中国两种狭胸天牛类幼虫的描述（鞘翅目：天牛总科）

天牛类的幼虫特征,已成为天牛总科探讨演化和分类系统的重要手段,狭胸天牛类由于长期以来未找到幼虫,其地位不能确定,影响到整个天牛科和天牛总科的演化和分类系统的研究存在一个缺口。近年在中国广西和西藏发现了松狭胸天牛ＰｈｉｌｕｓａｎｔｅｎｎａｔｕｓＧｙｌｌｅｎｈａｌ和细点音天牛ＨｅｔｅｒｏｐｈｉｌｕｓｐｕｎｃｔｕｌａｔｕｓＣｈｉａｎｇｅｔＣｈｅｎ的幼虫,前者王缉健（１９８９）和尹新明（１９９４）曾有简短报道。本文对这两种幼虫的形态作了详细描述,以供与近缘类群作比较研究。     

狭胸天牛分类地位初步研究（鞘翅目：天牛总科）

天牛类幼虫特征是探讨天牛总科演化和分类系统的重要依据。长期以来由于未找到狭胸天牛幼虫,其地位难以确定,影响到天牛总科分类系统的重建。近年来,在中国广西和西藏发现的猜胸天牛Philus antennatus (Gyllenhal）和细点音天牛Het-erophilus punctulatus Ching et Chen幼虫,为研究猜胸天牛分类地位提供了新的证据。综合比较认为,猜胸天牛与暗天牛科最相近,倾向于将狭胸天牛亚科归和暗天牛科。     

狭胸天牛类雄性外生殖嚣分类研究——附一新种

该文就狭胸天牛类3属6种雄性外生殖器的形态结构,比较研究其系统发育及其归属,并记录太谷芫天牛Mantitheus tazguensts sp. nov.一新种和重新描述细点音天牛的雄性外生殖器。狭胸天牛类属较原始的类群,祖征为中茎突中央加厚,边缘极薄;阳基侧突基部还保留着一条横裂。狭胸天牛属与音天牛属和芫天牛属关系较密切,应为姊妹群,狭胸天牛属较始,其衍征为中茎突较长的分开,内囊具基骨片、骨化细长管和大小较一致骨化微刺。音天牛属和芫天牛属为姊妹群,芫天牛较原始,音天牛较进化,其衍征为阳基侧突背面因基部裂缝消失而完全合并,骨化细长管较细;外部形态表现为触角较短,较圆;中胸发音器中央无缝;而芫天牛内囊基骨片明显易见。     

褐梗天牛幼虫和成虫空间分布的地统计学研究

褐梗天牛(Arhopalus rusticus Linnaeus)是一种对松、杉、柏等林木危害非常严重的蛀干害虫,主要危害针叶树的衰弱木以及火灾后的枯立木,是继松褐天牛之后携带拟松材线虫能力最强的蛀干害虫。为了更好地控制其危害,深入地研究其种群空间格局,运用地统计学方法分析了3块受害程度不同的油松林内褐梗天牛幼虫和成虫的空间分布特性。结果表明:3种受害程度不同的林分内,褐梗天牛的危害具有显著差异,轻度受害林分内有虫株率为30.8%,中度受害林分内有虫株率为44.3%,而重度受害林分内高达78.3%。根据变异函数曲线图分析得知:轻度受害林、中度受害林和重度受害林内褐梗天牛幼虫种群空间分布最优拟合模型分别为高斯模型、高斯模型和指数模型,成虫的种群空间分布最优拟合模型均为线性模型。在3种林分中褐梗天牛幼虫数量具有明显的空间依赖性,轻度受害林、中度受害林和重度受害林内幼虫数量的空间依赖范围分别是19.10、11.97、61.98m,其空间连续性强度分别是0.646、0.784和0.500;成虫的空间依赖范围分别是43.08、43.23、44.17m,其空间连续性强度分别是0.044、0.021和0.171,但其成虫的数量在空间呈随机分布,没有表现出空间依赖性。根据垂直分布图分析得出:褐梗天牛幼虫和成虫在油松上主要集中聚集在某个高,然后随着高度增加密度降低,随着高度接近地面密度也降低。用Kriging插值法生成的空间分布图显示幼虫在空间分布上具有明显的聚集性,其聚集中心主要集中在林地中心,由林地中心株向整个林地扩散,而成虫则表现为随机分布。     

四川白蚁新纪录——狭胸散白蚁

2012年3月26日在对成都市青羊区青华路37号老成都公馆菜的白蚁危害调查过程中,发现该饭店白蚁危害严重,现场采集白蚁标本,经鉴定为狭胸散白蚁Reticulitermes angustatus He et Qiu.该种此前报道仅分布于贵州省,且只有形态描述.此次在成都地区首次发现狭胸散白蚁,为四川白蚁种类新纪录,还发现该种白蚁对房屋建筑危害严重,应引起白蚁防治工作者的高度重视.     

四种筒天牛幼虫和蛹记要(鞘翅目:天牛科)

筒天牛属沟胫天牛亚科Lamiinae、楔天牛族Saperdini,为害多种植物。现将吉安樟筒天牛Oberea fusciventris Fairmaire、忍冬筒天牛O.incompleta Fairmaire构树筒天牛O.rufotestasea Pic和暗翅筒天牛O.fuscipennis(Chevrolat)幼虫和蛹的形态、生物学习性记述如下,本文长度单位均为mm。     

松墨天牛成虫雌雄体型差异及蛹和成虫大小与越冬幼虫体重的关系

【目的】本研究旨在明确松墨天牛 Monochamus alteratus 成虫及越冬幼虫体型大小的差异,探讨该虫越冬后成虫体型大小和越冬幼虫体重大小关系及原因。【方法】于2014年5月1日至10月31日在浙江富阳野外诱捕松墨天牛,通过测量野外诱捕到的松墨天牛成虫体长、体宽,确定林间松墨天牛成虫体型的差异;松墨天牛越冬幼虫的采集和称重测量明确越冬幼虫的组成和体重大小差异;进而通过对越冬幼虫单头跟踪饲养至化蛹、羽化,确定越冬幼虫体重大小与发育所得蛹和成虫大小的关系,阐明林间松墨天牛成虫体型差异的原因。【结果】浙江富阳野外诱捕发现,松墨天牛的活动期间很长,从5月中旬到10月初一直能诱捕到松墨天牛成虫,高峰期在6和7月份。松墨天牛雌雄成虫体型差异很大,雌虫平均体长和体宽分别为20.59±0.19和6.59±0.06 mm;雄虫平均体长和体宽分别为19.90±0.26 和6.44±0.08 mm; 雌虫的平均体长明显高于雄虫,但二者体宽没有显著差异;并且雌雄成虫体长和体宽呈显著正相关。越冬幼虫的头宽测定表明头宽的变化很大,最小为2.20 mm,最大为4.24 mm,经比对越冬幼虫由4龄和5龄幼虫组成;幼虫体重差异大,平均体重为304.2 mg, 介于71.6~858.0 mg之间,其中5龄越冬幼虫显著重于4龄越冬幼虫。进一步将越冬幼虫单管饲养跟踪研究发现,越冬幼虫体重大小决定蛹和羽化后的成虫的大小,二者存在显著的正相关,并且由4龄越冬幼虫发育所得的蛹和成虫显著轻于由5龄幼虫发育所得的蛹和成虫。【结论】松墨天牛成虫体型差异很大,这与越冬幼虫体重差异相关;越冬幼虫的体重大小决定了其化蛹后的蛹重和羽化后成虫的体型和体重的大小;造成越冬幼虫体重差异的可能原因包括松墨天牛成虫扬飞周期长导致的产卵期长而使得天牛发育进度不一致以及寄主不同部位营养的差异。     

日本纺织娘消化系统的细微构造

运用光镜及扫描电镜的技术对日本纺织娘MecopodaniponensiDeHaan消化道的内、外结构进行了研究。结果表明 :日本纺织娘的消化系统可分为前肠、中肠和后肠三大段 ,其前肠的结构较为特殊 :嗉囊内壁具有排列紧密的大刺 ,前胃内部则有 6列骨化大嵴 ,嵴上具大齿。胃盲囊分上、下两叶 ,上叶又被膜分隔成若干小叶。因这些特征在不同种类的螽斯中均不相同 ,所以在分类上具有一定的意义 ,同时也为农业上进行害虫防治及天敌昆虫的研究提供解剖生理学方面的依据     

日本纺织娘消化系统的微细构造

运用光镜及扫描电镜的技术对日本纺织娘Mecopoda niponensi De Haan消化道的内、外结构进行了研究.结果表明日本纺织娘的消化系统可分为前肠、中肠和后肠三大段 ,其前肠的结构较为特殊嗉囊内壁具有排列紧密的大刺,前胃内部则有6列骨化大嵴, 嵴上具大齿.胃盲囊分上、下两叶,上叶又被膜分隔成若干小叶.因这些特征在不同种类的螽斯中均不相同,所以在分类上具有一定的意义,同时也为农业上进行害虫防治及天敌昆虫的研究提供解剖生理学方面的依据.     

中华稻蝗全消化道内壁显微结构观察

本文采用扫描仪和扫描电镜对中华稻蝗消化道内壁的细微结构进行了系统观察和研究。结果表明,中华稻蝗食道内壁由纵行脊组成,前端有齿。嗉囊包括两段,前段的一个小的膨大部分,由V-形区和两侧的V-形脊组成,只在前端内壁有齿;后段为一个大的膨大部分,由柳叶脊、扇形脊和不规则脊组成,脊的上缘有齿。前肠内壁的齿主要为单生齿,除贲门瓣上齿的齿尖指向前方外,全部齿的齿尖指向后方。后肠的前端为12个幽门瓣,内壁有齿。回肠和结肠由6条纵行脊组成,结肠内壁有齿。直肠的齿在除直肠垫外的直肠内壁上。后肠的齿主要为丛生齿,后肠除直肠内壁齿的齿尖指向附着环外,全部齿的齿尖指向后方。根据我们的观察,对前肠提出了新的分区。     

紫胫长夹蝗消化道的形态学观察

本文通过扫描仪对紫胫长夹蝗Choroedocus violaceipes Miller消化道内外壁进行了扫描.观察到消化道各部位的形态特征:食道直管状,由多列纵行脊组成;嗉囊由V形区、V形脊、柳叶脊、扇形脊和不规则脊组成;前胃杯形,由多列纵行脊组成;贲门是由6个凸出于肠壁的Y形结构环围而成;中肠膜质,约占消化道长度的2...     

Morphological and ultrastructural characterization of the alimentary canal in larvae of Streltzoviella insularis (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

Streltzoviella insularis (Staudinger) is an important tree‐boring pest, that primarily damages Sophora japonica (Linnaeus) and Ginkgo biloba (Linnaeus), as well as other common species, at great economic cost to the urban landscape construction industry in China. In the present study, the alimentary canal morphology of S. insularis was observed using light microscopy, and its ultrastructure was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The foregut of S. insularis can be divided into the pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, and cardiac valve. The well‐developed crop forms the longest section of the foregut. It is able to store large amounts of food and is lined with a monolayer of epithelial cells. Many sclerotized microspines occur on the surface of the anterior intima and there are dense spines on the posterior intima of the proventriculus. Epithelial cells of the midgut include columnar cells, goblet cells, and regenerative cells, but endocrine cells are absent. The hindgut consists of the pyloric valve, ileum, and rectum. There is no clear distinction between the ileum and colon. The intima surface of the pyloric valve carries many microspines, whereas the intestinal wall of the rectum is thin with well‐developed rectal pads. The rectal epithelial cells form a squamous monolayer. A cryptonephric excretory system is located in the hindgut. There are six spiral Malpighian tubules, in which a cellular layer on a basement membrane encloses a lumen. These results will provide the basis for further studies of the structure and function in S. insularis larvae.     

Comparative fecundity and oocyte size of Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus in the Greek Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean) (Decapoda: Aristeidae)

Absolute and relative fecundity of 49 ripe gonads (from the cephalic and the abdominal sections of the same specimen) of Aristaeomorpha foliacea and 71 ripe gonads of Aristeus antennatus caught in the Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean) and their oocyte size were studied. Both average absolute and relative fecundities estimated for A. antennatus were statistically higher than those estimated for A. foliacea; the average absolute fecundity of A. foliacea was 151 936 oocytes/female and that of A. antennatus was 200 472 oocytes/female and the average relative fecundity of A. foliacea was 5477 oocytes/g and that of A. antennatus was 9386 oocytes/g. Fecundity in both red shrimp species is linearly related to carapace length, body and gonad weight, although, the most precise estimation is provided by the relationship of body weight and fecundity. In the present study, the oocyte size (diameter, volume) of both species could be considered very large. In conclusion, A. foliacea shows lower fecundity than A. antennatus, having a lower ovogenetic activity, but it produces larger oocytes. This is in accordance with the highest value of the gonad weight and gonad volume of A. foliacea exhibited in relation to A. antennatus.     

太白蝎蛉消化道形态学与组织学研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜, 在形态学和组织学水平上研究了太白蝎蛉Panorpa obtusa Cheng成虫消化道的结构。结果表明： 蝎蛉消化道由前肠、中肠、和后肠组成。前肠包括咽喉、食道、和前胃, 但没有嗉囊,其中咽喉可分为骨化的前咽和附着扩肌的后咽（咽喉唧筒）; 前胃壁很厚,内膜上长有许多排列整齐、紧密的棕色胃刺,司过滤、暂时储存和磨碎食物的功能; 前肠末端有6个贲门瓣伸入中肠。中肠较长且膨大,其肠壁细胞由柱状细胞和再生细胞组成; 肠壁细胞外分别为环肌和纵肌,无胃盲囊,也未观察到围食膜。6根棕红色的马氏管位于中、 后肠分界处。后肠分为不对称的“V”字型回肠、环状结肠、以及膨大透明的直肠, 直肠内壁上有6个交替排列的直肠垫。最后简要讨论了蝎蛉消化道的结构与功能,及其在蝎蛉科昆虫分类中的意义。     

黄脸油葫芦消化道和马氏管的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片技术对黄脸油葫芦Teleogryllus emma(Ohmachi and Matsumura)成虫消化道和马氏管的显微结构进行观察。消化道由前肠、中肠和后肠3部分组成:前肠由内向外可分为6层:内膜、肠壁细胞层、底膜、纵肌、环肌和围膜;中肠组织结构也分为6层,即由内向外依次为围食膜、肠壁细胞层、底膜、环肌、纵肌和围膜;后肠的组织结构与前肠基本相似,但内膜比前肠的薄,且肌肉的排列较前肠不规则,与中肠的肌肉排列相似,即环肌在内,纵肌在外。消化道各部位的结构差异与功能有密切关系。马氏管管壁由8个左右形状多变并具有显著细胞核的大形的单层上皮细胞组成。     

Isolation and characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Crustacea, Decapoda)

Eighteen microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus Risso 1816, a commercially exploited marine crustacean widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic. Polymorphism was assessed in a population (n = 20) from the southwestern Sardinian seas; 14 loci resulted polymorphic and showed from three to 13 alleles. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.2 to 0.85. These microsatellites will be potentially useful for the study of A. antennatus population genetic structure.     

A histochemical study of pollen digestion in the alimentary canal of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)

Histochemical staining of embedded sections of the alimentary canal of honeybees indicated that carboxylated polysaccharides could be efficiently digested and absorbed, except when sequestered within unswollen and unbroken pollen grains that appeared to be impervious to enzymes of the gut. Hemicelluloses and pectic acids of the pollen wall structure underwent partial digestion, but pollen wall cellulose and sporopollenin were not digested. A separation of pollen walls from colloidal semisolids of the pollenkitt and disgorged protoplasm was apparent. The layers of slurry created by this separation remained into the rectum, and consisted primarily of saturated organic compounds which do not stain with weakly basophilic or acidophilic dyes.