海水处理对向日葵幼苗生长及叶片一些生理特性的影响

采用海水水培的方法,比较了淡水、20%和40%海水处理对向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)幼苗生长速率、根冠比、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量和保护性酶超氧歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响.结果表明:20%海水处理显著地促进根系生长和根冠比的增加,大大地缓解了叶片的膜脂过氧化作用(使之降至与对照相当的水平),而40%海水明显抑制向日葵生长;脯氨酸在处理4 d后显著积累,40%海水处理后脯氨酸与MDA变化曲线相关性较强,表明脯氨酸的积累在本实验中表现为活性氧伤害的结果;40%海水处理对食葵叶片造成的过氧化伤害比油葵大,但食葵比油葵的自身修复受伤害膜系统的能力强.     

镉胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

主要研究了重金属Cd污染对小麦生长和部分生理特性的影响。结果表明,叶绿素含量在0 2 5mmol·L-1Cd处理浓度时达到峰值,随Cd浓度的增加,含量下降。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性随Cd浓度的增加而增加。丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性同样呈上升趋势。根系活力表现为先升高后下降的变化趋势。Cd胁迫下,小麦的生长受到一定程度的抑制,并随溶液中Cd浓度的增加,抑制加重     

稀土元素铈对花生幼苗生长与抗氧化保护酶系统的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度硝酸铈对花生(Arachis hypogaea)幼苗生长、开花数目及抗氧化酶过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,铈浓度低于20.0 mg·L–1能促进花生幼苗生长及开花,其中以10.0 mg·L–1铈的效果最为明显,其生物量和开花数分别约为对照的1.3倍和2.8倍;但高于20.0 mg·L–1则抑制花生幼苗生长,降低花朵数目;同时,低于20.0 mg/L铈可抑制花生幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)活性和降低其丙二醛(MDA)含量,其中以10.0 mg·L–1铈的抑制效果最明显,其POD活性和MDA含量约为对照的47.51%和20.76%;而低于20.0 mg·L–1铈能提高花生幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,其中以5.0 mg·L–1铈的促进效果最明显,其SOD活性约为对照的2.0倍。     

镉、锌、铜胁迫对向日葵早期幼苗生长的影响

分析了3种重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+)对向日葵种子胚根伸长和早期幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,3种重金属离子对向日葵胚根伸长的抑制作用依次为:Cd2+>Cu2+>Zn2+.3种重金属胁迫明显降低了幼苗生长和叶绿素含量,并显著提高了H2O2水平.其中Cd2+胁迫引起幼苗H2O2爆发高于Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫.进一步分析植株抗氧化系统的变化发现,随着重金属离子浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗酶类抗氧化物质SOD和CAT的活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势;重金属胁迫提高了非酶类的抗氧化物质脯氨酸和GSH的含量.其中Cd2+和Zn2+胁迫对脯氨酸含量变化的影响大于Cu2+胁迫;而Cu2+胁迫对GSH含量变化的影响大于Cd2+和Zn2+胁迫.     

重金属镍胁迫对向日葵幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为揭示向日葵对镍胁迫的响应机制,该文以向日葵幼苗为材料,采用营养液培养法探索了重金属镍胁迫对其生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:低浓度的镍胁迫(≤10 mg·L~(-1))有利于幼苗的生长,高浓度的镍胁迫(≥50 mg·L~(-1))对幼苗具有明显的抑制作用。随着镍胁迫浓度的逐渐增加,向日葵幼苗各项生理生化指标的变化较大,其中叶绿素、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、游离脯氨酸(Pro)的含量均在1～10 mg·L~(-1)时呈现上升趋势,在50～100 mg·L~(-1)时呈下降的趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈现持续上升趋势。这表明向日葵幼苗对低浓度(1～10 mg·L~(-1))镍胁迫能够通过自身调节,增加POD、Pro和MDA等物质的含量来提高对生态环境的抗逆能力,说明向日葵幼苗对重金属镍具有一定抗性;而高浓度(50～100 mg·L~(-1))镍胁迫会破坏其自身防御系统,从而影响幼苗的生长发育。     

冷锻炼对不同倍性西瓜幼苗SOD、POD活性及MDA含量的影响

通过对蜜枚和JM的不同倍性西瓜品种的幼苗进行4d、10℃的预冷处理,然后在5℃下低温胁迫8d,结果表明:JM4x和M3x的耐低温能力得到提高,超过2x.冷锻炼诱导多倍体西瓜SOD、POD活性大幅度提高,降低四倍体MDA的含量,增强四倍体西瓜的耐低温胁迫能力.     

海水处理对不同产地菊芋幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

种植抗盐耐海水经济作物是合理开发利用沿海滩涂和海水资源、培育耐盐植物的有效措施之一。该研究以不同产地菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)为试验材料研究了海水处理对菊芋幼苗生长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:1)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋幼苗根、地上部的鲜重和干重均降低,但盐城菊芋幼苗地上部和根鲜重及干重降低的幅度小于武威和烟台菊芋幼苗。2)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(G_s)和气孔限制值(L_s)均降低,而细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)增大,且在各处理下盐城菊芋较武威和烟台菊芋叶片P_n和T_r大,而盐城菊芋在15%海水处理下,WUE和C_i较武威及烟台菊芋低,G_s和L_s较武威和烟台菊芋高。3)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋叶片的初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、可变荧光(F_v)、恒态荧光(F_s)、恒态荧光与初始荧光差值(ΔF_o)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均降低,且在各处理下盐城菊芋较武威和烟台菊芋叶片F_m、F_v、F_s、F_v/F_o大。随着海水浓度的增加,盐城菊芋叶片电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q_P)和光化学速率变化幅度不大,武威和烟台菊芋在30%海水处理下显著下降,较盐城菊芋小,各处理下菊芋叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)变化也不一致,盐城和武威菊芋叶片的Φ_PSⅡ在15%海水处理较0和30%海水处理下大,而烟台菊芋叶片的Φ_PSⅡ在0海水处理下最大。4)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)含量均降低,而叶绿素b(Chlb)含量没显著差异,且在各处理下盐城菊芋较武威和烟台菊芋叶片Chla含量大,武威和盐城菊芋叶片的Chla/Chlb比值均降低,烟台菊芋叶片的Chla/Chlb比值在0和15%海水处理下没差异。可见海水处理对菊芋幼苗生长发育、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性均有影响,随海水浓度的增加,其效应越明显,但对各来源地菊芋幼苗的影响不一致,盐城菊芋幼苗表现为更耐海水。     

Hg2+ 与POD 复合处理对小麦萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过水培实验研究了0、10、20、50、70和100 mg.L-1 Hg2+和65 U.mL-1的过氧化物酶(POD)混合浸种对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)萌发及幼苗生长过程中的10个形态和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明：施加外源POD可明显提高种子发芽率、植株日均增重和幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白含量,增加幼苗叶片内源超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和POD的活性,拮抗Hg2+胁迫对种子发芽率、苗高、日均增重及叶片可溶性蛋白含量的不利影响,Hg2+浓度较高时(≥50 mg.L-1),对种子发芽率和日均增重的拮抗作用更明显,并对较低浓度Hg2+(≤20 mg.L-1)胁迫引起的叶片SOD活性的上升和低于100 mg.L-1的Hg2+胁迫引起的叶片 POD活性的上升有进一步的促进作用;然而对幼苗平均最长根长度、侧根数和幼苗叶片叶绿素含量则无明显影响。     

海水处理下菊芋幼苗生理生化特性及磷效应的研究

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。该试验研究了海水处理下菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)幼苗生长发育、渗透物质积累、保护性酶活性、膜透性和离子吸收分布情况及磷素对其影响。结果表明:1)10%海水对菊芋幼苗生长发育没有抑制作用,甚至有一定的促进作用,25%海水胁迫对菊芋幼苗形态发育上具有一定抑制作用,增加磷素浓度后,能显著缓解其抑制作用;2)10%和25%海水处理下,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较对照显著增加,随着时间的延长,先增加后降低,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增加菊芋幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量;3)海水处理下菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性都显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增强菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性;4)10%海水处理菊芋幼苗叶片MDA含量与对照差异不大,甚至小于对照,25%海水处理能显著增加MDA含量及膜透性,增加磷素浓度后,均降低了MDA含量和膜透性;5)随着海水浓度增加和时间延长,菊芋幼苗地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能降低地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量,而地上部和根部K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量较对照增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能增加K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量。由此可见,磷素能够改善菊芋幼苗的营养状况,同时能够增强其抗盐性。     

生物有机肥调控对盐碱胁迫下向日葵幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

采用盆栽方法,以清洁土壤为对照,研究了盐碱胁迫下不同生物有机肥施用量(0%、2%、4%和8%)对向日葵种子发芽率和出苗率、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,盐碱胁迫(T0)7～28 d后,向日葵种子的发芽率及出苗率明显降低,种子出苗时间推迟了3 d,幼苗株高、根长、地上部分及根系鲜重、叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量均显著降低(P<0.05),而且幼苗根系对盐碱胁迫的敏感性明显大于地上部;与T0处理相比,生物有机肥施用量分别为2%(T1)、4%(T2)及8%(T3)时,向日葵种子的出苗率分别提高了56.4%(P<0.05)、64.3%(P<0.05)及85.7%(P<0.05),出苗时间提早了2～3 d,盐碱胁迫处理7 d后,T1、T2和T3处理组幼苗的生长明显增强,叶片中叶绿素含量分别提高了24.4%(P<0.05)、27.2%(P<0.05)和33.2%(P<0.05),可溶性蛋白质含量分别增加了34.4%(P<0.05)、43.6%(P<0.05)和48.8%(P<0.05);随着处理时间的延长,T1、T2和T3处理对幼苗生长及生理指标的抑制作用均表现出不同程度的降低.综上可知,盐碱胁迫条件下,施用2%～8%的生物有机肥可以明显减轻盐碱胁迫对向日葵种子出苗、幼苗生长及生理指标的抑制作用.     

遮阴对杜鹃红山茶幼苗叶片生长特性及初生代谢的影响

以2.5年生杜鹃红山茶扦插苗为试验材料,研究了遮光率分别为0(CK)、30%、50%、80%条件下其叶片生长状况、光合色素含量、初生代谢产物以及叶片相对电导率的变化,以揭示杜鹃红山茶叶片生长发育与光照强度的关系。结果表明:(1)遮阴显著促进杜鹃红山茶幼苗叶片的生长,其叶片数量、总叶面积、平均叶面积、比叶面积、叶片含水量等指标均在50%～80%遮光条件下处于最高水平。(2)遮阴条件下的幼苗叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量和SPAD值均比CK上升,且均在80%遮光条件下处于最高水平。(3)随遮阴强度的增加,叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均表现出先降低后上升的趋势,且均在50%遮光条件下处于最低水平;叶片淀粉含量表现出先上升后降低的趋势,并在50%遮光条件下处于最高水平。(4)遮阴显著降低叶片相对电导率,且随遮阴强度的增加表现出先下降后上升的趋势,并在50%遮光条件下处于最低水平。研究认为,杜鹃红山茶幼苗对低光照环境有较强的适应性,适度的遮阴(遮光率50%)有助于杜鹃红山茶幼苗叶片的生长发育。     

Effect of Aldrin on Growth and Oxidative Metabolism of Rhizobia

At 500 μg ml⁻¹ of aldrin, Rhizobium sp. Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum ) and Rhizobium sp. Green gram (Vigna radiata ) showed a lag of about 12 h after which the growth returned to normal. The lag period was extended at concentrations above 500 μg ml⁻¹ of aldrin and it was more in the case of Rhizobium sp. Green gram than Rhizobium sp. Bengal gram. However, at high concentrations of aldrin, after the lag, the growth rate was very slow. On the seventh day, Rhizobium sp. Bengal gram showed 72, 81 and 84° inhibition while Rhizobium sp. Green gram exhibited 74, 85 and 88° inhibition of growth at 1000, 1500 and 2000 μg ml⁻¹ of aldrin, respectively. In general, oxidative activity of both of the Rhizobium spp. on pentoses, hexoses and TCA cycle intermediates was more strongly inhibited in aldrin grown cells than normal cells. The inhibitory effect of aldrin on the oxidative activity of rhizobia was partially released with a high concentration of glucose.     

西瓜接穗对嫁接苗根系糖代谢及生长发育的影响

该研究以西瓜品种‘早佳8424’、南瓜品种‘伟砧1号’为试验材料,设置2个嫁接组合西瓜/南瓜(W/P)和南瓜/南瓜(P/P),采用贴接法嫁接,并以不嫁接的南瓜自根苗(P)为对照,通过玻璃温室营养钵育苗试验测定了西瓜接穗对嫁接苗根系生长发育及糖代谢的影响。结果表明:(1)西瓜嫁接苗(W/P)根系生长指标(鲜质量、干质量、根体积等)和根系活力,以及地上生长指标(地上部鲜质量、干质量和叶面积)均显著低于南瓜嫁接苗(P/P)和南瓜自根苗(P)。(2)幼苗根系总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖、淀粉以及蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量均表现为W/P P/P P,且在嫁接后18 d时各处理间均存在显著性差异。(3)在嫁接后18 d时,W/P嫁接苗根系中细胞壁转化酶(CWIN)和己糖激酶(HXK)的活性和相关基因(CWIN、HXK)表达水平较南瓜嫁接苗(P/P)和南瓜自根苗(P)均显著降低。研究发现,西瓜接穗可能通过抑制嫁接苗根系糖的积累,以及抑制CWIN和HXK的活性,从而抑制嫁接苗的根系生长和活力。     

The Effect of Light Intensity on Stem and Leaf Growth in Broad Bean Seedlings

THE final mean size, cell number, and cell size of the threelower internodes and of a leaflet of the three lower true leaveshave been determined from seedlings grown in darkness or inlight intensities of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1,000 f.c. The results indicate that the effect of light may be dividedinto two phases, a sensitive effect on cell multiplication anda less sensitive one on cell enlargement. Growth in 0.1 f.c.results in an increase in leaf area over that attained in darknessmainly due to an increase in the number of cells. Further andmore marked increases in area at 100 and 1,000 f.c. are dueto an effect on cell size. Low intensities also greatly reduceinternode length, again owing to an effect on cell multiplication.Both internode length and the number of cells are graduallyfurther reduced as the intensity is raised to 1,000 f.c. Celllength is reduced in the first (basal) internode by 10 f.c.and above, but in the second is reduced only at 1,000 f.c. Inthe third internode the cells are longer at all intensitiesthan those in the etiolated seedling. It is suggested that the basic effect of light is modified bydifferences between the successive leaves and internodes alreadypresent in the ungerminated seed, and also by a factor tendingto promote growth of the leaves and upper internodes. This factoris taken to be growth substances produced under the action oflight, or an increased supply of raw materials as a consequenceof the suppression of the lower internodes and the beginningof photosynthesis. Cell multiplication and cell enlargement are possibly controlledthrough two distinct pigment systems, with peaks of maximumefficiency in the red and blue regions of the spectrum respectively.     

Inhibition of Root Growth and Polyamine Metabolism in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seedlings Under Cadmium and Copper Stress

Although sunflower is usually regarded as a highly tolerant crop, impairment of root growth at initial stages of plant development may result in poor crop establishment and higher susceptibility to pathogen attack. In order to evaluate if Cd2+ and Cu2+ may impact on sunflower germination and initial root development, a pot experiment under controlled conditions was carried out. Possible involvement of polyamine metabolism in sunflower response to these stressors was also investigated. Although Cd2+ and Cu2+ treatments affect neither seed germination nor radical emergence, sunflower seedlings grown in the presence of these heavy metals showed significant inhibition of root growth, being this inhibition greater for Cd2+. Both metals caused significant increases in proline contents at the highest concentrations tested (0.5 and 1 mM), and these increments were more pronounced for Cd2+ treatments, especially between days 3 and 10. Metals also increased putrescine (Put) contents at all concentrations assayed from the seventh day onward, causing no variations on this polyamine time-course pattern. Spermine and spermidine contents, however, were increased only by 1 mM Cd2+. Arginine decarboxylase seems to have been the enzyme responsible for Put increases under both metal treatments. This work demonstrates that initial root growth of sunflower seedlings may be significantly impaired in Cd2+ or Cu2+ contaminated soils. It also shows that polyamines are key biological compounds, which are probably involved in signaling pathways triggered under stress environmental conditions.     

Profiles of Leaf Senescence During Reproductive Growth of Sunflower and Maize

We investigated the effect of reproductive growth on the profilesof leaf senescence in maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.). Leaf senescence after flowering was assessed usingboth structural (leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen and dry matter)and functional (photosynthesis) variables in undisturbed plants(+G) and in plants in which grain set was prevented (-G). Twoweeks after flowering, lack of grain accelerated senescencein maize and delayed senescence in sunflower as indicated byleaf chlorophyll; leaf nitrogen and dry matter were less sensitiveresponse variables. Lack of interaction between reproductivetreatment and leaf position indicates that the senescence signal,whatever its nature, was equally effective throughout the plantin both species. In both species, feedback inhibition of photosynthesiswas first detected 30–35 d after flowering; excess carbohydratein the leaves was therefore an unlikely trigger of acceleratedsenescence in maize. As reproductive development progressed,differences between +G and -G plants were more marked in sunflower,and tended to disappear or reverse in maize. In sunflower, interactionsbetween leaf position and reproductive treatment—attributableto the local effect of grain—were detected around 20–27d after flowering. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, chlorophyll, light, nitrogen, photosynthesis, reproductive growth, senescence, source-sink, SPAD.     

Modification of the Effect of Nitrosomethylurea on Sunflower Seedlings by Heat Shock

Separate and combined action of nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and heat shock (HS) on germination of seeds of the inbred line 3629 and derived nuclear and plastome mutant lines, n-chlorina-1 and en-chlorina-5, respectively, were studied. NMU at a concentration of 0.015%, as well as HS (40°C), had no effect on the spontaneous level of chromosome aberrations in root meristem of sunflower seedlings. However, at a concentration of 0.03%, the mutagen considerably increased the frequency of chromosome rearrangements. Pretreatment with heat for 30 min enhanced the cytogenetic effect of NMU (0.03%) on line 3629 seedlings. In the nuclear mutant, the reaction of root meristematic cells did not depend on the additional heat treatment. The combined action of HS and NMU at early germination stages had no effect on the survival of line 3629 plants and plastome mutant en-chlorina-5; the survival of n-chlorina-1 plants decreased. The highest frequency of M₁plants with chlorophyllic abnormalities (green revertants, lethals, and variegated forms) was observed in n-chlorina-1 line.     

海水胁迫对苦荬菜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

抗盐耐海水植物的种植是有效利用和开发滩涂资源的措施之一。采用温室砂培方式, 研究了不同稀释配比的海水处理8天对苦荬菜(Lactuca indica)幼苗生物量、根冠比、叶绿素含量、离子含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明: 苦荬菜幼苗地上部受海水胁迫较为显著, 而根在海水浓度小于30%时与对照相比没有显著差异; 根冠比随着海水浓度的增加而不断提高; 在10%和20%海水浓度处理下, 叶绿素含量与对照相比差异不显著, 但随着海水浓度的进一步增加,叶绿素含量显著下降; 在10%海水浓度处理下, 苦荬菜地上部分及根部的K⁺含量与对照相比差异不显著, 而海水浓度高于10%时, 随着海水浓度的增加地上部和根部的K⁺含量均逐渐降低; 海水处理下, 苦荬菜体内Na⁺和Cl^–含量逐渐增加; 地上部可溶性糖含量逐渐增加, 而可溶性蛋白含量先升后降。海水胁迫下, 苦荬菜幼苗维持一定的K⁺选择性吸收是其一定程度上盐适应的重要原因。同时, 积累的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白是苦荬菜幼苗在盐胁迫下的重要渗透调节物质, 可作为其抗盐性的生理参数。     

海水胁迫对苦荬菜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

抗盐耐海水植物的种植是有效利用和开发滩涂资源的措施之一。采用温室砂培方式, 研究了不同稀释配比的海水处理8天对苦荬菜（Lactuca indica）幼苗生物量、根冠比、叶绿素含量、离子含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明： 苦荬菜幼苗地上部受海水胁迫较为显著, 而根在海水浓度小于30%时与对照相比没有显著差异; 根冠比随着海水浓度的增加而不断提高; 在10%和20%海水浓度处理下, 叶绿素含量与对照相比差异不显著, 但随着海水浓度的进一步增加,叶绿素含量显著下降; 在10%海水浓度处理下, 苦荬菜地上部分及根部的K＋含量与对照相比差异不显著, 而海水浓度高于10%时, 随着海水浓度的增加地上部和根部的K＋含量均逐渐降低; 海水处理下, 苦荬菜体内Na＋和Cl–含量逐渐增加; 地上部可溶性糖含量逐渐增加, 而可溶性蛋白含量先升后降。海水胁迫下, 苦荬菜幼苗维持一定的K＋选择性吸收是其一定程度上盐适应的重要原因。同时, 积累的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白是苦荬菜幼苗在盐胁迫下的重要渗透调节物质, 可作为其抗盐性的生理参数。