一种包装AAV2/5的重组单纯疱疹病毒的构建

为了得到一种可以包装AAV2/5和表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组单纯疱疹病毒,设计并构建了一个由AAV2rep基因和AAV5cap基因嵌合而成的rep2cap5基因,然后,利用一套携带HSV1基因组的粘粒系统(cos6、cos28、cos14、cos56、cos48),将rep2cap5基因插入cos6粘粒上HSV1基因组片段的UL2基因中,而将EGFP的表达单位插入cos56粘粒上HSV1基因组片段的UL44基因中,用这2个重组粘粒与其它3个粘粒(cos14、cos28、cos48)共转染BHK-21细胞获得了重组病毒HSV1-r2c5-EGFP并进行了空斑纯化。HSV1-r2c5-EGFP病毒能够在BHK-21细胞连续传代,并且可以观察到几乎所有的感染细胞都能产生绿色荧光。用PCR方法以及Southern杂交方法表明所获得的HSV1-r2c5-EGFP中携带有rep2cap5基因,用HSV1-r2c5-EGFP感染携带报告基因LacZ的AAV载体细胞株,获得了具有感染性的重组AAV2/5-LacZ。结果表明,所获得的重组单纯疱疹病毒HSV1-r2c5-EGFP可提供AAV2/5载体包装所需的全部辅助功能,是一种能简便、高效制备重组AAV2/5病毒的通用性辅助病毒。     

单纯疱疹病毒疫苗研究进展

人类单纯疱疹病毒(Herpes simplex virus,HSV)感染非常普遍,除原发感染外,还有潜伏感染和复发性感染。因此,HSV疫苗的研制目的也不同于其他的疫苗。现已研制出多种不同的HSV疫苗。本文将讨论这些疫苗的研究进展、特点和存在的问题。     

四株单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)感染 四种细胞的SDS—PAGE分析

我们用 SDS—PAGE 测定四株 HSV 感染 HEp—2细胞、HeLa 细胞、人胚肺细胞、鸡胚细胞多肽与未感染细胞多肽的电泳图结果表明:四小时感染细胞多肽与未感染细胞多肽相比未见有区别,二十四小时的感染细胞多肽与未感染细胞多肽的电泳带显示有所区别。其中感染 HSV—1和 HSV—2型的鸡胚细胞多肽电泳带亦显示有所区别。说明鸡胚细胞对 HSV—1型和 HSV—2型的敏感性差异,亦可以从电泳带反映出来,说明电泳带可作为 HSV 分型的又一方法。经蔗糖梯度超离心纯化的未标记同位素的地方株 HSV—1CC21株和 HSV—2W 株病毒颗粒用 SDS 裂解,并进行 SDS—PAGE 表明这两株病毒的结构多肽分别为12和15种,显示型的区别。本文还就关于在制备疫苗时以选择何种细胞为宜的问题进行了讨论。     

基于基因组序列的脑膜炎奈瑟菌分型方法

[目的]建立并评估1种适宜的脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis,Nm)基因组分子分型方法.[方法]本研究以125株代表性Nm菌株的基因组序列为对象,建立了基于核心基因SNP的基因组分型方法,并与pubMLST网站公布的MLST和cgMLST分型方法进行比较.[结果]基于核心基因SNP的基因组分型...     

Raji细胞培养中HSV持续感染模型的建立及免疫因素(TNF IFNs)对它的影响

本文观察HSV持续感染Raji细胞培养物150天。发现整个感染过程似呵分为两个阶段:急性期(前30天)和稳定期(30天以后)。在急性期上清液中HSV滴度达10~(6.2)TCID_(50)/ml.病毒抗原阳性细胞达21％,死细胞达42％;在稳定期病毒和细胞处于相对平衡状态,上清液中IISV滴度在10~(3.5-4.2)TCID_(50)/ml,病毒抗原阳性细胞约占5—10％,感染细胞与对照细胞在生长特性上无明显差异。用rIFNs、rlL-2和TNF处理稳定期的细胞培养物,发现TNF和rlFNa能明显抑制HSV的复制,rIENy作用较弱,去除上述因子5天后又恢复到处理前水平。rlL-2无明显作用。用HSV抗体处理上述细胞培养物上清液中病毒和病毒抗原阳性细胞都消失,且在去除抗体后连续观察50天仍未出现。本实验为体外研究HSV持续感染提供了一个有用的模型。     

一种携带人α1bIFN的单纯疱疹病毒载体的构建

为研究用单纯疱疹病毒作为表达细胞因子载体的生物重要性,构建了一种表达人α1b干扰素(IFN)的新型单纯疱疹病毒载体。基于一组含有完整单纯疱疹病毒全基因组的粘粒,α1bIFN表达盒插入到cosmid6上HSV1的UL2基因中,生成cos6-αIFN△UL2。通过将cos6-αIFN/△UL2与cosmid28、cosmid14、cosmid56和cosmid48共转染BHK-21细胞,同源重组产生重组病毒HSV1-αIFN/△UL2。在体外用标准VSV空斑抑制试验检测重组毒感染细胞上清α1bIFN的表达。证实HSV1-αIFN/△UL2感染的细胞中表达的人α1bIFN是有生物活性的。MOI=10感染时,24h后产生2 8×104IU/ml。而对照病毒感染时,这些细胞并不分泌可以检测到的α1bIFN。鉴于HSV1载体的嗜神经性,该载体对于分析体内神经系统局部表达的IFN的抗病毒能力是有用的。     

应用全基因组PCR扫描方法进行猪链球菌 基因组结构的比较分析

2005年, 在中国四川局部地区爆发人感染猪链球菌疫情, 因其感染人数多, 病死率高引起关注, 为了确定该致病菌是否发生变异, 通过应用全基因组PCR扫描方法(WGPScaning)、多位点序列分型技术(MLST)以及毒力相关基因的序列测定, 比较分别来自本次疫情中的病人和病猪、以前流行期间感染的病人分离的菌株以及网上公布的来自欧洲的猪链球菌基因组序列, 结果显示各菌株的基因组结构相似, 毒力相关基因没有差异, 所有菌株都属于ST1序列群, 说明本次引起四川疫情的菌株未发生明显的基因组结构的改变.     

应用全基因组PCR扫描方法进行猪链球菌 基因组结构的比较分析

2005年, 在中国四川局部地区爆发人感染猪链球菌疫情, 因其感染人数多, 病死率高引起关注, 为了确定该致病菌是否发生变异, 通过应用全基因组PCR扫描方法(WGPScaning)、多位点序列分型技术(MLST)以及毒力相关基因的序列测定, 比较分别来自本次疫情中的病人和病猪、以前流行期间感染的病人分离的菌株以及网上公布的来自欧洲的猪链球菌基因组序列, 结果显示各菌株的基因组结构相似, 毒力相关基因没有差异, 所有菌株都属于ST1序列群, 说明本次引起四川疫情的菌株未发生明显的基因组结构的改变.     

肌注腺伴随病毒基因治疗血友病B的安全性研究

研究了肌注腺伴随病毒（adeno-associated virus,AAV）介导凝血Ⅸ因子基因治疗血友病B的安全性,道德采用PCR、反转录PCR（RT－PCR）分别检测rHSV/AAV包装系统产生的重组腺伴随病毒AAV－mFⅨ,和病毒感染细胞后所得上清再次感染的BHK细胞中的HSV（herpes simplex virus,HSV)和野生型AAV。同时观察HSV引起的细胞毒作用。结果表明：纯化后的AA－mFⅨ中HSV≤1个病毒基因组（viral genome,v.g.)/10^8个病毒基因组AAV－mFⅨ,且不具备感染活性;没有野生型AAV。其次,采用PCR、RT－PCR1免疫组化等方法检测了AAV－mFⅨ在体内的分布和表达时间;通过抗AAV的抗体检测和病理切片等方法观察了AAV－mFⅨ在体内引起的免疫反应和病理变化。结果表明：AAV－mFⅨ仅分布在注射点肌肉组织内,表达可持续200天以上;抗体水平低,各主要脏器均未发生明显的病理变化。AAV介导的凝血因子Ⅸ系统是安全的。     

51例新生儿脐带血单纯疱疹病毒的检测

为了解健康产妇顺产新生儿单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)感染情况,2010年11月～2011年6月于某地妇幼保健院采集顺产新生儿抗凝脐带血51份.提取新生儿脐带血单核细胞DNA后,利用HSV-1gD基因和HSV-2 gG基因特异性引物,进行套式聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测,并将阳性扩增产物测序后进行BLAST比对确认,分析HSV感染阳性率.结果显示,51份脐带血HSV-1阳性12份,感染率23.53％;HSV-2阳性13份,感染率25.49％;HSV-1和HSV-2共阳性4份,共感染率7.84％.结果表明,加强新生儿HSV感染的早期诊断和治疗,对预防新生儿HSV感染所致疾病、防止后遗症具有重要意义.     

Physical mapping of drug resistance mutations defines an active center of the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase enzyme.

The genome structures of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)/HSV-2 intertypic recombinants have been previously determined by restriction endonuclease analysis, and these recombinants and their parental strains have been employed to demonstrate that mutations within the HSV DNA polymerase locus induce an altered HSV DNA polymerase activity, exhibiting resistance to three inhibitors of DNA polymerase. The viral DNA polymerases induced by two recombinants and their parental strains were purified and shown to possess similar molecular weights (142,000 to 144,000) and similar sensitivity to compounds which distinguish viral and cellular DNA polymerases. The HSV DNA polymerases induced by the resistant recombinant and the resistant parental strain were resistant to inhibition by phosphonoacetic acid, acycloguanosine triphosphate, and the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. The resistant recombinant (R6-34) induced as much acycloguanosine triphosphate as did the sensitive recombinant (R6-26), but viral DNA synthesis in infected cells and the viral DNA polymerase activity were not inhibited. The 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside-triphosphates were effective competitive inhibitors for the HSV DNA polymerase, and the Ki values for the four 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates were determined for the four viral DNA polymerases. The polymerases of the resistant recombinant and the resistant parent possessed a much higher Ki for the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates and for phosphonoacetic acid than did the sensitive strains. A 1.3-kilobase-pair region of HSV-1 DNA within the HSV DNA polymerase locus contained mutations which conferred resistance to three DNA polymerase inhibitors. This region of DNA sequences encoded for an amino acid sequence of 42,000 molecular weight and defined an active center of the HSV DNA polymerase enzyme.     

Physical mapping of paar mutations of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 by intertypic marker rescue.

Mutations (paar) in herpes simplex virus (HSV) which confer resistance to phosphonoacetic acid involve genes associated with virus-induced DNA polymerase activity. Two mutants of HSV (HSV-1 tsH and HSV-2 ts6) produce a thermolabile DNA polymerase activity. In this study, the ts lesions present in these mutants and those present in two independent phosphonoacetic acid-resistant mutants of HSV-1 and HSV-2 (paar-1 and paar-2) have been physically mapped by restriction endonuclease analysis of recombinants produced between HSV-1 and HSV-2 by intertypic marker rescue. All four mutations mapped within a 3.3-kilobase pair region around map unit 40. The accuracy of the method is reflected by the mapping results for tsH and paar-2, which were found to lie in the same 1.3-kilobase pair region. paar-1 was found to lie to the right of ts6. Virus-induced DNA polymerase is thought to have a molecular weight of 150,000, necessitating a gene with a coding capacity of 4.6 kilobase pairs. The four mutations mapped in this study all lie within a region smaller than this, but the results do not yet prove that all four lesions reside in this or any single gene.     

Hidden heterochromatin: Characterization in the Rodentia species Cricetus cricetus, Peromyscus eremicus (Cricetidae) and Praomys tullbergi (Muridae)

The use of in situ restriction endonuclease (RE) (which cleaves DNA at specific sequences) digestion has proven to be a useful technique in improving the dissection of constitutive heterochromatin (CH), and in the understanding of the CH evolution in different genomes. In the present work we describe in detail the CH of the three Rodentia species, Cricetus cricetus, Peromyscus eremicus (family Cricetidae) and Praomys tullbergi (family Muridae) using a panel of seven REs followed by C-banding. Comparison of the amount, distribution and molecular nature of C-positive heterochromatin revealed molecular heterogeneity in the heterochromatin of the three species. The large number of subclasses of CH identified in Praomys tullbergi chromosomes indicated that the karyotype of this species is the more derived when compared with the other two genomes analyzed, probably originated by a great number of complex chromosomal rearrangements. The high level of sequence heterogeneity identified in the CH of the three genomes suggests the coexistence of different satellite DNA families, or variants of these families in these genomes.     

Physical maps for Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA for restriction endonucleases Hind III, Hpa-1, and X. bad.

It has been proposed that the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) consists of two internal unique sequences, S and L, bounded by two sets of redundant sequences (P. Sheldrick and N. Berthelot, 1974). In this arrangement, terminal sequences (TRs and TRl) are repeated in an internal inverted form (IRs and IRl) and delimit S and L. Furthermore, a body of evidence has accumulated that suggests that S and L themselves are inverted, giving rise to four related forms of the HSV genome. In this study the ordering of restruction endonuclease fragments of HSV-1 DNA for physical maps has been studied using molecular hybridization techniques and the cleavage of isolated restriction endonuclease fragments with further restriction endonucleases. Physical maps for the fragments produced by Hind III, Hpa-1, and X. bad have been constructed for the four related forms of the HSV-1 genome. TRs and IRs were found to be between 3.5 x 10(6) and 4.5 x 10(6) daltons, TRl and IRl about 6 x 10(6) daltons, S about 8 x 10(6) to 9 x 10(6) daltons, and L about 6.8 x 10(6) daltons.     

A Simple and Practical Method for Typing and Strain Differentiatin of Herpes Simplex Virus Using Infected Cell DNAs

A simple and practical method for typing and strain differentiation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolates, based upon analysis of the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of viral DNAs, was established by using unlabeled infected cell DNAs. The preparation of infected cell DNA is technically easier than that of purified viral DNA or of radiolabeled viral DNA. The method provides a powerful and practical tool for epidemiological and clinical studies of HSV infection, which can be performed in most diagnostic laboratories. In order to select suitable restriction endonucleases for the study of HSV isolates, the cleavage patterns of viral DNAs (strains MacIntyre, HF, UW-268, and SAV) with 12 enzymes were analyzed. Several enzymes, Bam HI, Kpn I, Pst I, Sal I, Sst I, and Xho I, were found to be useful for both typing and strain differentiation. With this method, HSV isolates from different individuals and from the same individual were analyzed by digestion of their infected cell DNAs with Bam HI. Six isolates from epidemiologically unrelated individuals were readily typed and differentiated from each other. Three isolates from the same individual showed very similar patterns. However, there was a small degree of difference between the first two isolates and the third isolate.     

Interaction of herpes simplex virus type 2 with a rat glioma cell line

The interaction between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) and two neural cell lines, mouse neuroblastoma (N1E-115) and rat glioma (C6-BU-1), was investigated. N1E-115 cells were permissive to both types of HSV. In C6-BU-1 cells, on the other hand, all the HSV-1 strains tested so far showed persistent infection, and the infectious virus of HSV-2 strains disappeared spontaneously. The HSV-2-infected C6-BU-1 cells were positive for HSV-2-specific DNA sequences, virus-specific RNA, HSV-2-specific antigens and thymidine kinase activity, when no infectious virus was detected. The HSV-2 was reactivated from those C6-BU-1 cells by superinfection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), but not with UV-irradiated MCMV or human cytomegalovirus. The reactivated HSV-2 was identical to the parental virus, when examined by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis.     

Engineering of restriction endonucleases: using methylation activity of the bifunctional endonuclease Eco57I to select the mutant with a novel sequence specificity

Type II restriction endonucleases (REs) are widely used tools in molecular biology, biotechnology and diagnostics. Efforts to generate new specificities by structure-guided design and random mutagenesis have been unsuccessful so far. We have developed a new procedure called the methylation activity-based selection (MABS) for generating REs with a new specificity. MABS uses a unique property of bifunctional type II REs to methylate DNA targets they recognize. The procedure includes three steps: (1) conversion of a bifunctional RE into a monofunctional DNA-modifying enzyme by cleavage center disruption; (2) mutagenesis and selection of mutants with altered DNA modification specificity based on their ability to protect predetermined DNA targets; (3) reconstitution of the cleavage center's wild-type structure. The efficiency of the MABS technique was demonstrated by altering the sequence specificity of the bifunctional RE Eco57I from 5'-CTGAAG to 5'-CTGRAG, and thus generating the mutant restriction endonuclease (and DNA methyltransferase) of a specificity not known before. This study provides evidence that MABS is a promising technique for generation of REs with new specificities.     

Molecular methods for typing of Helicobacter pylori and their applications

Microbial typing is a useful tool in clinical epidemiology for defining the source and route of infection, for studying the persistence and reinfection rates, clonal selection in the host and bacterial evolution. Phenotypic methods such as biotyping, serotyping and hemagglutinin typing have little discriminatory power compared to genotypic methods concerning the typing of Helicobacter pylori. Therefore great efforts have been made to establish useful molecular typing methods. In this context, the most frequently used genotypic methods are described based on our own experience and the literature: (1) restriction endonuclease analysis, (2) endonuclease analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, (3) ribotyping, (4) polymerase chain reaction (using either random primers or repetitive DNA sequence primers), and (5) polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of e.g. the urease genes. Furthermore, reproducibility, discriminatory power, ease of performance and interpretation, cost and toxic procedures of each method are assessed. To date no direct comparison of all the molecular typing methods described has been performed in the same study with the same H. pylori strains. However, PCR analysis of the urease gene directly on suspensions of H. pylori or gastric biopsy material seems to be useful for routine use and applicable in specific epidemiological situations.     

Functional expression of a cloned herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase gene.

A vector which expresses the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (strain 17) DNA polymerase gene was constructed by ligating two separately cloned HSV DNA restriction fragments into an intermediate plasmid and then mobilizing the intact polymerase gene-encoding sequence into a pSV2 derivative. The expression vector (pD7) contains a functional simian virus 40 replication origin and early enhancer-promoter upstream from the HSV DNA polymerase-encoding sequence. COS-1 cells transfected with pD7 contained an RNA species, shown by Northern blot analysis to hybridize specifically with an HSV DNA pol probe and to be the same size (4.3 kilobases) as the pol mRNA found in HSV-1-infected COS-1 cells. A genetic complementation test was used to establish that pD7 expresses a functional pol gene product. COS-1 cells transfected with pD7 were able to partially complement the growth defect of an HSV-1 (KOS) temperature-sensitive mutant, tsC7, in the DNA polymerase gene at the nonpermissive temperature.