Studies on the increase of antibodies in nasal secretions of human beings after intracutaneous vaccination with influenza virus,with the aid of the haemagglutination inhibition technique

Summary With the aid of the haemagglutination inhibition test in nasal secretions of human beings it is possible to demonstrate an increase of antibodies against influenza virus after pararespiratory vaccination, provided the non-specific inhibition of the secretions is climinated by means of enzymes ofVibrio cholerae. The antititre of the nasal secretions fluctuated greatly. After intracutancous vaccination of 0.3 ml in the skin of the back with concentrated vaccine it amounted on an average to 3% of that of the blood titre. The possible importance of this simplified technique for further investigations is pointed out. Financial support was provided by the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Leyden; N. V. Philips Roxane, Weesp; the State Department of Science; the Jan Dekker Fund, and the Cura?ao Fund for Preventive Medicine.     

Studies on the antigenic behaviour of egg- and egg-mouse-egg-lines of strains of influenza virus,with the aid of the haemagglutination-inhibition test

Summary Egg- and egg-mouse-egg-lines of strains of influenza virus were compared with the aid of the haemagglutination inhibition test. In most experiments it was found that the crossing of an antiserum of an egg-mouse-egg-line against the homologous egg-line or against a heterologous egg-line of a strain belonging to the same subgroup yields a low or very low antititre. We are indebted to DrG. K. Hirst (New York) and DrJ. Y. Sugg (New York) for sending us the strains of influenza virus Ala and Cam. Financial support was provided by the Institute for Preventive Medicine, Leyden; N. V. Philips Roxane, Weesp; the State Department of Science; the Jan Dekker Fund, and the Cura?ao Fund for Preventive Medicine.     

Studies on the elimination of non-specific inhibitors in sera against influenza viruses with the aid of filtrates ofVibrio cholerae

Summary In the sera of humans and various animals there are two different non-specific inhibitors (α-and β-inhibitors) which may be specifically abolished by two substances (α-and β-“enzymes”) both present in filtrates ofV. cholerae. This neutralization is necessary for the rapid classifying of influenza virus strains with the aid of the haemagglutination inhibition test. The egg line strains of the A- and A′-groups are only sensitive to β-inhibitor, while the mouse line strains of the same groups are only sensitive to the α-inhibitor. This does not apply to strains of the B group, where mouse as well as egg lines are sensitive to both inhibitors. With the aid of isolated β-inhibitor (easily to be prepared from cattle serum), it is possible to decide in a quick manner whether or not a strain from the A- or A′-group has previously been adapted to the mouse. With the technical assistance of Miss I.de Nooyer and with the financial support provided by the Institute for Preventive Medicine, Leyden; N.V. Philips Roxane, Weesp; the State Department of Science; the Jan Dekker Fund, and the Curacao Fund for Preventive Medicine.     

Antibody response against strains of influenza-A virus in ferrets with basic immunity

Summary In Holland ferrets are offered for sale with basic antibodies against one or more sub-groups of strains of influenza-A virus. With the haemagglutination inhibition test low basic antibody titers can only be detected by neutralising the non-specific inhibitor in the ferret sera. When such a ferret is infected with a strain of a heterologous sub-group, a considerable rise in antibodies is obtained against the homologous and heterologous sub-groups. It is very probable that the same holds for human beings. Some examples are given of haemagglutination-inhibition tests with serum pairs from adults who suffered from influenza in the epidemic of the winter of 1949 in Holland from which the non-specific inhibitor had been eliminated.Sub-unit of the Influenza Research Team of the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Leyden. With the financial support of the Institute of Preventive Medicine, the Department of Medical Research Philips Roxane (Weesp), the State Department of Science, and the Jan Dekker Fund.     

革兰氏阴性菌TonB-ExbB-ExbD复合物的功能、作用机制、分布及进化

革兰氏阴性菌在生长繁殖过程中需要从外界摄取营养物质。一些小分子营养物质可以自由地通过革兰氏阴性菌的细胞膜,而一些大分子营养物质的转运需要特异性的TonB复合物依赖性的外膜受体进行转运。TonB复合物由TonB、ExbB、ExbD构成,是革兰氏阴性菌对外界营养物质主动转运过程的能量提供单位,在革兰氏阴性菌分布广泛。近年来,对TonB-ExbB-ExbD复合物的功能、结构及作用机制取得了重大研究进展,然而此复合物在不同的细菌也存在功能及作用机制上的差异。基于此背景,本文综述了TonB复合物的功能和结构研究进展,并分析了TonB复合物在革兰氏阴性菌中的分布、进化,比较了不同革兰氏阴性菌此复合物的差异,有助于进一步发现和揭示TonB复合物的新功能与作用机制。     

Some aspects of the adaptation of influenza virus onto mice

Summary The author describes the adaptation onto mice of an influenza A strain, isolated byMulder from the tracheal mucosa of a man, who died from an acute fulminant staphylococcal-pneumonia and discusses the nature of the adaptation phenomenon.Communication of the Workteam of Acute Respiratory Diseases of the Institute for Preventive Medicine.     

The interrelationships of disease and culture in a primitive New Guinea community

This article explores links between disease and social standing in a primitive New Guinea community. Social and cultural events have modified the incidence of certain diseases. Furthermore, the changing patterns of disease may have influenced the development and form of social distinctions.This work is based on data collected as a predoctoral fellow in the Department of Anthropology at Columbia University. Fieldwork in New Guinea was done with NIH support under Training Grant 1 T01-MH11775-01 (related to 2 F1 MH301640-02), with Dr. Margaret Mead as the sponsor. Additional funding for analysis of data was obtained from the Harvard School of Public Health, the Department of Preventive Medicine of the Harvard Medical School, and the Institute for Transcultural Studies in New York.     

Avetana--data-management for preventive medicine]

Electronic Patient Records are already widely accepted and used in hospitals for Data-Management and simplification of Data-Archivation. Using them in Preventive Medicine, where the Patient is directly involved in all processes seems to be even more useful. Therefore avetana has joined a project where the establishment of a Personal Health Record for a Preventive Medical Care Center has to be realized to improve the Flow of Information before and after the actual examination. Especially aspects of Patient-Monitoring and Tele-Home-Care will be covered in this Paper.     

Sequence elements essential for the rapid turnover of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crithidia fasciculata</Emphasis> ornithine decarboxylase

Summary. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has a very fast turnover in mammalian cells, but is a stable enzyme in T. brucei and other trypanosmatid parasites like Leishmania donovani. However, Crithidia fasciculata, which is a phylogenetically closely related trypanosomatid to L. donovani, has an ODC with a rapid turnover. Interestingly, C. fasciculata ODC, but not L. donovani ODC, is rapidly degraded also in mammalian systems. In order to obtain information on what sequences are important for the rapid degradation of C. fasciculata ODC, we produced a variety of C. fasciculata/L. donovani ODC hybrid proteins and characterized their turnover using two different mammalian expression systems. The results obtained indicate that C. fasciculata ODC contains several sequence elements essential for the rapid turnover of the protein and that these regions are mainly located in the central part of the enzyme. Present address: Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Dublin – Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Authors’ address: Lo Persson, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D-12, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden     

Preventive Medicine and Public Health: Escherichia coli O 157:H7: Infections

The Council on Scientific Affairs of the California Medical Association presents the following epitomes of progress in preventive medicine and public health. Each item, in the judgment of a panel of knowledgeable physicians, has recently become reasonably firmly established, both as to scientific fact and clinical importance. The items are presented in simple epitome, and an authoritative reference, both to the item itself and to the subject as a whole, is generally given for those who may be unfamiliar with a particular item. The purpose is to assist busy practitioners, students, researchers, and scholars to stay abreast of progress in medicine, whether in their own field of special interest or another.The epitomes included here were selected by the Advisory Panel to the Section on Preventive Medicine and Public Health of the California Medical Association, and the summaries were prepared under the direction of Dr Thom and the Scientific Advisory Panel to the Section on Preventive Medicine and Public Health.     

An improved method for determining codon variability in a gene and its application to the rate of fixation of mutations in evolution

If one has the amino acid sequences of a set of homologous proteins as well as their phylogenetic relationships, one can easily determine the minimum number of mutations (nucleotide replacements) which must have been fixed in each codon since their common ancestor. It is found that for 29 species of cytochrome c the data fit the assumption that there is a group of approximately 32 invariant codons and that the remainder compose two Poisson-distributed groups of size 65 and 16 codons, the latter smaller group fixing mutations at about 3.2 times the rate of the larger. It is further found that the size of the invariant group increases as the range of species is narrowed. Extrapolation suggests that less than 10% of the codons in a given mammalian cytochrome c gene are capable of accepting a mutation. This is consistent with the view that at any one point in time only a very restricted number of positions can fix mutations but that as mutations are fixed the positions capable of accepting mutations also change so that examination of a wide range of species reveals a wide range of altered positions. We define this restricted group as the concomitantly variable codons. Given this restriction, the fixation rates for mutations in concomitantly variable codons in cytochrome c and fibrinopeptide A are not very different, a result which should be the case if most of these mutations are in fact selectively neutral as Kimura suggests.Paper number 1382 from the Laboratory of Genetics. Work performed in part at the University of Iowa, Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health and Department of Statistics, Iowa City, Iowa. Computing supported by the Graduate College, University of Iowa.     

Production of glycoprotein by Candida albicans in a synthetic medium and its influence on the growth of newborn mice

Summary Growth ofCandida albicans on a synthetic medium for a period of 6 weeks produces glycoprotein substance in the approximate amount of 150 mg per liter. The polysaccharide component is formed by glucose and mannose in the approximate ratio 3:1. The protein component is composed of at least 15 different amino acids. Half percent of glucosamine was also found. The glycoprotein substance is water soluble and toxic to Swiss mice. LD50 is 0.75 mg/g of body weight when injected intravenously. Subcutaneous injection to newborn Swiss mice produced inhibition of growth. The degree of inhibition varied with the dosage. On one occasion when using a small amount of compound, stimulation of growth was also seen.This work was supported by Damon Runyon Memorial Fund Grant 720 and Joan Sloan Memorial Fund.     

Electron microscope autoradiographic studies of RNA metabolism in Trillium erectum microspores

3H-Uridine has been used to investigate the sites of RNA synthesis in the post-meiotic G₁ phase of Trillium microspores using electron microscope autoradiography. The dilute, non-condensed component of the nucleus has been found to be the site of synthesis. When the labelled cells were further incubated in non-radioactive medium the label was found to shift towards the condensed chromatin regions within the nucleus. Two hypotheses to explain the observations are considered, one involving migration of the RNA from the relaxed to condensed regions, the other involving a change in state of the nuclear regions involved in the synthesis. The data are interpreted as favoring the latter possibility.This study supported by grants from the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research and from the Swiss National Fund, Grant Nr. 3202.Fellow of the Jane Coffin Childs Fund for Medical Research.     

The analysis of mortality by the subject-years method

The observed mortality of a group of individuals often needs to be compared with that expected from the death rates of the national population, with allowance made for age and period. Expected deaths are usually calculated by the subject-years method (Case and Lea, 1955, British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 9, 62-72), in which each person is assumed at risk up to the date of the analysis, the date of death, or the date the person was lost to follow-up, whichever is first. Some of the properties of this method are described, including an approach based on likelihood. For this purpose the observed number of deaths may be treated as though it were a Poisson variable. The likelihood approach leads to a generalization to the cases where the groups have a factorial structure or where covariates are available for each individual. The calculations are readily carried out by use of GLIM or GENSTAT.     

中西医结合医院临床科室医疗质量评价体系的构建与实施

目的 探索提高中西医结合医院医疗质量的有效途径。方法 建立并实施中西医结合医院临床科室医疗质量评价体系。结果 对医院业务发展以及质量改善起到积极的推动作用。结论 实施临床科室医疗质量评价体系是提高中西医结合医院医疗质量的较好方法。     

Genetic analysis of two spored asci produced by the spo3 mutant of Saccharomyces

Summary Ascospores present in two-spored asci formed by spo3-1 diploids at a semipermissive temperature (30°C) represent random inclusion of haploid genomes into ascospores and exhibit normal viability, meiotic chromosome segregation and recombination. Genetic analysis and ultrastructural studies indicate that the function encoded by the spo3 locus is specifically required for the enclosure of the products of meiosis in prospore walls.Suppored by NSF grant GB-27688, the Wallace C. and Clara Abbott Memorial Fund from the University of Chicago, and Cancer Center Grant CCRC IIIB3.     

Effect of topical applications of heavy suspensions of killed Malassezia ovalis on rabbit skin

Heavy applications of suspensions of killedMalassezia ovalis on rabbit skin produced lesions that both grossly and microscopically resembled human psoriasis. This system may afford not only a model but also an explanation for that disease.Supported in part by grants from The Dermatology Foundation and The E. E. Muirhead Associates Fund.     

Malate dehydrogenase isozymes in the longnose dace,Rhinichthys cataractae

The interspecies homology of dace supernatant (A₂, AB, B₂) and mitochondrial (C₂) malate dehydrogenase isozymes has been established through cell fractionation and tissue distribution studies. Isolated supernatant malate dehydrogenase (s-MDH) isozymes show significant differences in Michaelis constants for oxaloacetate and in pH optima. Shifts in s-MDH isozyme pH optima with temperature may result in immediate compensation for increase in ectotherm body pH with decrease in temperature, but duplicate s-MDH isozymes are probably maintained through selection for tissue specific regulation of metabolism.This research was supported in part by NSF Grant SM176-83974 and a grant from the Blakeslee Fund.     

Ribosomal proteins of mouse kidney: Normal status and during compensatory renal hypertrophy

Summary Ribosomes were isolated from normal and growing kidney and the protein complement was examined by a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic procedure. Proteins were resolved in the first dimension on the basis of charge and, in the second dimension, on the basis of molecular weight. 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits from normal kidney contained respectively 42 and 31 proteins. 80S ribosomes contained 23 proteins not found with either sub-unit. Nineteen of these proteins were removed from the ribosomes when isolated ribosomes were washed in a high salt buffer. Six proteins of the 80S ribosome corresponded to proteins associated with both sub-units. 80S ribosomal proteins were also studied during compensatory renal hypertrophy after 4-96 h of induced growth. The protein complement displayed by electrophoresis was identical to the pattern seen from normal renal cells.Abbreviations Bis-Tris [bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)imino-tris (Hydroxymethyl)methane] - MES 2(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid Supported by NIH Grants AM-12769 and RR-05486 and the Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Fund. Dr. Irwin is a fellow of the Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Fund (DRG-51-F). Dr.Northrup is a Research Fellow in Developmental Medicine (HD00362) at Massachusetts General Hospital.     

贝飞达治疗肠易激综合征289例临床观察

目的：探讨微生态制剂贝飞达对肠易激综合征的疗效。方法：采用中国预防医学科学院流研所海斯药业有限公司生产的双歧三联活菌胶囊贝飞达治疗怕易激综合征患者289例,分别观察临床症状改善情况,结果：此药对腹痛,腹泻,腹胀和便秘的有效率均在80%以上,结论：贝飞达可迅速,有效地缓减肠易激综合征的症状,无毒副作用,值得推广,是治疗肠易激综合征的一个有效新型微生态制剂。