沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质与微生物生物量的动态变化

为揭示不同林龄沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的动态和相互关系,以毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地不同林龄樟子松人工林为对象,分析土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮变化规律。结果表明:樟子松人工林土壤理化性质随林龄增加在不同沙地中表现不同,毛乌素沙地土壤容重和养分含量明显降低,科尔沁沙地土壤孔隙度和养分含量明显升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤养分则呈现先增加后降低趋势。与土壤理化性质变化趋势类似,毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而降低,科尔沁沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加呈先增加而后降低趋势。影响毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的主要因子分别是硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量。毛乌素与科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林主要限制因子为土壤氮,而呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松受土壤有机碳限制较强。     

降水变化对科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮矿化和淋溶的影响

为研究降水量减少对沙地森林土壤氮循环过程的影响,以科尔沁沙地15年生樟子松人工林为研究对象,野外模拟不同降水量（自然降水、减少30%和50%）对沙地樟子松人工林土壤无机氮（SIN）含量、氮矿化速率和淋溶动态的影响。研究结果发现,沙地樟子松人工林SIN主要以硝态氮形态存在,模拟降水减少降低土壤硝态氮含量（P<0.05）和硝态氮/SIN值（P<0.001）,而增加土壤铵态氮含量（P<0.05）。与自然降水相比,降水减少降低土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率（P=0.002）,但不同降雨处理的土壤净氨化速率差异不显著（P=0.86）。科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤以硝态氮淋溶为主,不同降雨处理土壤硝态氮淋溶量差异不显著（P=0.09）,但模拟降水减少降低土壤铵态氮淋溶（P=0.04）。此外,沙地樟子松人工林SIN含量、净氮矿化速率和淋溶量具有明显月动态特征,与降雨月动态规律基本一致。降水处理和采样时间对SIN含量和净氮矿化速率具有显著交互作用,但土壤氮淋溶量的交互作用不显著。可见,降水变化能够显著影响科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮有效性、氮矿化速率和淋溶等过程,未来干旱加剧可能降低科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮的可利用性。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质与微生物生物量的动态变化

为揭示不同林龄沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的动态和相互关系,以毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地不同林龄樟子松人工林为对象,分析土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮变化规律。结果表明:樟子松人工林土壤理化性质随林龄增加在不同沙地中表现不同,毛乌素沙地土壤容重和养分含量明显降低,科尔沁沙地土壤孔隙度和养分含量明显升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤养分则呈现先增加后降低趋势。与土壤理化性质变化趋势类似,毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而降低,科尔沁沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加呈先增加而后降低趋势。影响毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的主要因子分别是硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量。毛乌素与科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林主要限制因子为土壤氮,而呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松受土壤有机碳限制较强。     

半干旱区沙质退化草地造林对土壤质量的影响

采用野外调查与室内培养相结合的方法,研究了我国北方半干旱区科尔沁沙地退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后0～10 cm表层土壤理化性状、土壤碳氮矿化量、土壤微生物量以及土壤酶活性等的变化. 结果表明32年生樟子松人工林土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷等养分含量分别下降了21%、42%和45%;5月和11月樟子松人工林土壤NH4 -N显著高于草地(P=0.001;P=0.019),而5、8和11月草地土壤NO3--N含量显著高于樟子松人工林(P＜0.001;P=0.048;P=0.031);5、8和11月樟子松人工林土壤有机碳日矿化释放的CO2-C量均大于草地,而二者土壤氮矿化率差异不显著(P＞0.05);5和8月樟子松人工林土壤微生物量碳含量与草地相比差异不显著,11月则显著高于草地;土壤养分和水分含量是影响土壤微生物量碳含量的重要因素;与草地相比,樟子松人工林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性降低,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性升高. 上述结果说明半干旱区沙质退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后土壤质量出现一定程度的下降;由于植被的改变,樟子松人工林土壤理化性状和生物学性状等表现出与草地不同的季节动态特征.造林作为我国北方半干旱区沙地退化生态系统的一种恢复手段具有一定的局限性.     

樟子松人工林原产地与不同自然降水梯度引种地土壤和植物叶片生态化学计量特征

降水格局是影响陆地生态系统结构和过程的重要环境要素,尤其对于干旱/半干旱地区,降水变化是植物生长驱动的关键生态因子。目前,针对降水变化对陆地生态系统C、N、P等元素生物地球化学循环过程影响开展了大量研究。然而,关于沙地樟子松重要引种地科尔沁沙地自然降水梯度下沙地樟子松人工林土壤、植物生态化学计量特征的研究未见报道。因此,本研究以樟子松原产地红花尔基和引种地科尔沁沙地自然降水梯度下4个典型沙地樟子松人工林为对象,研究樟子松引种地降水变化对土壤(0—10,10—20 cm和20—40 cm)和植物(1年和2年生叶)生态化学计量特征的影响。研究结果发现:(1)与红花尔基原产地樟子松人工林相比,科尔沁沙地引种的樟子松人工林土壤C、N、P元素含量显著降低;(2)科尔沁沙地自西向东,随降水量增加,沙地樟子松人工林土壤C、N、P含量以及C∶P和N∶P表现为逐渐增加趋势,而土壤C∶N呈减少趋势;(3)随着降水量增加,樟子松叶C含量呈下降趋势,叶N含量和N∶P比值呈增加趋势,植物叶P含量无一致性规律;(4)樟子松叶片P含量与土壤C、N、P含量呈极显著正相关关系,而叶片C和N含量与土壤C、N、P含量无显著相关性。研究表明,沙地樟子松引种地科尔沁沙地土壤C、N、P养分比较缺乏,且随着降水增加土壤N养分限制降低,而土壤P养分限制增加。本研究从生态化学计量特征角度,为今后开展科尔沁沙地不同降水梯度条件下引种樟子松人工林提供理论依据。     

沙地樟子松人工林叶片-枯落物-土壤氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示沙地樟子松人工林N、P分配格局及化学计量特征,以呼伦贝尔沙地、科尔沁沙地、毛乌素沙地不同龄组(中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,测定分析其叶片、枯落物和土壤N、P含量及化学计量比.结果表明: 研究区3个龄组沙地樟子松人工林叶片、枯落物和土壤N、P含量分别为0.17～49.02和0.11～3.01 g·kg^-1,N/P为0.51～19.74,均表现为叶片＞枯落物＞土壤,且N含量和N/P在3个组分间存在显著差异,叶片P含量显著高于枯落物和土壤.不同地区或林龄对沙地樟子松人工林各组分N、P含量及N/P有一定的影响,但地区和林龄的交互作用对沙地樟子松人工林各组分N/P无显著影响.随着林龄的增加,沙地樟子松各组分N、P含量也增加,在成熟林达到最大值,而N/P没有表现出明显的规律.沙地樟子松人工林N、P含量及N/P在3个组分间呈显著正相关关系.呼伦贝尔沙地和科尔沁沙地樟子松叶片N/P在14.53～15.57,说明这两个地区沙地樟子松人工林的生长可能受N、P的共同限制;毛乌素沙地樟子松叶片N/P在18.56～19.71,说明该地樟子松人工林生长可能受P限制,且林龄对沙地樟子松N、P养分限制的影响不显著.建议在沙地樟子松人工林抚育管理时,依据当地实际情况适当添加N肥或P肥,以提高沙地樟子松林的生产力.研究结果有助于进一步了解N、P在沙地樟子松人工林叶片-枯落物-土壤系统中的相互作用与制约规律,并为沙地樟子松人工林经营管理提供科学依据.     

干湿交替对半干旱区沙地樟子松人工林土壤C和N矿化速率影响

在干旱/半干旱地区,土壤干湿交替是非常普遍的自然现象。近年来,随着极端降水和极端干旱气候事件增加,干湿交替对土壤C和N循环过程影响受到广泛重视。本研究以我国北方半干旱地区科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林为对象,模拟土壤干湿交替对土壤C和N矿化速率影响及其延时效应。结果表明,土壤呼吸CO2释放速率随土壤干旱化增加不断降低,干旱土壤重新湿润后,土壤呼吸速率能够迅速恢复到初始水平。与恒湿处理相比,干湿交替变化能够降低土壤呼吸CO2释放累积量和土壤硝态氮含量;而干湿交替处理土壤呼吸CO2释放累积量、土壤硝态氮含量和净硝化速率均显著高于恒干处理。在干湿交替结束后延时期间,土壤呼吸CO2释放速率、累积释放量对干湿交替变化表现出延时性,而土壤净硝化速率在不同处理间差异不显著。研究表明,土壤水分是影响半干旱地区沙地樟子松人工林土壤C和N循环的重要环境因子,且土壤C和N矿化速率对土壤干湿交替变化的延时响应存在差异。     

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为正确认识桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P时空分配格局及两者间的关系,对5个林龄尾巨桉林分凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比进行测定分析。结果表明,凋落物的C含量均显著大于土壤,且不同林龄间凋落物C含量无显著差异,1年生人工林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的C含量显著小于3~7年生,其他土层C含量在不同林龄间差异不显著。凋落物的N含量均显著高于土壤,且1年生人工林显著大于其他林龄的,而土壤表层的N含量以7年生人工林最大,1年生的最小。凋落物的P含量除1年生人工林显著大于3年生外,其他林龄间均无显著差异,土壤的P含量在不同林龄间的差异均不显著。凋落物C∶N随林龄呈逐渐增大趋势,且显著大于土壤层。凋落物的C∶P和N∶P在不同林龄间的差异不显著,但均显著大于土壤层。凋落物的N含量与表层土壤的C、N含量呈极显著负相关,凋落物的C∶N与表层土壤的C∶P,N∶P呈显著正相关,表层土壤C、N积累受到凋落物N的制约。因此,在桉树人工林经营管理过程中如何降低凋落物分解的N限制性、提高养分传递效率及合理施肥显得十分重要。     

樟子松林根际与非根际土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根际与非根际土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征,以不同林龄(28、37、46年生)樟子松人工林为研究对象,以樟子松天然林为对照,研究根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量及其化学计量比,分析土壤性质与土壤化学计量特征间的相关性。结果表明：在樟子松人工林中,根际效应显著影响土壤N∶P,林龄显著影响土壤有机碳含量;各林龄人工林的土壤有机碳含量均显著低于天然林。人工林的根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮含量均随林龄增加先降低再升高;全磷含量在根际土壤中先升高再降低,在非根际土壤中先降低再升高。C∶N与C∶P在根际土壤中呈显著正相关,但在非根际土壤中不存在显著相关关系,说明根际土壤氮磷限制具有更高的协同性。根际与非根际土壤N∶P均值分别为4.98与8.40,表明樟子松人工林的生长受土壤N限制,且根际土壤受N限制程度更高。根际与非根际土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征受土壤性质的显著影响,其中,速效磷是最主要的驱动因子。呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松生长受N限制,其植物根系对土壤养分的富集与维持有明显作用,建议在樟子松生长阶段适当补充土壤氮素,并根据根际土壤氮磷限制的协同性适当补充磷素。     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘造林后表层土壤有机碳和轻组有机碳的变化

以流动沙丘为对照,研究了科尔沁沙地25年生和35年生樟子松人工固沙林表层土壤(0～15cm)有机碳(SOC)和土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)的变化.结果表明:流动沙丘造林后,粗沙含量明显降低,土壤极细沙和粘粉粒含量显著增加;SOC和LFOC含量均显著增加,但随土层加深趋于减少;流动沙丘造林显著增加了表层土壤的SOC和LFOC储量,且林龄越长,SOC和LFOC储量越高.人工林地0～15cm层LFOC储量的增幅远高于SOC储量,说明流动沙丘造林对表层土壤LFOC的影响大于SOC.     

The effect of single tree species on soil microbial activities related to C and N cycling in the Siberian artificial afforestation experiment

The effects of grassland conversion to forest vegetation and of individual tree species on microbial activity in Siberia are largely unstudied. Here, we examined the effects of the six most commonly dominant tree species in Siberian forests (Scots pine, spruce, Arolla pine, larch, aspen and birch) on soil C and N mineralization, N₂O-reduction and N₂O production during denitrification 30 years after planting. We also documented the effect of grassland conversion to different tree species on microbial activities at different soil depths and their relationships to soil chemical properties. The effects of tree species and grassland conversion were more pronounced on N than on C transformations. Tree species and grassland conversion did significantly alter substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and basal respiration, but the differences were not as large as those observed for N transformations. Variances in SIR and basal respiration within species were markedly lower than those in N transformations. Net N mineralization, net nitrification, and denitrification potential were highest under Arolla pine and larch, intermediate under deciduous aspen and birch, and lowest beneath spruce and Scots pine. Tree species caused similar effects on denitrification potential, net N mineralization, and net nitrification, but effects on N₂O reduction rate were idiosyncratic, indicating a decoupling of N₂O production and reduction. We predict that deciduous species should produce more N₂O in the field than conifers, and that Siberian forests will produce more N₂O if global climate change alters tree species composition. Basal respiration and SIR showed inverse responses to tree species: when basal respiration increased in response to a given tree species, SIR declined. SIR may have been controlled by NH₄ ⁺ availability and related therefore to N mineralization, which was negatively affected by grassland conversion. Basal respiration appeared to be less limited by NH₄ ⁺ and controlled mostly by readily available organic C (DOC), which was higher in concentration under forests than in grassland and therefore basal respiration was higher in forested soils. We conclude that in the Siberian artificial afforestation experiment, soil C mineralization was not limited by N.     

Assessing the impact of land-use change on soil C sequestration in agricultural soils by means of organic matter fractionation and stable C isotopes

Within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, the potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by terrestrial ecosystems has placed focus on carbon sequestration following afforestation of former arable land. Central to this soil C sequestration are the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM). In North Eastern Italy, a mixed deciduous forest was planted on continuous maize field soil with a strong C₄ isotopic C signature 20 years ago. In addition, a continuous maize field and a relic of the original permanent grassland were maintained at the site, thus offering the opportunity to compare the impacts on soil C dynamics by conventional agriculture, afforestation and permanent grassland. Soil samples from the afforested, grassland and agricultured systems were separated in three aggregate size classes, and inter‐ vs. intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter was isolated. All fractions were analyzed for their C content and isotopic signature. The distinct ¹³C signature of the C derived from maize vegetation allowed the calculation of proportions of old vs. forest‐derived C of the physically defined fractions of the afforested soil. Long‐term agricultural use significantly decreased soil C content (?48%), in the top 10 cm, but not SOM aggregation, as compared to permanent grassland. After 20 years, afforestation increased the total amount of soil C by 23% and 6% in the 0–10 and in the 10–30 cm depth layer, respectively. Forest‐derived carbon contributed 43% and 31% to the total soil C storage in the afforested systems in the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths, respectively. Furthermore, afforestation resulted in significant sequestration of new C and stabilization of old C in physically protected SOM fractions, associated with microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt&clay (<53 μm).     

Carbon and nitrogen status of litterfall, litter decomposition and soil in even-aged larch, red pine and rigitaeda pine plantations

The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status in forest ecosystems can change upon establishment of plantations because different tree species have different nutrient cycling mechanisms. This study was carried out to evaluate C and N status of litterfall, litter decomposition and soil in three adjacent plantations consisting of one deciduous (larch: Larix leptolepis) and two evergreen (red pine: Pinus densiflora; rigitaeda pine: P. rigida × P. taeda) species planted in the same year (1963). Both the pine plantations showed comparatively higher C input from needle litter but significantly lower N concentration and input than the larch plantation (P < 0.05). During the decomposition process, the deciduous larch needle litter showed low C concentration and C remaining in soil, but high N concentration and N remaining in soil compared to the two evergreen pine needle litters. However, the soil C and N concentration and their content at a soil depth of 0–10 cm were not affected significantly (P > 0.05) by the plantation type. These results demonstrate the existence of considerable variation in C and N status resulting from needle litter input and litter decomposition in these three plantations grown at sites with similar environmental conditions.     

Effects of afforestation on phosphorus dynamics and biological properties in a New Zealand grassland soil

Selected chemical, biochemical and biological properties of mineral soil (0–30 cm) were measured under a 19 year old forest stand (mixture of Pinus ponderosa and Pinus nigra) and adjacent unimproved grassland at a site in South Island, New Zealand. The effects of afforestation on soil properties were confined to the 0–10 cm layer, which reflected the distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm) in the soil profile. Concentrations of organic C, total N and P and all organic forms of P were lower under the forest stand, while concentrations of inorganic P were higher under forest compared with grassland, supporting the previously described suggestion that afforestation may promote mineralisation of soil organic matter and organic P. On the other hand, microbial biomass C and P, soil respiration and phosphatase enzyme activity were currently all lower and the metabolic quotient was higher in soil under forest compared with grassland, which is inconsistent with increased mineralisation in the forest soil. Reduced biological fertility by afforestation may be mainly attributed to changes in the quantity, quality and distribution of organic matter, and reduction in pH of the forest soil compared with the grassland soil. We hypothesize that the lower levels of C, N and organic P found in soil under forest are due to enhanced microbial and phosphatase activity during the earlier stages of forest development. Forest floor material (L and F layer) contained large amounts of C, N and P, together with high levels of microbial and phosphatase enzyme activity. Thus, the forest floor may be an important source of nutrients for plant growth and balance the apparent reduction in C, N and P in mineral soil through mineralisation and plant uptake. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同土地利用类型对丹江口库区土壤氮矿化的影响

氮(N)素是陆地生态系统净初级生产力的重要限制因子, 土地利用类型的变化对生态系统氮循环过程有着重要的影响。采用PVC顶盖埋管原位培养的方法, 对丹江口库区清塘河流域相邻的侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)人工林、人工种植灌木林地和农田3种土地利用类型的氮素矿化和硝化作用进行了研究。结果表明, 侧柏人工林、灌木林地和农田的NH₄⁺-N浓度(mg·kg^-1)依次为1.33 ± 0.20、1.67 ± 0.17和1.62 ± 0.13, 不同土地利用类型间的NH₄⁺-N浓度无显著性差异; 而3种土地利用类型下土壤NO₃^--N浓度(mg·kg^-1)差异显著, 农田NO₃^--N浓度(9.00 ± 0.73)显著高于侧柏人工林(1.27 ± 0.18)和灌木林地(3.51 ± 0.11)。NO₃^--N在灌木林地和农田中分别占土壤无机氮库的67.8%和84.8%, 是土壤无机氮库的主要存在形式; 而侧柏人工林中NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度则基本相等。土壤硝化速率(mg·kg^-1·30 d^-1)从农田(7.13 ± 2.19)、灌木林地(2.56 ± 1.07)到侧柏人工林(0.85 ± 0.10)显著性降低。侧柏人工林、灌木林地和农田的矿化速率(mg·kg^-1·30 d^-1)依次为0.98 ± 0.12、2.52 ± 1.25和6.58 ± 2.29。矿化速率和硝化速率显著正相关, 但是矿化速率在不同的土地利用类型间差异不显著。培养过程中灌木林地和农田NH₄⁺-N的消耗大于积累, 氨化速率为负值, 导致灌木林地和农田矿化速率小于硝化速率。氮素的矿化和硝化作用受土壤含水量和土壤温度的影响, 并对土壤含水量更为敏感。土壤C:N与土壤矿化和硝化速率显著负相关。研究结果表明: 土地利用类型的变化会改变土壤微环境和土壤C:N, 进而会影响到土壤氮循环过程。     

Soil N mineralization and nitrification in relation to nitrogen solution chemistry in a small forested watershed

Spatial variations in soil processes regulating mineral N losses to streams were studied in a small watershed near Toronto, Ontario. Annual net N mineralization in the 0–8 cm soil was measured in adjacent upland and riparian forest stands using in situ soil incubations from April 1985 to 1987. Mean annual rates of soil N mineralization and nitrification were higher in a maple soil (93.8 and 87.0 kg.ha^–1) than in a pine soil (23.3 and 8.2 kg.ha^–1 ). Very low mean rates of mineralization (3.3 kg.ha^–1) and nitrification (3.4 kg.ha^–1) were found in a riparian hemlock stand. Average NO₃-N concentrations in soil solutions were 0.3–1.0 mg.L^–1 in the maple stand and >0.06mg.L^–1 in the pine stand. Concentrations of NO₃–N in shallow ground water and stream water were 3–4× greater in a maple subwatershed than in a pine subwatershed. Rapid N uptake by vegetation was an important mechanism reducing solution losses of NO₃–N in the maple stand. Low rates of nitrification were mainly responsible for negligible NO₃–N solution losses in the pine stand.