生态系统多功能性的测度方法

生物多样性与生态系统多功能性(biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, BEMF)之间的关系是目前生态学研究的一个热点, 其中, 生态系统多功能性(EMF)的测度方法是研究该问题的技术关键。由于缺乏统一的认识, 目前存在多个多功能性的测度方法, 这使人们对生物多样性与生态系统多功能性之间关系的理解复杂化。本文介绍了国际上常用的单功能法、功能-物种替代法、平均值法、单阈值法、多阈值法、直系同源基因法和多元模型法的原理及其特点, 并对其中较难理解的多阈值法进行了举例说明, 希望能对理解EMF的测度方法有所帮助。本文按不同的EMF测度方法对已发表的有关文章进行了归类, 以期帮助读者更好地选择EMF的测度方法。由于缺乏相对统一的、代表各个层次的生态系统功能的测度方法, 导致不同的研究结果难以相互比较, 严重限制了生物多样性与生态系统多功能性研究的发展; 所以, 研发新的、具有普遍适用性的EMF测度方法已成为当务之急。     

Ecosystem Approach to Community Health Planning in Ghana

An ecosystem approach to community health seeks to investigate human health concerns from an ecological perspective. The goal is to improve the health of community members by instituting sustainable ecosystem management strategies that will preserve the health of both the ecosystem and its inhabitants. This article reports on a study in a rural community in Ghana that employed an ecosystem approach to community health planning. Adopting a participatory action research approach, a research team comprised of representatives from various local government departments collaborated with local residents to identify major community health problems, their underlying causes, and possible intervention strategies. The findings illustrate the usefulness of the ecosystem approach to mobilizing community-based interventions to addressing environmental determinants of human health.     

Landscape evaluation for ecosystem planning

Landscape evaluation is important in the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development. The objective of this paper is to review and explore methods for evaluation of landscapes for ecosystem planning. Ecosystem planning is the process of land use decision-making that considers organisms and processes that characterize the ecosystem as a whole. Risk assessments, precautionary principles, adaptive management and scenario approaches are adopted to cope with the uncertainty of nature, which is an obstacle in ecosystem planning. Special attention is needed in the analysis of status and troubleshooting in the planning scheme, which is a selection of the appropriate approach and model to find problems in the present situation. There are two approaches to set targets in ecosystem planning, the species approach and the ecosystem approach. The species approach aims to protect particular species, and the ecosystem approach aims to protect total ecosystems including the species. In Europe, ecotope or biotope mapping has been developed in ecosystem planning. An ecotope is often identified by vegetation that represents a group of wildlife, but many species require combinations of different ecotopes. Landscapes have come to be recognized as a unit for ecosystem planning. Potential assessment is a method to estimate a potential of a local space or a landscape to realize an ecosystem or species habitat, and this method has been used in HEP and GAP analysis in the USA and Ecological Networks in Europe. Some examples of ecosystem planning of national and regional scales in Japan are introduced.     

生态系统退化程度诊断：生态恢复的基础与前提

 生态系统退化程度诊断是进行生态恢复与重建的基础和前提。然而目前的生态系统化程度诊断大多停留在定性的水平,如何对退化生态系统的退化程度进行定量的诊断就成为恢复生态学与生态恢复实践所面临的一个迫切且十分关键的问题。在综述前人研究的基础上,比较系统地论述了生态系统退化程度诊断的一系列问题：绘制了描述生态系统退化程度的概念模型;认为在实践中退化程度诊断的参照系统可以选择相应的受人类或自然干扰程度比较轻的“自然生态系统”;归纳了生态系统退化程度诊断的生物途径、生境途径、生态过程途径、生态系统功能/服务途径、景观途径;把诊断方法分为单途径单因子诊断法、单途径多因子诊断法、多途径综合诊断法;分析了生态系统退化程度诊断的可能指标（体系）;给出了生态系统退化程度诊断的策略与流程,并对生态系统退化程度诊断及生态恢复过程中应注意的事项进行了讨论。建议我国加强典型生态系统退化程度的综合诊断研究。     

Valuing post-mining landscapes using an ecosystem services approach—An example from Germany

Open cut mining heavily affects landscapes and is largely irreversible. Post-mining landscapes often differ dramatically from pre-mining ones. One of the largest open cut lignite mining areas in Europe is in Eastern Germany, south of Leipzig. This paper uses an ecosystem services approach to assess the impacts of mining activity over a 100-year period, spanning pre- and post-mining states. We recorded historical land use data from maps and outlined three future potential land use scenarios based on current planning documents. Our results indicate that maps showing the potentials to provide ecosystem services support the prioritization of preference areas in regional planning. For example, forested and heterogeneous habitats are predicted to enhance future urban development and mitigation of future climate change – a goal of the Saxon government. In contrast, if future development priorities are on local food production and bio-energy use, more arable and grassland areas should be pursued. The use of freely and publicly available data and the simple methods of the approach presented here can be used to inform and improve regional landscape planning.     

产业生态系统新型定量研究方法综述

产业生态系统研究已成为当今学术界、产业界的研究重点和热点,对于充分利用资源、减轻环境压力、改造升级传统产业都具有不可估量的科学指导意义。目前,国内外对产业生态系统的研究定性较多,包括概念,特点,建设原则和经营理念的描述,而定量较少。然而,产业生态系统在发展当中也出现了大量的实际问题,急需加强对其定量研究,从而发现、提高和改进产业生态系统的结构及效率,增强可持续性。从近些年生态学的先进理论成果入手探讨了定量研究产业生态系统的一些方法——能值、(火用)、生态足迹和生态信息的方法。对这些方法的理论基础、发展历程、实践应用和适用特点依次进行了详细的梳理和归纳,并基于3个基本原则(生态维度和经济维度的整合,系统长期的恢复力,系统的广度和强度性质)对各个方法进行了综合比较分析,旨在为产业生态系统研究提供方向和理论指导。     

大尺度陆地生态系统管理的理论基础及其应用研究的思考

大尺度陆地生态系统管理是解决当前全球资源环境挑战、应对气候变化、治理区域生态环境、实现社会经济可持续发展的重要技术途径,是全球自然资源和生态保护理论及应用研究的热点。本文采用对过去20年间的几个国际大型生态系统管理行动计划跟踪分析方法,从生态系统管理学科发展、理论基础及应用研究的视角,对生态系统管理概念及其应用问题进行了重新思考,具体内容包括以下3个方面: 首先,回顾了生态系统管理科学概念及应用实践的发展历程,讨论了概念的内涵及其再定义,归纳了生态系统管理社会实践及其对学科发展的贡献。其次,明确了生态系统管理研究的科技使命及基本任务,梳理了生态系统管理科学的科学体系及其主要研究领域,概括了生态系统管理科学的生态学基础理论及知识体系,明确了生态系统管理行动的关键环节、管理方案的基本要素与管理途径。最后,分析了生态系统管理科学研究及学科发展的新趋势,讨论了生态系统管理科学的重点研究空间尺度和对象系统,提出了全球生态系统管理的前沿科学问题,整合生态学研究思维及宏生态系统途径,以期为中国的生态系统管理科学研究及学科发展提供参考。     

A tiered framework for assessing groundwater ecosystem health

The notion of ecosystem health has been widely adopted in environmental policy, particularly in the management of river systems. Despite this, even a notional understanding of ecosystem health and its assessment in connected aquifer ecosystems remains elusive. In this article, we propose a definition and provide a tiered framework for the assessment of ecosystem health in groundwater. From the literature we identify general attributes of a healthy groundwater ecosystem and from these develop primary (Tier 1) indicators of health. Where Tier 1 benchmarks are exceeded or more detailed assessment is required, we discuss a range of indicators (Tier 2) that may together generate a multimetric index of groundwater health. Our case study using samples from an alluvial aquifer in north-western New South Wales, Australia, demonstrates the utility of both tiers of the framework, and the ability of the approach to separate disturbed and undisturbed sites. The process of multimetric development is simple and our Tier 2 benchmarks determined from limited data. Nevertheless, our framework will be applicable and readily adaptable to site-specific contexts.     

生态系统途径——生态系统管理的一种新理念

介绍了生态系统途径的概念和内涵．生态系统途径最早由西方生态学家提出。随后得到一系列国际学术组织和国家的认同和支持,其中《生物多样性公约》、世界自然保护联盟和世界野生动物基金发挥了重要作用,．生态系统途径的实质是对土地、水和生物资源进行综合管理,旨在生态系统保护、生物资源可持续利用和共享生物资源三者之间达到平衡．作为生态系统管理的一种方法论,它以生物为核心。将人类及文化的多样性视为生态系统的一个组成部分,2000年《生物多样性公约》缔约国会议上制定的生态系统管理的12条基本原则和5项行动指南,丰富了生态系统途径的内涵,明确了实施的办法,我国在生态系统管理方面有着丰富的学术储备和经验总结。但也存在一定问题。

     

Envirovet Summer Institute: Integrating Veterinary Medicine into Ecosystem Health Practice

Since 1991, Envirovet Summer Institutes have provided an intensive educational program in wildlife and ecosystem health to approximately 225 animal health professionals. Envirovet provides knowledge, skills, and multiple mentors to catalyze ecosystem health-oriented careers for young veterinarians. It is a total immersion experience, with the students engaged in 60–70 hours a week of instruction, 6–7 days a week, for 6 weeks. The course is comprised of lecture, laboratory, and field experiences organized into three sessions: 1) terrestrial wildlife and ecosystem health; 2) aquatic wildlife and ecosystem health; and 3) an ecosystem health approach to international development. Sessions 1 and 2 take place in Florida and Georgia; Session 3 takes place in a developing country (e.g., Kenya, Brazil, South Africa). Ultimately, the goal of Envirovet is to increase the numbers and effectiveness of veterinarians in productive ecosystem health research and application teams around the world.     

Integrating the Concept of Resilience into an Ecosystem Approach to Bivalve Aquaculture Management

Bivalve aquaculture has become increasingly important for marine protein production and is an alternative to exploiting natural resources. Its further and sustainable development should follow an ecosystem approach, to maintain both biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The identification of critical thresholds to development remains difficult. The present work aims at combining the calculation of the system’s ecological carrying capacity (ECC) with the ecosystem view of resilience for a bay system exposed to bivalve (scallop) aquaculture. Using a trophic food-web model, a stepwise further expansion of culture activities was simulated, and the impact on the system was evaluated twofold: First, a recently developed approach to estimating ECC was used, and second, a resilience indicator was calculated, which is based on the distribution of consumption flows within the trophic network (sensu Arreguín-Sanchez in Ecol Model 272: 27–276, 2014). Results suggest that a culture expansion beyond present-day scale would (a) cause a shift in community composition towards a system dominated by secondary consumers, (b) lead to the loss of system compartments, affecting ecosystem functioning, and (c) result in a decrease in resilience, emphasizing the need to regulate aquaculture activities. The applicability and potential of this presented method in the context of an ecosystem-based approach to aquaculture is discussed. This work aims at adding to the ongoing discussion on sustainable bivalve aquaculture and is expected to help guide aquaculture management.     

On the identification of the most suitable traits for plant functional trait analyses

Within the past few years plant functional trait analyses have been widely applied to learn more about the processes and patterns of ecosystem development in response to environmental changes. These approaches are based on the assumption that plants with similar ecologically relevant trait attributes respond to environmental changes in comparable ways. Several methods have been described on how to analyse a priori defined trait sets with respect to environment. Irrespective of the statistical methods used to contrast ecosystem responses and environmental conditions, each functional trait approach depends strongly on the initial trait set. In nearly all recent studies on functional trait analysis a test, if a trait is responsible, is applied independently from the core analysis. In the current study we present a method that extracts those traits from a wider set of traits which are optimal for describing the ecosystem response to a given environmental gradient. This was done by the use of iterative three‐table ordination techniques with each possible trait combination. We further concentrated on the effect of the inclusion of too many traits in such analyses. As examples the method was applied to three long term studies on abandoned arable fields. The approach was validated by comparing the results with literature‐knowledge on arable field succession. Although the trait pre‐selection was only based on a statistical procedure, our method was able to identify all relevant processes of ecosystem responses. All three sites show comparable ecosystem responses; the importance of the competitive ability of plants was highlighted. We further demonstrated that the use of too many traits results in an over‐fitting of the trait‐environment model. The presented method of iterative RLQ‐analyses is adequate to identify responding traits to environmental changes: the discovered processes of successional development of abandoned arable fields are consistent with our knowledge from the literature.     

生态系统管理的多目标体系和方法

20世纪90年代以来,人们开始采用“生态系统管理”这种基于生态系统原理的综合方法管理自然资源和生态环境,促进人类与自然的和谐发展。然而,生态系统自身的复杂性、动态性及不确定性特点使得“生态系统管理”难以形成明确的定义和方法体系,系统的多重尺度和目标也增加了管理的难度。近20年兴起的系统工程主要针对大规模复杂系统进行研究,实现系统的总体优化。多目标决策和决策支持系统是系统工程的常用技术方法,生态系统管理是“基于目标”的管理模式。本文概述了生态系统管理的概念和要素,从构建管理体系的角度着重阐述了生态系统管理目标体系的结构、构建过程及目标间的相互关系,针对生态系统的复杂特性探讨了多目标决策方法和决策支持系统在生态系统管理中的应用,以期能够对形成具有普遍意义和实际操作性的生态系统管理方法体系起到借鉴作用。     

Freshwater as shared between society and ecosystems: from divided approaches to integrated challenges

The paper has its focus on water's key functions behind ecosystem dynamics and the water-related balancing involved in a catchment-based ecosystem approach. A conceptual framework is being developed to address fundamental trade-offs between humans and ecosystems. This is done by paying attention to society's unavoidable landscape modifications and their unavoidable ecological effects mediated by water processes. Because the coevolution of societal and environmental processes indicates resonance rather than a cause-effect relationship, humanity will have to learn to live with change while securing ecosystem resilience. In view of the partial incompatibility of the social imperative of the millennium goals and its environmental sustainability goal, human activities and ecosystems have to be orchestrated for compatibility. To this end a catchment-based approach has to be taken by integrating water, land use and ecosystems. It is being suggested that ecosystem protection has to be thought of in two scales: site-specific biotic landscape components to be protected for their social value, and a catchment-based ecosystem approach to secure sustainable supply of crucial ecosystem goods and services on which social and economic development depends.     

Biospheric foundations of the ecosystem approach to environmental management

The ecosystem approach to environmental management inter-relates social, economic and environmental factors. Its incorporation into the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 changed the focus of the Agreement from water in a political context to politics in an ecosystem context. Because ecosystems are open and dependent on Biospheric processes for their continued operation, the Biosphere (global ecosystem) emerges as a globally integrating factor in ecosystem management. Influences leading to development of the ecosystem approach in the Great Lakes Basin included: a politically shared resource in jeopardy, pollution, a common drinking water source, common enemies, advances in ecosystem theory, citizen groups, international political institutions, common economic and cultural ties, and a sense of crisis. A rationale is presented for viewing nations as politically defined ecosystems.     

自然资本流变及其对生态系统服务价值的演变路径

生态系统服务价值化是将生态系统惠益于人类社会的价值进行量化，以评估生态系统服务状态，便于生态系统监测和管理。自然资本是生态系统服务的来源，结合自然资本视角进行生态系统服务价值化，其成果有利于提高生态系统保护政策制定的精准性和统筹力，有利于创新生态系统服务评估方法。通过梳理自然资本概念的缘起与发展过程，认为自然资本经历了"同义指代"、"边界明晰"、"多领域交汇"和"隐喻多义"四个阶段逐步丰富的过程。当今针对自然资本研究的三种主流视角，即将自然资本视为"产生经济价值的资产"、"产生服务流的存量"和"金融资本"为生态系统服务的价值化提供了多种途径。生态系统服务价值化的过程要体现可持续发展的基本目标，保证自然资本的稳定，维持人类社会代际公平。以此为前提，鼓励生态系统价值化视角的多样性。价值化途径应关注生态系统服务的时空动态变化、多种服务协同作用和供需权衡。生态系统服务价值化是自然资本金融杠杆化的推手，应警惕有可能带来的金融风险和生态风险。     

Regional Index of Ecological Integrity: A need for sustainable management of natural resources

An ecosystem is a complex composition of physical, chemical and biological components. This complex system remains in a healthy state if the system can maintain the ecological equilibrium among its components. Anthropogenic disturbances are the prime stressors that affect this equilibrium through creating fragmentation, ecosystem sensitivity, loosening landscape connectivity and disrupting ecological integrity. As different types of ecosystem are interconnected, a comprehensive monitoring and evaluating criteria is needed for measuring its integrity at regional level for conservation planning. A Regional Index of Ecological Integrity can be a suitable approach for sustainable management of regional ecosystem. Therefore, this paper presents (i) the characteristics of ecological integrity, (ii) the spatial processes induced by anthropogenic stressors and (iii) an approach to develop a composite Regional Index of Ecological Integrity (RIEI). The prime objective is to establish a thought and a way to develop a composite index of ecological integrity at the regional level. Here, we demonstrate different compositional, structural and functional indicators/indices related to fragmentation, representativeness of protected area, ecosystem sensitivity, and landscape connectivity for the development of a Regional Index of Ecological Integrity (RIEI).     

Global in scope and regionally rich: an IndiSeas workshop helps shape the future of marine ecosystem indicators

This report summarizes the outcomes of an IndiSeas workshop aimed at using ecosystem indicators to evaluate the status of the world??s exploited marine ecosystems in support of an ecosystem approach to fisheries, and global policy drivers such as the 2020 targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Key issues covered relate to the selection and integration of multi-disciplinary indicators, including climate, biodiversity and human dimension indicators, and to the development of data- and model-based methods to test the performance of ecosystem indicators in providing support for fisheries management. To enhance the robustness of our cross-system comparison, unprecedented effort was put in gathering regional experts from developed and developing countries, working together on multi-institutional survey datasets, and using the most up-to-date ecosystem models.     

Operationalizing the ecosystems approach: Assessing the environmental impact of major infrastructure development

The ecosystem services approach is increasingly applied in the context of environmental resources management and impact assessment. Assessments often involve analysis of alternative scenarios for which potential changes in ecosystem services are quantified. For such assessments to be effective there is a requirement to represent changes in ecosystem services supply in a clear and informative manner. Here we compute Ecosystem Services Ratio (ESR), a simple index that quantifies the relative change in ecosystem service provision under altered conditions given the baseline, and the Modified Ecosystem Services State Index, which averages the ESR scores obtained for each ecosystem service assessed, to provide an overall measure of the change. Given that modelling approaches to quantification of ecosystem services often result in production of maps of ecosystem supply, the proposed metrics can be visualized as maps in support to decision making processes. We use these indices to investigate potential changes in the supply of seven modelled ecosystem services resulting from the introduction of a major road development – a highway with associated green infrastructure – into a predominantly agricultural landscape in the UK. We find that the planted woodland, scrubland and grassland can increase the supply of multiple ecosystem services not accounted for in previous green infrastructure studies, although the magnitude of change differs with the type of vegetation, initial conditions and timeframes of the assessment.     

交通通达度对生态系统健康的影响——以长江中游城市群为例

完善的交通基础设施网络是形成高度同城化和高度一体化城市群的前提和基础,科学探测城市群地区交通通达度对生态系统健康状况的影响机理对城市群地区生态系统保护以及区域可持续发展具有重要实践意义和价值。基于多源数据分别测度了1995—2015年长江中游城市群交通通达度以及生态系统健康水平,并借助双变量空间自相关与空间回归模型从全局和局部的角度揭示了交通通达度对生态系统健康的影响机理。研究结果显示：(1)研究期间长江中游城市群生态系统健康状况总体呈现降低态势,山区生态系统健康水平显著高于平原地区;(2)双变量空间自相关分析结果显示交通通达度和生态系统健康水平之间存在显著的空间依赖性,二者之间主要的关系类型包括低交通通达度水平-低生态系统健康水平、高交通通达度水平-低生态系统健康水平和低交通通达度水平-高生态系统健康水平三种类型;(3)空间回归结果显示交通通达度的增加会导致生态系统健康状况的恶化,而且交通通达度对生态系统健康的影响具有显著的空间异质性。研究发现可以为长江中游城市群地区生态系统健康保护宏观调控政策制定以及差异化管控政策制定提供科学依据。