implications in the classification of the Pseudogrammidae (Pisces: Perciformes)

The reef bass, Pseudogramma bermudensis, is an hermaphroditic percoid in which the testicular tissue is confined to a median lobe in the mid-dorsal wall of the oviduct. Development of an invagination of the ventral oviducal wall is correlated with the presence of maturing ova. These unique features indicate that Pseudogramma has had a separate evolutionary history and is not closely related to either the hermaphroditic Serranidae or the Grammistidae.     

Genetic divergence and isolation by distance in the West Atlantic sea anemone Actinia bermudensis (McMurrich, 1889)

The sea anemone Actinia bermudensis [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 41 (1889) 102] has a widespread distribution over the Western Atlantic, where it has been reported from Bermuda and Bahamas to southern Brazil. Nonetheless, reproductive features of this species, which broods asexually produced offspring, suggest that it has low dispersal capabilities. This raises a question about the specific status of the Brazilian population of A. bermudensis. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the taxonomic status of the Brazilian population, by genetically comparing it with the type locality (Bermuda) population. For this, we used allozyme electrophoresis to analyze samples from both populations. Thirteen enzyme systems (16 loci) yielded interpretable results for all populations. A high differentiation was encountered for the Western Atlantic A. bermudensis population (F_ST=0.434), partially due to the presence of a diagnostic locus (LAP) between Bermuda and Brazilian populations. This result could be taken as an indication that the Brazilian population should be elevated to a specific status. We do expect some genetic differentiation, however, between natural populations separated over wide geographic distances. Finally, since Mantel and regression analyses did not rule out the isolation by distance model, we have conservatively decided to maintain the specific status of A. bermudensis from Brazil.     

A new Spionidae (Polychaeta) from North Carolina, and a redescription of Marenzelleria wireni Augener, 1913, from Spitsbergen, with a key for all species of Marenzelleria

Marenzelleria bastropi, a new species of Spionidae (Polychaeta) from the brackish water Currituck Sound, North Carolina, is described. The new species is characterized by the great number of chaetigers between the first neuro- and notopodial hooded hooks, the extension of the nuchal organ up to the end of chaetiger 2/middle of chaetiger 3 and the presence of about 60–90 branchiate chaetigers. Marenzelleria bastropi sp. nov. is closely related to M. neglecta (Sikorski and Bick, 2004) and Marenzelleria viridis (Verrill, 1873). Marenzelleria wireni Augener, 1913 is described here for the first time from western Spitsbergen. Adult specimens are investigated and compared with specimens from other areas of distribution. A key for subadult and adult specimens of all Marenzelleria species is provided.     

Comparative studies of jaw morphology and ontogeny in two species of asexually reproducing Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

The jaw ontogeny of Dorvillea albomaculata and D. bermudensis was studied in cultured specimens, reproducing asexually by transverse fission. Mandibular growth was found to occur by lateral apposition. Maxillary development exhibited a gradual growth pattern, as opposed to the maxillary moults found in closely related species (Macnaughton et al. 2009). Details of dentition and numbers of maxillary plates as well as the ontogenetic growth patterns of the jaws were found to provide significant information of systematic value. Based on detailed studies of jaw ontogeny and morphology, Dorvillea albomaculata and D. bermudensis are here reassigned to the genus Parougia (Dorvilleidae, Annelida). This is supported by the external morphology as well as previous molecular studies.     

A new species of Acentrella Bengtsson (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park,USA

Acentrella barbarae sp. n. is described from eggs, larvae, and imagines collected from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee, USA. Larvae were collected from cobble-pebble substrate in stream rapids. Life stages were associated by rearing. Eggs have longitudinal chorionic ridges with small, longitudinal furrows. Larvae are distinguished by having segment 3 of the labial palp apically rounded, abdominal terga with posteromedian projections, and tibiae and tarsi with relatively short setae on the outer margins. Imagines are distinguished by the colouration and posterior elevation of abdominal terga. Other Acentrella larvae occur in the same streams as the new species, including A. parvula, which we report from Tennessee for the first time. We provide an updated key to the larvae of North American Acentrella species.     

GENE FLOW IN LICHENS

Experimental studies of the evolutionary biology of lichen fungi have been hampered by massive difficulties of in vitro culture and artificial crosses are still not possible. Gene flow in these organisms is demonstrated here for the first time by the analysis of secondary products in the progeny of individuals from natural populations of mixed chemotypes of the Cladonia chlorophaea complex. All of the chemotypes in this study have been interpreted as distinct sibling species. In the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, however, the grayi and merochlorophaea chemotypes are found to belong to a single interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated from the cryptochlorophaea chemotype. In the Coastal Plain, the cryptochlorophaea chemotype hybridizes with the local endemic perlomera chemotype. This study has major impact for species concept in lichens because consideration of neither morphologial tendencies nor biogenetic relationships of the secondary products could have predicted its result.     

A new Manjarivolo Paulian, 1974 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Aulonocnemini) and comments on the unusual morphology of the scutellum

Manjarivolo randrianirinai n. sp. is described from Southern Madagascar (Andohahela massif). Remarks on its ecology and morphology are added and a key to Manjarivolo species is provided as well as a complete photographic iconography of all known species. The scutellum of Aulonocnemini displays an unusual morphology, reported for the first time within Scarabaeoidea. For the first time we provide scanning electron microscope micrographs of the mouthparts of these beetles.     

CAULOCHYTRIUM PROTOSTELIOIDES SP. NOV., A NEW CHYTRID WITH AERIAL SPORANGIA

Caulochytrium is a unique genus of chytrids characterized by the production of both sessile zoosporangia and aerial sporangiocarps, the latter unknown in other chytrids. The type species, C. gloeosporii, is an obligate parasite on conidia of the fungus Gloeosporium. The newly described species, C. protostelioides, which was discovered first in the British West Indies and then in North Carolina, is an obligate parasite of the dematiaceous fungus Cladosporium. It differs from the type species in microdimensions, smaller number of zoospores per aerial sporangium, lack of sexuality, production of protostelid-like sporangiocarps that do not parasitize the host and which float freely on water, and an unrelated host fungus. The family Caulochytriaceae and genus Caulochytrium are emended.     

Alkaline phosphatase of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Biochemical comparison among four allelic forms

Biochemical analyses of partially purified preparations of APH-4 and -6 (common allelic forms) and APH-2 and -10 (rare allelic forms) of D. melanogaster reveal that the two common forms are similar in all properties investigated except for pH optimum (8.0 vs. 8.5). The common and rare forms share certain properties in common but differ in that the common forms are more stable to heat and more sensitive to inhibition by inorganic phosphate. With respect to such properties as substrate preferences and K _i values for inorganic phosphate, the common forms and APH-2 are similar to one another, whereas APH-10 is distinctly different. All four activities show preference for a phosphoaromatic compound as substrate, with O-phosphotyrosine being the best substrate of biological origin. Transphosphorylation, as related to these allelic forms of APH, is discussed.Paper No. 3892 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. This study was supported by Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT-(40-1-)-3980.     

Taxonomic study of the genus Meganephria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from north-east China

We reviewed four species of the genus Meganephria Hübner from north‐east China. M. kononenkoi Poole is reported for the first time from China, and M. cinerea (Butler) is newly added to the continental fauna of China. The adults and genitalia of the species are illustrated, and distributional ranges and host plants are provided.     

Conservation and genetics of the frosted flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum) on the Atlantic coastal plain

The federally threatened frosted flatwoods salamander, Ambystoma cingulatum, occurs in isolated populations on the coastal plain of northern Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. An earlier phylogeographic study based primarily on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and morphometrics demonstrated that the previously recognized species A. cingulatum contained two cryptic species, and that two distinct mtDNA clades were contained within the newly restricted A. cingulatum. However, salamanders from the northern extent of the species range in South Carolina were not previously available for analysis. Here, we used individuals from a newly discovered South Carolina breeding site to determine whether A. cingulatum from South Carolina are genetically distinct from their more southerly conspecifics. These analyses included the mitochondrial gene studied previously as well as broad geographic sampling of three rapidly evolving nuclear genes that allowed us to further investigate lineage diversification of flatwoods salamanders. The mitochondrial and nuclear results are largely congruent, yielding strong support for two distinct species of flatwoods salamanders and also two lineages within the eastern species. Further, the South Carolina specimens are closely related to other haplotypes found in eastern Georgia and Florida. Our summary of field surveys over the past 20 years indicates that this South Carolina population may be one of only three remaining in the entire Atlantic coastal plain distribution of this rare and declining amphibian species.