肝再生增强因子的cDNA克隆、表达及表达产物的生物活性研究

以肝部分切除后再生肝组织为起始材料,利用RT-PCR扩增出大鼠肝再生增强因子（ALR）,亚克隆于pGEM-T载体,核苷酸序列测定证实为大鼠ALR;将ALRcDNA亚克隆于pBV220质粒,构建了原核表达栽体,并获高效表达菌株,特异表达蛋白占细菌总蛋白的15％,原核表达的ALR在体外缺乏促进大鼠原代培养肝细胞及SMMC-7721肝癌细胞DNA合成的活性,但在体内1／3肝部分切除模型中可刺激肝细胞DNA合成;ALR在生物学活性方面与肝脏刺激物（HSS）存在一定差别,ALR和HSS应是两种不同的活性因子．ALR还具有促肝损伤修复的作用,对其深入研究可能为临床治疗严重肝病提供有效的药物.     

聚乙二醇定点修饰重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子突变体的研究

研究了重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子突变体（rmhG-CSF）的聚乙二醇化修饰、分离纯化和活性鉴定。通过对人重组粒细胞集落刺激因子（rhG-CSF）第1,3,4,5,17位氨基酸进行突变,并在C末端加了一个半胱氨酸,获得了体外活性为原型rhG-CSF 150％以上的重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子突变体（rmhG-CSF）。然后用分子量为20kD的甲氧聚乙二醇马来酸酐（mPEG-Mal）修饰rmhG-CSF,反应混合物经离子交换和凝胶过滤柱纯化,得到纯化的聚乙二醇重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子突变体（PEG-rmhG-CSF）。SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明纯化后的PEG-rmhG-CSF的纯度大于95％,体外活性分析表明PEG-rmhG-CSF活性优于目前临床使用的聚乙二醇重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（PEG-rhG-CSF,Neulasta^?）,药代动力学研究表明PEG-rmhG-CSF体内半衰期约为14h,比修饰前延长了7倍。     

人白介素12亚基p40和p35基因串联在毕赤酵母中的表达及表达产物活性分析

摘 要 利用毕赤酵母系统表达有活性的人单链白细胞介素12（hscIL-12）,PCR法从质粒pBI121-IL-12中扩增hscIL-12基因,经酶切、连接构建重组表达载体pPIC9K-hscIL-12,SacI线性化后,PEG1000法转化毕赤酵母GS115,经G418筛选和菌落PCR鉴定,经甲醇诱导,hscIL-12在酵母中获得分泌表达,表达产物经Western Blot检测,显示该蛋白相对分子质量为70KDa,可与鼠抗人IL-12单克隆抗体特异性结合;定量分析结果表明,重组酵母培养上清中hscIL-12约占总蛋白的26％,表达量约为60mg／L;生物学活性实验表明,重组蛋白能促进人外周血淋巴细胞增殖。为利用rhscIL-12进行基因治疗奠定了基础。     

人胰高血糖素样肽-1与人血清白蛋白融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的：在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达有降糖活性的人胰高血糖素样肽-1（hGLP-1）突变体（2Gly-hGLP-1）与人血清白蛋白（HSA）的融合蛋白。方法：为将GLP-1氨基酸序列第2位的丙氨酸（Ala）定点突变为甘氨酸（Gly）,根据毕赤酵母偏爱密码子合成编码2Gly-hGLP-1的基因;采用重叠PCR法拼接2Gly-hGLP-1和HSA的基因,使得2Gly-hGLP-1的C端与HSA的N端通过甘氨酸五肽接头连接;将该融合基因插入表达载体pPIC9构建为重组载体pPIC9/2Gly-hGLP-1-HSA,电击转化至毕赤酵母GS115细胞,通过表型筛选和诱导表达实验获得高效表达菌株;工程菌在5L发酵罐中培养后,对发酵产物进行分离纯化和生物学活性分析。结果：融合蛋白在5L发酵罐中的表达量约为200mg/L,经纯化后纯度可达95%以上;小鼠糖耐量实验表明该融合蛋白具有明显的控血糖活性。结论：在毕赤酵母中分泌表达的融合蛋白2Gly-hGLP-1-HSA具有降血糖活性。     

中华鲟半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂在毕赤酵母中的表达和活性分析

为研究鱼类半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂（Cystatin）的功能并探索其在水产加工和病害防治中的应用潜力,将PCR改造后的编码成熟肽中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）cystatin 基因亚克隆到毕赤酵母整合型表达载体pPICZαA,氯化锂法转化毕赤酵母菌株GS115,构建表达cystatin的酵母基因工程菌。经甲醇诱导、SDSPAGE检测培养基上清液,表明中华鲟cystatin在毕赤酵母中实现了高效表达,重组cystatin表达量约为215mg·L^-1。纯化后重组蛋白纯度达94.2%。生物活性检测结果表明,1μg重组中华鲟cystatin约能抑制15μg木瓜蛋白酶的水解活性。     

人精氨酸酶在毕赤酵母的高效表达、纯化和活性研究

目的：人精氨酸酶（Arginase, Arg）的基因arg在毕赤酵母高效分泌表达,建立相应纯化工艺路线,研究重组人精氨酸酶的活性。方法：将人精氨酸酶基因arg按正确的阅读框架插入到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9α信号肽基因后,构建得到重组毕赤酵母表达质粒。转化毕赤酵母GS115筛选高表达菌株。结果：成功构建了酵母表达载体pPIC-Arg,转化毕赤酵母GS115后筛选到分泌表达目的蛋白Arg的菌株,目标蛋白可以分泌到培养基中。经过膜过滤和凝胶过滤层析对培养基上清进行纯化,即可获得纯度达到95%的活性产物。活性测定表明,纯化的Arg比活性为310 IU/mg。结论：成功构建了Arg的毕赤酵母高效表达菌种,建立了目标物质的分离纯化工艺。     

抗肉毒毒素A人源单链抗体在酵母细胞中的分泌表达

将特异肉毒抗毒素基因克隆入载体pPIC9k,G418抗性加压筛选阳性整合克隆,在毕赤酵母细胞GS115中进行分泌表达。获得了稳定分泌表达ScFv的工程菌,SDS—PAGE分析可见,目的蛋白分子量约为26kD,通过放大体积来探索重组抗毒素的诱导表达条件及纯化工艺,结果发现,1％甲醇诱导后72～84h,目的蛋白的表达达到高峰,占酵母培养上清中总蛋白的15％以上,经两步层析纯化,目的蛋白纯度可达95％。竞争活性测定结果表明,重组抗毒素在体外具有良好的活性,可竞争肉毒抗毒素马血清与毒素的特异结合。     

人可溶性gp190在酵母Pichia pastoris中的表达

人可溶性gPl90(sgp190)是白血病抑制因子(LIF)的可溶性受体,可能在LIF行使众多生物学功能中扮演着重要的角色。为获得这一蛋白以研究它在人体内的生物学活性,在酵母Pichia pastoris中实现了重组sgp190分泌表达。利用基因重组技术,将编码人可溶性gP190(LlF受体α亚基gP190胞外区)cDNA克隆到毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris分泌表达载体pPIC9K,构建了重组表达质粒pPIC9K-sgp190。原生质体法转染Pichia pastoris GS115菌株,经过G418筛选,得到了高效分泌表达sgp190蛋白的毕赤酵母菌株GS115／pPIC9K-sgp190,sgp190蛋白占摇瓶培养表达上清中总蛋白质的26％。经初步纯化,对表达产物的性质鉴定表明,其分子量约125kD,具有免疫活性。对sgp190体外活性分析表明它能够抑制LIF诱导滋养层细胞分泌hCG。     

新型人肝再生增强因子的分子克隆及其性能研究

肝再生增强因子(ALR)是新近发现,存在于新生大鼠肝组织中的一种新的肝增殖刺激因子,其人源性对应序列未见报道.研究在克隆大鼠ALRcDNA的基础上,首次报道了依据cDNA序列推导的人ALR的氨基酸序列;将人ALR编码区cD-NA亚克隆于真核表达质粒pcDNAⅠ,转染cos-7细胞后,发现其表达产物具有促进HTC肝癌细胞增殖的作用;Northern杂交提示人 ALR mRNA比大鼠ALR mRNA大,约l.4kb,表明人ALR cDNA具有更长的非翻译区序列;除肝脏外,ALR mRNA在胸腺及肾等人胚胎组织中也有较高丰度表达;正常大鼠肝组织仅低丰度表达ALRmRNA,但 2/3肝部分切除后12h肝组织ALR mRNA表达明显增高,提示 ALR可能是一种重要的肝再生刺激因子.     

OSF1在毕赤酵母菌中的分泌表达及其生物活性

为了研究人成骨细胞刺激因子(Human osteoblast-stimulating factor,OSF-1)的生物学活性,构建OSF-1高效毕赤酵母表达菌株并表达纯化具有生物活性的OSF-1。首先通过全基因人工合成的方法合成人osf-1基因,并克隆至毕赤酵母分泌表达载体pPIC9K,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K/osf-1,线性化后电转化酵母宿主菌GS115,构建P.pastoris GS115/pPIC9K/osf-1,经MD、G418-YPD平板和PCR法筛选,获得多拷贝转化子。阳性表达菌株在25℃,经1%的甲醇诱导表达96 h,重组蛋白的表达量达到最大。经SDS-PAGE电泳分析所表达的重组蛋白约为18 kDa,与人成骨细胞刺激因子相符。表达上清经SP-Sephadex C-50离子交换层析进行纯化,得到纯度达98%以上的OSF-1。Western blotting鉴定该蛋白对人成骨细胞刺激因子抗体具有良好的抗原性。生物活性测定表明提纯的OSF-1能促进鼠成骨细胞MC3T3-E1的增殖和分化。利用重组毕赤酵母高效分泌表达了有生物活性的OSF-1,为进一步开展其抗骨质疏松活性研究及产业化开发奠定了基础。     

Augmenter of liver regeneration ameliorates renal fibrosis in rats with obstructive nephropathy

Renal fibrosis is a hallmark in CKD (chronic kidney disease) and is strongly correlated to the deterioration of renal function that is characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, glomerulosclerosis and disruption of the normal architecture of the kidney. ALR (augmenter of liver regeneration) is a growth factor with biological functions similar to those of HGF (hepatocyte growth factor). In this study, our results indicate that endogenous ALR is involved in the pathological progression of renal fibrosis in UUO (unilateral ureteral obstruction) rat model. Moreover, we find that administration of rhALR (recombinant human ALR) significantly alleviates renal interstitial fibrosis and reduces renal-fibrosis-related proteins in UUO rats. Further investigation reveals that rhALR suppresses the up-regulated expression of TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1) induced by UUO operation in the obstructed kidney, and inhibits Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation activated by the UUO-induced injury in the animal model. Therefore we suggest that ALR is involved in the progression of renal fibrosis and administration of rhALR protects the kidney against renal fibrosis by inhibition of TGF-β/Smad activity.     

Augmenter of liver regeneration inhibits TGF-β1-induced renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via suppressing TβR II expression in vitro

Tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the progression of renal tubular interstitial fibrosis (TIF), which subsequently leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and eventually, end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We propose that augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), a member of the newly discovered ALR/Erv1 protein family shown to ameliorate hepatic fibrosis, plays a similar protective role in renal tubular cells and has potential as a new treatment option for CKD. Here, we showed that recombinant human ALR (rhALR) inhibits EMT in renal tubular cells by antagonizing activation of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway. Further investigation revealed that rhALR suppresses the expression of TGF-β receptor type II (TβR II) and significantly alleviates TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). No apparent adverse effects were observed upon the addition of rhALR alone to cells. These findings collectively suggest that ALR plays a role in inhibiting progression of renal tubular EMT, supporting its potential utility as an effective antifibrotic strategy to reverse TIF in CKD.     

人血管内皮细胞生长因子在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

血管内皮细胞生长因子 (Ｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉａｌｇｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃ ｔｏｒ,简称ＶＥＧＦ)是一类多功能细胞因子 ,特异地作用于血管内皮受体ＫＤＲ和Ｆｌｔ 1,促进新生血管形成并增加微血管的渗透性[1] 。ＶＥＧＦ在生理和病理 ,如肿瘤血管发生、伤口愈和、类风湿性关节炎、胚胎发育及冠心病等过程中起着非常重要的作用。天然ＶＥＧＦ是由两条糖蛋白链形成的二聚体。目前发现ＶＥＧＦ至少有 5种亚型 ,根据单体残基数不同分别为ＶＥＧＦ12 1,ＶＥＧＦ14 5,ＶＥＧＦ165,ＶＥＧＦ189和ＶＥＧＦ2 0 6,其中ＶＥＧＦ12 1和ＶＥＧ…     

Augmenter of liver regeneration causes different kinetics of ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB phosphorylation than EGF and induces hepatocyte proliferation in an EGF receptor independent and liver specific manner

Background/Aim

Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is a potent growth factor which supports liver regeneration in experimental animals. The aim of this study was to compare proliferation as well as the kinetics of ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB phosphorylation by recombinant human ALR (rhALR) and EGF in human hepatocytes and extrahepatic cells.

Methods

Kinetics of ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB phosphorylation were determined in primary human hepatocytes (phh) after stimulation with rhALR and EGF. Induction of proliferation was analyzed in phh and several cell lines of hepatic and extrahepatic origin by the MTT and [³H]-thymidine assay.

Results

The kinetics of ERK phosphorylation showed clear differences, whereby rhALR caused a transient and EGF a permanent increase during the observation period of 60 min. For both, Akt and ERK phosphorylation, EGF caused a faster effect with maximal levels observed already after 2 min, whereas rhALR caused maximal phosphorylation between 10 and 15 min. Using the EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478 we provide evidence of an EGF receptor independent induction of proliferation by rhALR. Furthermore, rhALR induced proliferation only in phh and the human liver derived cell lines HepG2 and Chang. In contrast, EGF enhanced proliferation in all analyzed cell types including cell lines of colon, bronchial, pancreatic and gastric origin (SW480, BC1, L36PL and GC1).

Conclusion

rhALR and EGF induce different kinetics of ERK and Akt phosphorylation in human hepatocytes. The mitogenic effect of rhALR is liver specific and seems to be at least partially independent from EGF receptor mediated signaling.     

Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) protects human hepatocytes against apoptosis

Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is known to support liver regeneration and to stimulate proliferation of hepatocytes. However, it is not known if ALR exerts anti-apoptotic effects in human hepatocytes and whether this protective effect is cell type specific. This is relevant, because compounds that protect the liver against apoptosis without undesired effects, such as protection of metastatic tumour cells, would be appreciated in several clinical settings. Primary human hepatocytes (phH) and organotypic cancer cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of apoptosis inducers (ethanol, TRAIL, anti-Apo, TGF-β, actinomycin D) and cultured with or without recombinant human ALR (rhALR). Apoptosis was evaluated by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and by FACS with propidium iodide (PI) staining.ALR significantly decreased apoptosis induced by ethanol, TRAIL, anti-Apo, TGF-β and actinomycin D. Further, the anti-apoptotic effect of ALR was observed in primary human hepatocytes and in HepG2 cells but not in bronchial (BC1), colonic (SW480), gastric (GC1) and pancreatic (L3.6PL) cell lines.Therefore, the hepatotrophic growth factor ALR acts in a liver specific manner with regards to both its mitogenic and its anti-apoptotic effect. Unlike the growth factors HGF and EGF, rhALR acts in a liver specific manner. Therefore, ALR is a promising candidate for further evaluation as a possible hepatoprotective factor in clinical settings.     

重组[B18Ile]人胰岛素的鉴定和特征

突变体「Ｂ１８Ｉｌｅ」猪胰岛素前体经分离纯化,转肽,得到重组「Ｂ１８Ｉｌｅ」人胰素「Ｂ１８Ｉｌｅ」人胰岛素能结晶,其与受体的结合能力为猪胰岛素的８２％,保留了与猪胰岛素基本相同的体内活力,从本文结果和分析表明Ｂ１８Ｖａｌ可能不是胰岛素表现生物功能所必需的。     

Human augmenter of liver regeneration: molecular cloning, biological activity and roles in liver regeneration

The complete amino acid sequence of human augmenter of liver regeneration (hALR) was reported by deduction from nucleotide sequence of its complementary DNA . The cDNA for hALR was isolated by screening a human fetal liver cDNA library and the sequencing of this insert revealed an open reading frame encoding a protein with 125aa and highly homologous (87% ) with rat ALR encoding sequence. The recombinant hALR expressed from its cDNA in transient expression experiments in cos-7 cells could stimulate DNA synthesis of HTC hepatoma cell in the dose-dependent and heat-resistant way. Northern blot analysis with rat ALR cDNA as probe confirmed that ALR mRNA was expressed in the normal rat liver at low level and that dramatically increased in the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomied rat. This size of hALR mRNA is 1.4 kb long and expressed in human fetal liver, kidney and testis. These findings indicated that liver itself may be the resource of ALR and suggested that ALR seems to be an im-portant parac     

Regulation of polyamine synthesis in human hepatocytes by hepatotrophic factor augmenter of liver regeneration

Different stages of liver regeneration are regulated by a variety of factors such as the liver growth associated protein ALR, augmenter of liver regeneration. Furthermore, small molecules like polyamines were proven to be essential for hepatic growth and regeneration. Therefore, using primary human hepatocytes in vitro we investigated the effect of ALR on the biosynthesis of polyamines. We demonstrated by HPLC analysis that recombinant ALR enhanced intracellular hepatic putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels within 9-12h. The activation of polyamine biosynthesis was dose dependent with putrescine showing the strongest increase. Additionally, ALR treatment induced mRNA expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, both key enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis. Further, ALR induced c-myc mRNA expression, a regulator of ODC expression, and therefore we assume that ALR exerts its liver regeneration augmenting effects through stimulation of its signalling pathway leading in part to enhanced polyamine synthesis.