小麦-冰草衍生后代 3558-2 穗部相关性状的遗传分析和QTL定位

从普通小麦Fukuho与冰草(Agropyron cristatum,2n=4x=28,PPPP)Z559的衍生系中发现3558-2具有小穗数、小穗粒数和穗粒数多的优异性状.为了揭示衍生系3558-2优异性状的遗传特征,本研究对其与小麦品种京4841间的282个F2单株的穗长、小穗数、小穗粒数、穗粒数等穗部相关性状进行了遗传分析和QTL定位.主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析结果显示小麦穗部相关性状都符合数量性状特征.利用单标记分析将穗部相关性状的QTL主要定位于小麦1 A染色体上,同时发现在小麦的2A、5B和5D染色体上也有QTL分布.通过加密标记重点构建了1 A染色体短臂的遗传连锁图,利用复合区间作图法解析了小麦1AS染色体上的穗部相关性状的QTL效应,发现在1A染色体上存在与穗长、小穗数、小穗粒数和穗粒数相关的重要QTL各1个,解释变异度分别为14.41%、5.15%、14.84%和10.87%.本研究发现在3558-2的1 AS染色体上成簇分布着涉及穗长、小穗教、小穗粒数和穗粒数重要性状的QTL,这一结果对指导进一步研究与利用3558-2具有重要意义.     

人工合成小麦Am3大穗多粒QTL的发掘与利用

穗粒数是小麦的重要产量性状之一,本研究以人工合成双二倍体小麦Am3为供体,普通小麦品种莱州953为受体,培育出了高穗粒数BC5F1导入系,以导入系后代75个BC5F1为材料,利用复合区间作图法对其进行穗部性状的QTL定位。共检测到2个控制穗长、4个控制小穗数、2个控制穗粒数的QTL位点,贡献率分别为1％～22％、1％～9％和1％～15％。其中穗长和穗粒数分别有1个QTL能在两年重复检测到。并且在1A染色体上检测到同时控制小穗数和穗粒数的QTL,穗长和小穗数的QTL被定位在4A染色体上同一个区域,表明这2个位点是与穗部性状有关的热点区域。本研究发现的QTL多为来自Am3的新位点,对于小麦改良将具有重要价值。     

植物数量性状变异的分子基础与QTL克隆研究进展

探讨数量性状变异规律以便对其进行遗传操纵一直是植物遗传学的一个重要领域。DNA分子标记和QTL作图技术的发展以及拟南芥和水稻全基因组测序的完成极大地促进了植物数量性状分子基础的研究。现已克隆了拟南芥ED1、水稻Hdl、玉米Tb1、番茄fw2．2和Brii9-2-5等控制目标数量性状的基因。数量性状表型变异不仅源于多个数量性状基因（QTL）的分离．而且还受到内外环境的修饰。QTL等位基因变异与孟德尔基因变异具有类似的分子基础,即基因表达或蛋白质功能发生改变。通过分析已克隆的植物QTL的变异特征及分子基础,讨论了植物QTL克隆技术策略,并对QTL研究所面临的挑战和应用前景进行了展望。     

植物数量性状基因定位研究概述

植物重要的性状多为数量性状。长期以来,人类一直寻求解释植物数量性状的遗传规律以便对其进行遗传操纵。现代分子生物技术的发展为植物数量性状基因的定位、分离等研究提供了条件。本文从数量性状基因座(QTL)作图群体类型及其特点,QTL定位方法,植物QTL研究现状,以及QTL精细定位、克隆、利用等方面进行了综述,并对今后植物QTL研究进行了展望。     

水稻QTL分析的研究进展

水稻许多重要的性状是由多基因控制的数量性状,经典的数量遗传学只能把数量性状作为一个整体进行研究。近年来．高密度分子标记连锁图的构建和有效的生物统计学方法的发展使人们对数量性状遗传基础的研究出现了革命性的变化。通过对不同群体内的个体或品系的分子标记基因型和表型数据的共分离分析,能对QTL进行检测和定位。本文对QTL定位的原理和方法进行了介绍,从QTL的数目和效应、上位性效应、QTL基因型与环境的互作、相关性状的QTL以及个体发育不同阶段的QTL等方面对水稻QTL分析的研究进展进行了综述。水稻基因组测序计划已经完成,本文还对基因组时代水稻QTL精细定位和克隆的方法进行了探讨,对QTL分析在水稻育种中的应用前景进行了展望。     

植物数量性状基因定位研究概述

植物重要的性状多为数量性状。长期以来,人类一直寻求解释植物数量性状的遗传规律以便对其进行遗传操纵。现代分子生物技术的发展为植物数量性状基因的定位、分离等研究提供了条件。本文从数量性状基因座(QTL)作图群体类型及其特点,QTL定位方法,植物QTL研究现状,以及QTL精细定位、克隆、利用等方面进行了综述,并对今后植物QTL研究进行了展望。     

小麦早衰及其相关生理性状的QTL分析

利用RIL群体及其分子标记遗传图谱,对小麦早衰指标和与早衰相关的6个生理性状进行了QTL定位分析。小麦早衰指标中,检测到2个籽柆饱满度的加性QTL,分别位于3A和3B染色体,可解释表型变异的9.62%和18.30%。生理性状中,共检测到可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性和POD活性3个性状的5个加性QTL,涉及2A、2B、2D、4A和6B等5条染色体,可解释表型变异的8.1%~49.56%。这些QTL间不存在连锁关系。     

水稻叶片性状和根系活力的QTL定位

应用由247个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系(RIL)群体及其分子标记连锁图谱,检测控制剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶的5个形态性状和控制根系伤流量性状的数量性状座位(QTL)。在9个标记区间检测到控制叶片形态性状的24个QTL,LOD值为2．9～11．8,单个QTL的表型变异贡献率为4．0％～32．5％;分别检测到56对和4对控制叶片形态和根系活力的上位性互作,绝大多数互作发生在2个不表现加性效应的座位之间。与该群体产量性状QTL的研究结果相比较,发现控制叶片性状和根系活力的QTL与产量性状QTL往往处于相似的染色体区间。     

直播条件下水稻6个穗部性状的QTL分析

在大田直播条件下,利用来源于＂Lemont/特青＂的重组自交系群体,对水稻6个穗部性状及其相互间遗传相关的分子基础进行了QTL分析,共检测到19个QTL,各性状QTL数为2～4个,单个QTL贡献率为4%～22%。共检测到3个染色体区段能同时影响多个穗部性状,其中第1染色体RM212-RM104和第2染色体RM263-RM221区段的QTL能同时影响单株产量、每穗颖花数、着粒密度和二次枝梗数中的3个或4个性状,且这2个区段的QTL对各性状的效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来自‘特青’,为各性状间表型正相关提供了重要的遗传解释。第11染色体RG1022附近的QTL对着粒密度的效应值为负,来自‘特青’的等位基因增加性状值,而对穗长的效应值为正,来自‘特青’的等位基因降低性状值,为这2个性状间表型负相关也提供了一定的遗传解释。此外,对水稻穗部性状QTL在多种环境和遗传背景下的稳定表达及其在分子标记辅助育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

水稻QTL定位研究进展

水稻的许多重要农艺性状均属于数量性状,研究水稻数量性状遗传对水稻育种具有十分重要的意义.近年来大量的研究揭示了水稻QTL的基本特征,剖析了重要农艺性状的遗传基础,给水稻遗传改良带来了新策略,不断深入的研究已经完成了水稻特定数量基因的精细定位和克隆,到目前为止已经有一万多个水稻QTL进行了定位,其中有19个进行了克隆,这对水稻育种具有十分重要的意义.本文主要综述了QTL定位的理论基础,水稻QTL定位的研究进展,并对水稻QTL研究的趋势进行了展望.     

The relationship between morphological traits of the spring wheat spike and oviposition deterrence to orange wheat blossom midge

If morphological traits of a plant cause resistance to an insect pest or are strongly correlated with resistance levels, those traits can be used by plant breeders as phenotypic markers for indirect selection of resistance. To improve our understanding of antixenosis against the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), expressed as oviposition deterrence in bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), 21 morphological traits of the wheat spike were studied in a genetically related wheat population and correlation of the traits with deterrence level was explored. The following traits had larger values in the deterrent parent of the population than the susceptible parent: ligule length, glume length, length of hair inside glume, palea length at post-anthesis stage, length of hair inside lemma, length of hair at spikelet base, inter-spikelet distance, and length of hair at rachis edge at post-anthesis stage. The highest correlation coefficient between mean egg density and a morphological trait of the wheat population was −0.287, which was for inter-spikelet distance. This represented 8% predictability from the point of view of crop breeding and explained one-twelfth of the variation in oviposition deterrence among lines. The morphological traits of bread wheat spikes were not highly correlated to deterrence. Therefore, no promising trait could be recommended for use in breeding programs. Studies of the fine-scale properties of the wheat plant surface, and their interactions with plant surface chemistry, with a greater focus on wheat midge oviposition behavior, may clarify the effect of the morphological traits on oviposition and deterrence.     

小麦农艺性状与品质特性的多元分析与评价

估算96个小麦品种(系)的11个农艺性状和10个品质特性参数的主成分,并以主成分和欧氏距离为基础,分别作二维排序分析和聚类分析。农艺性状的前4个主成分反映了85.3450%的原始数据信息量;品质特性的前4个主成分代表了89.1483%的原始数据信息量。以96个材料的主成分得分绘制二维排序图,27个小麦品种(系)表现为矮秆、子粒和旗叶较大,丰产性较好、综合农艺性状优良;32个小麦品种(系)表现为铁、锌含量较高,加工品质较好、综合品质特性优良。在系统聚类图中,农艺性状和品质特性分别被聚成5类。综合农艺性状较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅲ类和第Ⅳ类;综合品质特性较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类。综合分析发现,同时兼顾丰产性较好且子粒铁、锌含量较高,品质特性较好的小麦品种(系)有:泰山9818、西农822、轮选719、杨-31、西安837和中育9383。将聚类分析和二维排序分析结合起来,能较好的对小麦的性状组成做出综合评价,鉴定和评价出优质、高产、综合性状优良的小麦品种(系),为小麦遗传育种提供优良的种质资源,为合理选配亲本提供参考。     

Genomic dissection of drought resistance in durum wheat × wild emmer wheat recombinant inbreed line population

Drought is the major factor limiting wheat productivity worldwide. The gene pool of wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides , harbours a rich allelic repertoire for morpho-physiological traits conferring drought resistance. The genetic and physiological bases of drought responses were studied here in a tetraploid wheat population of 152 recombinant inbreed lines (RILs), derived from a cross between durum wheat (cv. Langdon) and wild emmer (acc# G18-16), under contrasting water availabilities. Wide genetic variation was found among RILs for all studied traits. A total of 110 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped for 11 traits, with LOD score range of 3.0–35.4. Several QTLs showed environmental specificity, accounting for productivity and related traits under water-limited (20 QTLs) or well-watered conditions (15 QTLs), and in terms of drought susceptibility index (22 QTLs). Major genomic regions controlling productivity and related traits were identified on chromosomes 2B, 4A, 5A and 7B. QTLs for productivity were associated with QTLs for drought-adaptive traits, suggesting the involvement of several strategies in wheat adaptation to drought stress. Fifteen pairs of QTLs for the same trait were mapped to seemingly homoeologous positions, reflecting synteny between the A and B genomes. The identified QTLs may facilitate the use of wild alleles for improvement of drought resistance in elite wheat cultivars.     

Deciphering genetic basis of developmental and agronomic traits by integrating high-throughput optical phenotyping and genome-wide association studies in wheat

Dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits such as dynamic growth and yield potential is a major challenge in crops. Monitoring the growth throughout growing season in a large wheat population to uncover the temporal genetic controls for plant growth and yield-related traits has so far not been explored. In this study, a diverse wheat panel composed of 288 lines was monitored by a non-invasive and high-throughput phenotyping platform to collect growth traits from seedling to grain filling stage and their relationship with yield-related traits was further explored. Whole genome re-sequencing of the panel provided 12.64 million markers for a high-resolution genome-wide association analysis using 190 image-based traits and 17 agronomic traits. A total of 8327 marker-trait associations were detected and clustered into 1605 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) including a number of known genes or QTLs. We identified 277 pleiotropic QTLs controlling multiple traits at different growth stages which revealed temporal dynamics of QTLs action on plant development and yield production in wheat. A candidate gene related to plant growth that was detected by image traits was further validated. Particularly, our study demonstrated that the yield-related traits are largely predictable using models developed based on i-traits and provide possibility for high-throughput early selection, thus to accelerate breeding process. Our study explored the genetic architecture of growth and yield-related traits by combining high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping, which further unravelled the complex and stage-specific contributions of genetic loci to optimize growth and yield in wheat.     

High productivity of wheat intercropped with maize is associated with plant architectural responses

Mixed cultivation of crops often results in increased production per unit land area, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Plants in intercrops grow differently from plants in single crops; however, no study has shown the association between plant plastic responses and the yield advantage. Here, we assessed the productivity of wheat–maize intercropping as compared to sole wheat and sole maize, and the associated differences in wheat shoot and leaf traits. In two field experiments, intercrop wheat and maize were both grown in alternating strips consisting of six rows of wheat and two rows of maize. The traits of wheat plants in border rows of the strips were compared to the traits of plants in the inner rows as well as those in sole wheat. Leaf development, chlorophyll concentration and azimuth, as well as the final leaf and ear sizes, tiller dynamics of wheat and yield components of both crops were determined. The relative densities of wheat and maize in the intercrop were 0.33 and 0.67, respectively, but the corresponding relative yields compared to the respective monocultures were 0.46 for wheat and 0.77 for maize. Compared to wheat plants in the inner rows of the intercrop strips as well as in the monoculture, border‐row wheat plants in the intercrop strips had (a) more tillers owing to increased tiller production and survival, and thus more ears, (b) larger top leaves on the main stem and tillers, (c) higher chlorophyll concentration in leaves, (d) greater number of kernels per ear and (e) smaller thousand‐grain weight. Grain yield per metre row length of border‐row wheat was 141% higher than the sole wheat, and was 176% higher than the inner‐row wheat. The results demonstrate the importance of plasticity in architectural traits for yield advantage in multispecies cropping systems.     

小麦根系特征对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱胁迫时, 小麦(Triticum aestivum)根系率先产生应激响应, 同时向地上部发出信号, 诱导地上部发生生理反应, 从而提高植株抗旱能力。根系构型包括平面几何性状和立体几何结构(即拓扑构型), 具有遗传稳定性和可塑性。干旱胁迫影响根系理化特性, 如根源化学信号、根系细胞酶类和根系渗透作用的响应。根系通过调整其解剖学结构和水分吸收动力等来适应干旱胁迫。该文从根系构型、理化特性和解剖学结构3个方面, 系统阐述了小麦根系特征对干旱胁迫的响应, 并探讨了其与干旱胁迫的关系和当前研究中存在的问题, 以期为相关研究提供参考。     

穗分枝小麦选育过程中某些光合参数和籽粒品质的研究

李歪皋等将圆锥小麦的穗分枝特性导入普通小麦并选育出穗分枝小麦新品系分３３。通过对分３３和亲本及杂交后代的净光合速率,气孔导度、蒸腾速率和营养品质等测定,结果表明,分３３具有较高的净光合速率,有益于干物质的籽粒营养品质中等;过氧化物酶同工酶的分析表明,穗分枝小麦分３３既源于穗分枝型的基因,也保留普通小麦亲本的基因,具有抗倒状、抗病落黄好的特点。     

小麦根系特征对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱胁迫时, 小麦(Triticum aestivum)根系率先产生应激响应, 同时向地上部发出信号, 诱导地上部发生生理反应, 从而提高植株抗旱能力。根系构型包括平面几何性状和立体几何结构(即拓扑构型), 具有遗传稳定性和可塑性。干旱胁迫影响根系理化特性, 如根源化学信号、根系细胞酶类和根系渗透作用的响应。根系通过调整其解剖学结构和水分吸收动力等来适应干旱胁迫。该文从根系构型、理化特性和解剖学结构3个方面, 系统阐述了小麦根系特征对干旱胁迫的响应, 并探讨了其与干旱胁迫的关系和当前研究中存在的问题, 以期为相关研究提供参考。     

Inheritance of frost resistance and winter hardiness in distant hybrids of wheat and amphiploids

The data on inheritance of frost resistance and winter hardiness of bread wheat lines obtained as a result of distant hybridization of wheat-rye and wheat-elymus amphiploids with durum and bread wheat were presented. It was shown that selection of the donors of valuable traits is sensible to make in later progenies of hybrids (F6-F7). So, it is possible to obtain the new initial breeding material for winter bread wheat selection with high frost tolerance, winter hardiness and early maturity. Hypotheses explaining the high frost resistance of hybrids are presented. The crosses of the octoploid amphiploids with durum wheat are more preferable for the alien traits introgression into wheat than the crosses with bread wheat.     

Shaping polyploid wheat for success: Origins,domestication, and the genetic improvement of agronomic traits

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42), which accounts for most of the cultivated wheat crop worldwide, is a typical allohexaploid with a genome derived from three diploid wild ancestors. Bread wheat arose and evolved via two sequential allopolyploidization events and was further polished through multiple steps of domestication. Today, cultivated allohexaploid bread wheat has numerous advantageous traits, including adaptive plasticity, favorable yield traits, and extended end-use quality, which have enabled its cultivation well beyond the ranges of its tetraploid and diploid progenitors to become a global staple food crop. In the past decade, rapid advances in wheat genomic research have considerably accelerated our understanding of the bases for the shaping of complex agronomic traits in this polyploid crop. Here, we summarize recent advances in characterizing major genetic factors underlying the origin, evolution, and improvement of polyploid wheats. We end with a brief discussion of the future prospects for the design of gene cloning strategies and modern wheat breeding.