不同遗传背景下杂交籼稻功能叶与产量构成因素的相关性

为明确水稻功能叶与产量构成因素间的相关性,以不同遗传背景下籼稻的10个不育系和16个恢复系为亲本,按照NCII设计配制两套双列杂交组合,对水稻12个功能叶性状与8个产量性状构成因素进行了相关分析,结果表明：3片功能叶叶长与叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽等性状之间均存在极显著正相关,功能叶夹角之间也存在极显著正相关,但不同遗传背景对夹角性状与9个形态性状之间的相关性则存在明显差异,在第1套组合中,其相关系数均为负值,且相关均不显著;而第2套组合则相反。8个产量构成因素中,单株穗数与平均穗长、着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒数之间存在极显著负相关,平均穗长与穗着粒数、结实率与单株产量呈显著或极显著正相关,遗传背景对产量组成上有较大影响,在第1套组合中单株产量主要由结实率、单株穗数以及穗实粒数等性状决定,而在第2套中则主要由穗实粒数和结实率等性状决定。在功能叶与产量构成因素的相关中,叶长、叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽与着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒教等3个性状之间存在显著或极显著正相关。12个水稻功能叶性状与8个产量构成因素之间的主成分分析表明,在不同的遗传背景下,产量构成因素均主要受叶面积和叶夹角影响,两种不同遗传背景中其累积贡献率分别为69．8％和84．0％。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Based on a 20-year fertilization experiment with wheat-maize double cropping system, the effects of different long-term fertilization treatments on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in the growing seasons of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. A total of nine fertilization treatments were implemented, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N and P fertilizers (NP), N and K fertilizers (NK), N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), only organic manure (M), organic manure and N fertilizer (MN), organic manure and N and P fertilizers (MNP), and organic manure and N, P, and K fertilizers (MNPK). With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (F_v/F_m), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI). The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as P _N×LAI and SPAD×LAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI, which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI. Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK. Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased. Hence the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK.     

转拟南芥NPR1基因桂99 T3代植株的抗病性及农艺性状表现

以转拟南芥AtNPR1基因的恢复系品种桂99T3代纯合株系为材料,考查其农艺性状及其抗病性,并比较转基因植株与桂99侵染水稻白叶枯病菌后的农艺性状。结果表明:转基因植株表现出对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著增强77%以上;穗长、剑叶长、有效穗数、一次枝梗数、每穗实粒数、单株产量和谷粒宽等农艺性状与未转基因桂99无显著差别。在受到水稻白叶枯病菌侵染后,转基因植株的一次枝梗数、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数和单株产量等方面均比对照桂99高出13%～78%。说明AtNPR1基因增强了水稻的抗病能力,从而降低了病害引起的产量损失。转基因植株的恢复力不受影响,稻米品质比桂99更加优良。本工作为转基因水稻抗病育种的研究奠定了基础。     

超级杂交水稻谷粒产量与叶光合速率的关系

在2000～2005年期间,通过测定几种超级杂交水稻与普通杂交水稻‘汕优63’的产量构成和叶片光合作用探讨了谷粒产量与光合作用的关系。结果表明:(1)4种超级杂交水稻‘培矮64S/E32’、‘P88S/O293’、‘金23A/611’和‘GD-lS/ RB207’的产量水平显著高于‘汕优63’,是对照的108%～120%。(2)与‘汕优63’相比,这些超级杂交水稻的株型好,上层叶片直立,穗大即每穗粒数多,是对照的125%～177%。(3)与‘汕优63’相比,这些组合第二叶的净光合速率显著提高,但第一叶即剑叶的未必都较高。(4)去半叶处理降低了‘GD-1S/RB207’的结实率,而去半穗处理显著提高了结实率。因此,这些超级杂交水稻的高产原因在于穗大、株型好以及群体光能利用效率高。增加单叶特别是剑叶的光合能力是克服谷粒产量的光合产物源限制和在未来的超级杂交水稻育种中实现产量潜力新突破的关键。     

Carbon isotope discrimination and mineral composition of three organs in durum wheat genotypes grown under Mediterranean conditions

Carbon isotope discrimination (delta) has been proposed as a good criterion for transpiration efficiency and grain yield improvement. Its measurement, however, remains very expensive. Ash content (ma) has been proposed as an alternative criterion for delta in bread wheat and barley. The aims of this study were (i) to analyse the relationships between delta and mineral composition in different durum wheat plant parts and (ii) to compare the variation of these traits between landraces and improved varieties from different geographic origins. For this purpose, delta, ma, and composition in four minerals (K, Mg, P and Si) were assessed in flag leaves and awns at anthesis, and in mature grains of ten durum wheat genotypes grown under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. The three plant parts differed significantly for the measured traits. Significant correlations were noted between delta and ma in the flag leaf and in the grain. Silicon content in flag leaves and potassium content in awns were also positively related to delta of the considered plant part. The coefficient of correlation between delta and ma was generally higher than that observed between individual mineral content and delta, suggesting that ma is the better alternative criterion for delta. In addition, grain yield was related to grain delta and both ma and potassium content in awns. Harvest index was correlated with delta and ma of grain and flag leaf. These results emphasised that ma values in flag leaf and grain represent the efficiency of carbon partitioning to the grain. Improved varieties showed higher delta and ma values than landraces. Differences between Middle-East and West Mediterranean genotypes for the measured traits were also presented and discussed.     

Association analysis of some drought related characters in hexaploid spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The association among yield components and their direct and indirect influence on the grain yield of wheat were investigated. 24 breeding lines were tested in a randomized complete block experiment design with three replications. According to the results the phenotypic correlation among the traits and their path coefficient were estimated. Positive significant correlation coefficients were obtained for association between survival rate treatment I, III, leaf venation, stomatal frequency, osmotic pressure, flag leaf area and number of tillers per plant with grain yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Negatively significant correlation between hygrophilic colloids and epidermal cell size with grain yield per plant was obtained at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path coefficient was also computed to estimate the contribution of character to the yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that flag leaf area, root/shoot ratio and survival rate II had the highest positive direct effects on grain yield, while hygrophilic colloids and osmotic pressure had negative direct effect on grain yield. These results thus obtained suggested that flag leaf area is an important component of yield and hence needs special attention in selection strategies.     

Clustered QTL for source leaf size and yield traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Improvement of plant type plays an important role in super-high yield breeding in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the present study, a set of backcross recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of 9311 and Zhenshan97, both elite indica hybrid parents, were developed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flag leaf size, panicle and yield traits. Forty-seven QTL for 14 traits were detected in common in the two environmental trials, of which nine genomic regions contained clustered QTL affecting plant type traits and yield traits. Four co-localized QTL on chromosomes 1, 6, 7 and 8 involving QTL for flag leaf size (flag leaf length, width and area) contained the QTL for yield traits such as panicle weight (PW) and secondary branch number (SBN), and in all cases alleles from 9311 increased source leaf size and were associated with increased sink size and yield (SBN and PW). Using a subset of overlapping substitution lines for the QTL region on chromosome 1, the QTL were validated and narrowed into a 990?kbp interval (RM3746?CRM10435) with pleiotropic effects on flag leaf size, PW, SBN and spikelet number per panicle. These QTL clusters with large effects on source leaf size and yield-related traits provide good targets for marker-assisted breeding for plant type improvement and high-yield potential in rice.     

水稻轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1表型遗传多样性分析

该研究基于4个陆稻群体及172个水稻品种或杂交组合,构建了水稻多亲本隐性核不育轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1,并经过4次轮回重组,采用16个表型性状对其进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)该群体14个数量性状符合正态分布,各表型均存在极端性状个体。(2)数量性状变异系数范围为0.08～0.41,均值为0.20; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为0.72～1.92,均值为1.50。(3)群体在株型与产量构成因子性状方面有显著的相关性,对株型的选择可以实现产量性状的改良。(4)剑叶长、每穗粒总数、千粒重、穗长、粒长、一次枝梗数、有效穗数、剑叶宽、二次枝梗数、抽穗期10个性状可作为群体综合评价指标。(5)剑叶长、二次枝梗数、每穗粒总数3个表型性状具有较高的遗传变异、丰富的遗传多样性及与综合得分F值相关系数较高。综合以上结果发现,后期群体进行基因挖掘、品种改良以及优良育种材料的选育可以基于剑叶长、二次枝梗数及每穗粒总数3个表型性状,同时要充分利用群体株型与产量构成因子性状间的显著相关性。此外,该研究群体中极端单性状或综合得分F值较高的个体,可进一步用于品种选育。     

辐射诱变创制水稻新种质研究进展及浙粳99突变体库的建立

辐射诱变育种所需年限短、变异率高、后代性状稳定快,在作物遗传育种中已广泛应用.本文统计了我国近10年来利用辐射诱变技术培育的在生产应用上发挥重要作用的部分优良新品种18个,说明通过辐射诱变可加速水稻变异,丰富水稻遗传图谱,为培育高产、优质、抗病水稻新品种提供更多类型种质资源.此外总结了利用辐射诱变获得的各种类型突变,包...     

The Influence of Source of Photosynthate and Sink Size on Grain Yield in Oats (Avena sativa L.)

Experiments were conducted using leaf defoliation and floretemasculation techniques to study sourcesink relationships inthe spring oat cultivars Clintland 60 and Garry. Grain yielddecreased more with leaf lamina removal at panicle emergencethan at anthesis. Removing the penultimate leaf reduced yieldat least as much as removing the flag leaf, indicating the relativeimportance of the penultimate leaf in oats. Removing the flagand penultimate leaves together at panicle emergence, or allleaves, lowered grain yield by 40 per cent, primarily due tothe development of fewer grains. Similar defoliation at anthesisreduced yield by 20 per cent, due mainly to lower single grainweights. While there was some evidence of compensation effectsin Clintland 60, lower leaves were unable to compensate forremoval of flag and penultimate leaves. Grain filling dependedupon an adequate photosynthetic area in the upper portions ofthe plant. Increases in individual grain weights were obtained when grainnumber per panicle was reduced 40 per cent or more by emasculation.Increases in single grain weights did not compensate for lossin numbers. The potential capacity of the grains to accumulateassimilates was not fully exploited under normal field conditions.Straw weight did not increase and total plant dry weight decreasedwith lower grain numbers, indicating a lower than normal rateof production of assimilates.     

播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响

为协调冬小麦个体与群体间的关系,充分发挥旱作条件下垄沟栽培优势,以冬小麦品种小偃22为材料,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间试验研究了垄下集中施肥、垄上覆膜、膜际种植模式下播种量和施氮量对冬小麦花后生理性状的影响.结果表明:花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随施氮量的增加而增加.灌浆前中期叶面积指数随播种量的增加呈先增后稳的趋势;灌浆后期叶面积指数随播种量的增加而降低.随播种量的增加,旗叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低,单株产量呈先减少后增加的趋势.适宜的播种量可以协调个体与群体间的矛盾,而适量增施氮肥有利于花后小麦生理性状的改善和产量的提高.在供试条件下,小偃22在播种量112.5 kg hm-2与施氮量180 ～222 kg N·hm-2配置时,个体与群体的关系比较协调,花后叶面积指数较高,群体结构适宜,而且旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单茎产量较高,能获得高产.     

Post‐flowering night respiration and altered sink activity account for high night temperature‐induced grain yield and quality loss in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

High night temperature (HNT) is a major constraint to sustaining global rice production under future climate. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms were elucidated for HNT‐induced grain yield and quality loss in rice. Contrasting rice cultivars (N22, tolerant; Gharib, susceptible; IR64, high yielding with superior grain quality) were tested under control (23°C) and HNT (29°C) using unique field‐based tents from panicle initiation till physiological maturity. HNT affected 1000 grain weight, grain yield, grain chalk and amylose content in Gharib and IR64. HNT increased night respiration (Rn) accounted for higher carbon losses during post‐flowering phase. Gharib and IR64 recorded 16 and 9% yield reduction with a 63 and 35% increase in average post‐flowering Rn under HNT, respectively. HNT altered sugar accumulation in the rachis and spikelets across the cultivars with Gharib and IR64 recording higher sugar accumulation in the rachis. HNT reduced panicle starch content in Gharib (22%) and IR64 (11%) at physiological maturity, but not in the tolerant N22. At the enzymatic level, HNT reduced sink strength with lower cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase activity in Gharib and IR64, which affected starch accumulation in the developing grain, thereby reducing grain weight and quality. Interestingly, N22 recorded lower Rn‐mediated carbon losses and minimum impact on sink strength under HNT. Mechanistic responses identified will facilitate crop models to precisely estimate HNT‐induced damage under future warming scenarios.     

播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响

为协调冬小麦个体与群体间的关系,充分发挥旱作条件下垄沟栽培优势,以冬小麦品种小偃22为材料,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间试验研究了垄下集中施肥、垄上覆膜、膜际种植模式下播种量和施氮量对冬小麦花后生理性状的影响.结果表明： 花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随施氮量的增加而增加.灌浆前中期叶面积指数随播种量的增加呈先增后稳的趋势;灌浆后期叶面积指数随播种量的增加而降低.随播种量的增加,旗叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低,单株产量呈先减少后增加的趋势.适宜的播种量可以协调个体与群体间的矛盾,而适量增施氮肥有利于花后小麦生理性状的改善和产量的提高.在供试条件下,小偃22在播种量112.5 kg·hm-2与施氮量180～222 kg N·hm-2配置时,个体与群体的关系比较协调,花后叶面积指数较高,群体结构适宜,而且旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单茎产量较高,能获得高产.     

籼稻二元不育系9730A及三交种的初步研究

通过对所选育的籼稻二元不育系9730A的花粉育性、自交结实率、雌性育性、对"920"的敏感性、柱头外露情况、花时、雄性不育的可恢复性及三交种的抽穗整齐度、有效穗、株高、单株产量、结实率、主茎穗长、主茎叶长、穗粒等变异度的分析,对杂交水稻三交法育种的应用价值进行初步探讨.结果认为:通过引进具有不同优良品种特性的第二保持系,可以在保持所选育杂种品种主要农艺性状整齐一致的前提下,较大幅度地拓宽品种的遗传基础,改进雄性不育系的异交性能,从而为提高杂种种子生产水平、及时利用优良常规稻育种成果材料和综合实现杂交稻品种选育过程中的多抗、广适、高产、优质育种目标提供新的途径.     

Genome‐wide expression quantitative trait locus studies facilitate isolation of causal genes controlling panicle structure

The morphology of rice (Oryza sativa L.) panicles is an important determinant of grain yield, and elucidation of the genetic control of panicle structure is very important for fulfilling the demand for high yield in breeding programs. In a quantitative trait locus (QTL) study using 82 backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from Koshihikari and Habataki, 68 QTLs for 25 panicle morphological traits were identified. Gene expression profiling from inflorescence meristems of BILs was obtained. A combination of phenotypic QTL (pQTL) and expression QTL (eQTL) analysis revealed co‐localization between pQTLs and eQTLs, consistent with significant correlations between phenotypic traits and gene expression levels. By combining pQTL and eQTL data, two genes were identified as controlling panicle structure: OsMADS18 modulates the average length of the primary rachis and OsFTL1 has pleiotropic effects on the total number of secondary rachides, number of grains per panicle, plant height and the length of flag leaves. Phenotypes were confirmed in RNA interference knocked‐down plants and overexpressor lines. The combination of pQTL and eQTL analysis could facilitate identification of genes involved in rice panicle formation.     

生育前期遮光对水稻灌浆期剑叶生理特性及籽粒生长的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了生育前期（插秧至孕穗期）遮光对水稻分蘖、灌浆期剑叶生理特性、籽粒生长、产量及其构成因素的影响.结果表明：前期遮光使水稻分蘖数明显降低（降低26.72%）,齐穗期与成熟期发生延迟;遮光结束后,水稻灌浆期剑叶叶面积、可溶性糖含量分别比对照增加了33.86%和30.23%;每穗实粒数、千粒重、籽粒终极生长量、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率分别比对照降低了8.65%、4.81%、9.74%、20.22%和19.13%;有效穗数与产量分别降低了25.26%和39.56%,差异显著;灌浆速率峰值的出现时间提前了1.66 d,实际灌浆时间延长了6.80 d.与弱耐荫水稻品种相比,耐荫品种灌浆前中期的剑叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)含量增加,灌浆期的剑叶叶面积增加幅度大,蛋白氮、可溶性糖含量及叶绿素 a/b升高,籽粒终极生长量及千粒重接近对照,减产幅度相对较低.     

不同施肥模式对下辽河平原水稻生态系统生产力及养分收支的影响

采用田间肥料试验,研究了不同施肥模式对稻田生态系统的生产力和养分收支的影响。结果表明:随养分配施均衡程度的增加,系统的生产力逐渐提高,其中氮磷钾处理的生产力最高;氮肥对水稻生产力的贡献最大(对生物量的贡献约20%,对籽实产量的贡献约34%),磷肥和钾肥的贡献相当;在水稻各部位对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收中,氮的吸收主要集中在籽实和秸秆中,磷的吸收则主要集中在籽实中,钾的吸收主要集中在秸秆中;在各施肥处理中,土壤全量养分和有机质的变化不大,而速效养分的变化较大,特别是速效磷库和速效氮库;单施化肥处理的土壤,其速效养分含量不高,而施有机肥处理土壤的速效养分含量较高,表明有机肥较有利于土壤养分的积累。     

陕北谷子品种更替过程中产量及农艺性状的演变

选择不同年代(1960s—1970s、1980s—1990s、2000s—2010s)在陕北种植的6个谷子品种为试验材料,于2018—2019年在陕西榆林进行田间试验,研究分析了不同年代品种谷子产量及其农艺性状的演变特征。结果表明: 随年代更替,谷子品种产量呈现明显增加趋势,2000s—2010s选育的品种平均产量分别为0.46(2018)和0.66 kg·m^-2(2019),较2000s前的品种显著增产,增产幅度22%～53%;株高、穗重、叶重和杆重与产量趋势类似;而千粒重和穗长表现相对稳定,随品种更替并未呈现明显变化;旗叶宽度虽然变幅不大,但随品种更替呈明显增大趋势。相关性分析表明,穗重、杆重、叶重和株高与产量之间呈极显著相关。主成分分析显示,2000s—2010s谷子品种具有更大的优势。陕北谷子品种更替过程中主要通过株高和穗重的改良来增加单位面积产量,未来谷子高产育种应注重株高、穗重、杆重和叶重性状改良,尤其应探索适合机械收割的最优株高。     

盐碱地耐盐小麦覆膜栽培高产机理的研究

通过测定不同ＮａＣｌ浓度下不同小麦品种的发芽率（Ｇｒ）、发芽指数（Ｇｉ）和活力指数（Ｖｉ）及盐渍土壤上的产量筛选出耐盐小麦品种德抗９６１。研究了覆膜穴播对土壤温度、土壤含水量、土壤含盐量、产量及其构成因素、旗叶离子含量和旗叶光合作用特性的影响。结果表明,覆膜明显提高土壤温度和土壤含水量,抑制返盐。覆膜减少Ｎａ＾＋在旗叶中的积累,增加旗叶Ｋ＾＋含量。覆膜显著增加旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率,气孔导度和细     

黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征及其对长期不同施肥的响应

研究长期不同施肥下黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征,明确稗草发生与长期不同施肥水稻产量和土壤性质变异的响应关系.基于农业部贵州耕地保育与农业环境科学观测试验站的一项连续23年不同施肥管理水稻试验,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、磷钾肥(PK)、氮磷肥(NP)、氮钾肥(NK)、常量化肥(NPK)、1/4有机肥替代化肥(1/4MNP)、1/2有机肥替代化肥(1/2MNP)、单施有机肥(M)和常量有机肥化肥配施(MNPK)10个处理,采用田间调查法调查各处理稗草发生密度、单株穗数、总穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重等植物学参数;采用方差分析明确不同处理稗草发生差异,采用直线拟合、相关分析和通径分析明确杂草发生特征对水稻产量和土壤性质的响应.结果表明: 长期不同施肥处理导致黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征显著变异,稗草的密度、单株穗数和总穗数均以MNPK处理最高,其次是1/4MNP处理.相较常量化肥处理,长期不施肥(CK)和不平衡施肥(N、PK、NK、NP)各处理稗草发生的密度显著降低,施用有机肥各处理(1/4MNP、1/2MNP、M、MNPK)稗草的单株穗数显著增加.稗草的发生密度和总穗数与水稻产量呈极显著的正相关性,拟合直线的决定系数分别为0.622和0.624.土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾与稗草发生参数之间存在显著至极显著的相关性;通径分析表明,土壤全氮含量对稗草单株穗数发生有直接正效应,全磷含量是影响稗草密度和总穗数的主要因素,速效钾含量对穗粒数和穗粒重影响最大.长期不同施肥导致黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征变异,施用有机肥提高了稗草的发生密度、单株穗数和总穗数.土壤全磷含量是黄壤性稻田稗草密度和总穗数发生变异的直接影响因素.