柽柳科柽柳属的植物地理研究

柽柳属是典型的旧世界温带分布属。对柽柳属3组68种的分布进行了分析,发现本属3个频度分布中心依次为伊朗—吐兰区的西亚亚区(30种／3组,其中特有种13种),中亚亚区(20种／2组,其中特有种6种)和地中海区(12种／3组,其中特有种6种)。由于伊朗—吐兰地区的西亚亚区存在本属最多的组与种、特有种多且可以见到柽柳属系统发育系列,因而认为该亚区是现存本属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心。地中海地区包含的组、种数仅次于伊朗—吐兰区,并且特有种为6种,带有新特有种的性质,全是系统发育上相对年轻、进步的类型,被认为是本属的一个次级分布中心,另一个次级分布中心在中亚亚区,尤其是中国西北干旱地区。根据柽柳属植物的现代地理分布、化石资料及地质历史资料,推测柽柳属起源于古地中海热带成分盛行的早第三纪始新世,具有起源古老的性质,并且随着晚第三纪古地中海的退缩、气候逐渐干旱而得到进一步发展,产生许多新的以温带成分为主适应旱生环境的现代柽柳属种类。柽柳属起源之后,首先繁衍、散布到以伊朗为中心的现代分布中心,其后以伊朗为廊道向西、向东扩散,在地中海沿岸、东非、阿拉伯半岛、非洲西南部及亚洲中部的荒漠地区得到发展。     

中国柽柳科（Tamaricaceae）花粉形态研究及其分类意义的探讨

研究观察了中国柽柳科（Tamaricaceae)4属27种植物的花粉形态。中国柽柳科植物花粉为三沟类型,无三拟孔沟类型,形态及外壁雕纹属间差异明显。根据花粉资料,探讨了属间的进化关系和分类地位及本科植物花粉外壁的演化途径。     

中国柽柳属植物的分支分类研究

选取生长习性、植物形态、解剖结构、花粉特征以及种子微形态特征等共66个性状,采用简约法对国产柽柳属16种植物及外类群红砂Hololachne songarica进行分支分析,并用靴带检验法(Bootstrap)计算内部分支的支持率。分支图表明,国产柽柳属植物分为4个分支,分别属于Baum(1978)所划分的组Ⅰ及组Ⅱ中不同的系,从一个侧面说明基于经典分类所划分的组是比较自然的,同意Baum的属下分类系统。同时,基于分支分类结果并结合分子证据,对国产柽柳属属间亲缘关系及有争议种的分类学地位进行了探讨,认为甘蒙柽柳是独立于中国柽柳的种,多花柽柳是独立于多枝柽柳的种,盐地柽柳是刚毛柽柳的变种,而叶抱茎呈鞘状的沙生柽柳和莎车柽柳系统学关系很近,是较为原始的一类柽柳。     

菖蒲属系统学研究的进展与菖蒲科的重新确立

本文介绍了菖蒲属系统地位的变化情况,综述了菖蒲属(Acorus L.)从天南星科(Araceae Jussieu)中分离出来独立成科的形态学、解剖学、胚胎学、细胞学、植物化学、分子生物学等多方面的证据,并对菖蒲科(Acoraceae C. A. Agardh)系统关系的研究进展进行了总结。     

中国干旱区柽柳科植物种子形态特征及其系统学意义

对中国干旱区柽柳科（Ｔａｍａｒｉｃａｃｅａｅ）植物３属７代表种的种子形态及种皮表面亚显微结构进行了观察,表明种子形态及种皮表面亚显微结构可为本科植物的分类提供有价值的信息。根据种子表皮毛着生的类型并结合外部形态特征可初步得出以下结论：（１）表皮毛可分为Ⅰ型表皮毛和Ⅱ型表皮毛,前者着生于种子表面,包括红砂属（ＲｅａｕｍｕｒｉａＬ．）和柽柳属（ＴａｍａｒｉｘＬ．）植物的一些种类;后者着生于种子顶端的芒柱上,包括柽柳属一些种类和水柏枝属（ＭｙｒｉｃａｒｉａＤｅｓｖ．）植物。（２）表皮毛的演化趋势是由Ⅰ型表皮毛向Ⅱ型表皮毛转化。（３）红砂属处于本科的原始地位,水柏枝属较为进化,柽柳属是联系两者的中间环节,本属内亦存在许多过渡类型。     

沙虎属Teratoscincus系统学研究进展

沙虎属是壁虎科中比较特化的沙生蜥蜴类,主要分布在中亚及其临近地区的低海拔荒漠中,本文结合文献资料和实物标本,对沙虎属的形态分类概况、染色体研究及分子生物学进行进行了初步总结;并在此基础上,提出了沙虎属尚待研究的问题。     

双星藻科的分支系统学研究

双星藻科是1933年由Smith建立的,隶属于绿藻门(Chlorophyta),接合藻纲(Conjugatophyceae),双星藻目(Zygenematales)。此科包含的属的多少,依不同观点而有不同。饶钦止认为应该包含下列11属,即1)双星藻属(Zygnema),2)拟双星藻属(Zygnemopsis),3)膝接藻属(Zygogonium),4)转板藻属(Mongeotia),5)拟转板藻属(Mongeotiopsis),6)单极藻属(DebaFya),7)切胞藻属(Temnogametum),8)水绵属(spirogyra),9)链枝藻属(Sirocladium),10)双盘藻属(Pleurodiscus),11)链膝藻属(Sirogonium).       

分支系统学当前的理论和方法概述及华东地区山胡椒属十二个种的…

本概述了当前分支系统学研究中涉及的主要理论和方法,包括性状的选取、性状状态和极性的确定、数据矩阵的分析计算、结果分支图的处理、分支图可靠性的评价及分支图的应用。本同时以华东地区樟科山胡椒属Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａ１２个种的分支系统学研究为例,讨论了用形态性状进行分支系统学研究中可能遇到的问题,也揭示了一些分支系统学与传统的系统学在应用性状推导进化关系上的不同点。对这１２个种的分支系统学研究得出了一些不同     

厕蝇科系统学研究历史与现状

厕蝇科Fanniidae隶属于双翅目Diptera环裂亚目Cyclorrhapha,迄今全世界已知300余种。文章综述厕蝇科昆虫的世界研究简史,列出了200多年来厕蝇分类阶元、分类系统的组合、变动情况,总结该科属下分种团、系统发育、生物地理学研究及我国厕蝇的研究历程。在上述基础上,提出了目前所存在的问题。     

膜蕨科系统学研究进展

从形态学和解剖学、细胞染色体、植物化学及分子系统学等方面入手,综述了膜蕨科植物系统学的研究进展,旨在为今后膜蕨科植物系统学的深入研究提供参考。     

柽柳科（Tamaricaceae）植物的研究历史

柽柳科（Tamaricaceae)是一个古老的科,起源于第三纪,包括亚洲中部的内的“古地中海”沿岸地区,该科植物主要为旱生植物,其中大多数种是防风、固沙造林和水土保持的优良树种,对改造沙漠和改善气候条件具有重要的生态意义。同时,该科植物在荒漠地区还具有广泛的经济用途。     

中国柽柳科植物花粉形态特征聚类分析

在观察了中国柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)4属27种植物花粉形态的基础上,对其进行了聚类分析。观察结果表明:该科植物花粉为三沟类型,无三拟孔沟类型,形态及外壁雕纹属间差异明显。花粉特征聚类分析结果表明,中国柽柳科植物花粉大致划分为明显的三组,所包含的种(某些种除外)分别隶属于柽柳科的4属:琵琶柴属(ReaumuriaLinn.)、水柏枝属(MyricariaDesv.)、山柽柳属(MyrtamaOvcz&Kinz.)和柽柳属(TamarixLinn.),而有争议的山柽柳属虽同柽柳属聚在一起,但也较早地分出成为独立的一支,结合种子形态及分子生物学证据,支持将秀丽山柽柳从水柏枝属中分出而另立新属,为传统分类学将该科划分为4属提供了依据。聚类分析进一步将水柏枝属植物花粉和柽柳属植物花粉分别分为2种类型,而琵琶柴属植物花粉类除个别种体积存在差异外,其纹饰类型较为单一,仅划分为1种类型。柽柳属植物花粉聚类分析结果与该属植物花盘类型的划分结果基本一致,融生花盘类型植物的花粉则在两组中均有出现,可能是间生花盘和假顶生花盘类型间的过渡类型。     

国产柽柳科3属6种植物营养枝的解剖观察

对国产柽柳科3属6种植物(琵琶柴、沙生柽柳、山川柽柳、多枝柽柳、刚毛柽柳、疏花水柏枝)营养枝解剖结构的比较研究表明：其当年生营养枝在表皮是否具毛、皮层细胞的形态结构、维管束排列方式、形成层的发生、髓部面积及内含物等性状上存在差异,并根据这些差异列出了分属检索表。所选6种植物生态型各不相同,其中琵琶柴为地带性超旱生小半灌木,柽柳为非地带性的潜水性旱、中生灌木,疏花水柏枝为湿、中生灌木。通过比较这6种植物的解剖结构,发现随着生境由湿生向旱生变化,营养枝解剖结构也发生了相应的变化,并与生境形成了良好的适应。     

广义紫菀属(菊科紫菀族)系统学研究的现状

广义的紫菀属(Asters.l.)曾是个大包大揽的类群,产于北美和欧亚大陆.Nesom主要根据瘦果的形态和细胞学性状对Asters.l.进行了评价,将北美紫菀类植物从Aster中独立出去,使Aster成为欧亚特有类群.但是,在欧亚各国对Aster有定为一属和分为十多个属等不同的分类学处理,分歧较大.狭义紫菀属(Asters.s.)与从Asters.l.中分出的各属之间的系统学关系,以及后者中某些属与北美紫菀类和紫菀族其他亚族间的系统学关系,都存在很大疑问.过去一直认为北美是Aster的发源地,现在欧亚Asters.l.的起源与演化需要重新研究,而青藏高原是探讨Asters.l.物种多样性形成的关键地区.DNA尤其是DNA序列资料在研究Asters.l.的系统发育和分类上将发挥关键作用.     

竹亚科系统学和生物地理学研究进展及存在的问题

对近年来在竹亚科作为一个单系类群的界定、其系统位置的确定、内部系统演化趋势以及地理分布和起源方面研究所取得的进展进行了评述。竹亚科作为一个单系类群仅包括了木本的竹族（Bambuseae)和一个草本的莪利竹族（Olyreae),其中莪利竹族分布在新几内亚的伊里安竹（Buergersiochloa)处于Olyreae最基部。禾本科12个亚科中除了3个亚科为基部类群以外,其余9个亚科分成PACCAD（包括黍亚科,狭义的芦竹亚科,广义的虎尾草亚科,假淡竹叶亚科,三芒草亚科和扁芒草亚科）和BOP单系分支（包括竹亚科,稻亚科和早熟禾亚科）。在BOP支中,竹亚科与早熟禾亚科相近缘,共同组成稻亚科的姐妹群。竹亚科分成草本和木本两个单系类群,木本竹子又分成热带和温带支系,热带支系进一步分成新世界热带和旧世界热带两个单系类群。从现有的化石证据和基部类群的地理分布推断,竹亚科很可能起源于晚白垩纪的冈瓦纳古陆。最后,本文就竹亚科研究尚存在的问题做了初步探讨。     

中国蓼族植物系统分类研究综述

关于蓼族属级及属下分类问题,分类学家持有不同的意见。介绍了自蓼属建立以来,蓼族植物分类的研究现状,认为蓼族在系统分类上尚需进一步的研究。     

A Study on the Tribe Astilbeae Miq. (Saxifragaceae)

This paper deals with the phylogeny and geographic distribution of the Tribe Astilbeae. Based on the theory of evolution, the general evolutionary trends of the angiospermous characters and outgroup comparison Penthorum, the polarity of the characters of Trib. Astilbeae is determined. The basic chromosome number (x=8) of Penthorum may be considered as the primitive one; x = 7 (8-1 ) of Astilbe and x = 17 (8 + 9) of Astilboides have evidently evolved from Penthorum, whereas x = 15 (7 + 8) of Rodgersia is derived from x =7 and x = 8 through hybridization. The striate reticulate ornamentation of pollen is more advanced than the striate. The Axile placentation is more primitive than the parietal. Carpels, stamens, petals and sepals have evolved from more to fewer, then to absent in number.Veins of sepals have evolved from uninerviate and pinnate together (or uninerviate) to pinnate and arcuat together, then to arcuat. Leaves have evolved from simple to simple and compound together, then to compound. A schema showing phylogenetic tree of Trib. Astilbeae and its outgroup Penthorum is given according to a cladistic analysis using the method of maximal same steps by Xu (1989). In the schema, Rodgersia and Astilbaides is a monophyletic group having a sister group Astilbe, Rodgersia is more advanced than Astilbe; Astilboides is intermediate; while Penthorum is the most primitive and had a common ancestor with its sister group, The Trib. Astilbeae consist of three genera. Astilbe, Astilboides and Rodgersia. Based on the present authort s revision, this tribe comprises 24 species and 13 varieties (excl. typical ones) in the total. Takhtajan's (1986) Eastern Asiatic Region has 32 species and varieties (all of them are endemic) in three genera, ranking the first; the Malesian Region has three species (endemic) in one genus; the North Amerian Atlantic Region has two species (endemic) in one genus; the Irano-Turanian Region has only one species, ranking the last. In the Eastern Asiatic Region, Japan, Korea and eastern Jilin-Liaoning of China (The main part of this area is Takhtajan's Japanese Korean Provine) has 17 species and varieties in three genera, which constitute 45.9% of the total in Trib. Astilbeae and include the groups at different evolutionary stages and 15 endemic species and varieties, of which Astilbe platyphylla, A. simplicifolia and Rodgersia podophylla may be considered as the primitive ones. However, the Hengduan Mountains region (west Sichuan and northwest Yunnan) has 11 species and varieties (10 occur in west Sichuan, 9 in northwest Yunnan) in two genera, which constitute 29.7% of the total number of species and varieties in Trib. Astilbeae and include 5 endemic species and varieties. From the above mentioned the author suggests that the centre of origin, present distribution and differentiation of Trib. Astilbeae should be in Japan, Korea and eastern Jilin-Liaoning, while the Hengduan Mountains region should be another centre of present distribution. The more advanced species, i. e. Astilbe biternata, A. crenatilobata, A. philippinensis, A. a 'poensis, A. indica, A. khasiana and Rodgersia nepalensis are found in the area far from the centre of origin. Thus the Trib. Astilbeae plants may have migrated from Japan, Korea and eastern Jilin-Liaoning northwards and then southeastwards to southeastern North America through eastern Siberia and the Bering bridge, southwards to the philippines and Java through South China, and southwestwards to the Himalayas through the Qinling-Daba Mountains and the Hengduan Mountains. At present, in eastern Siberia and most parts of North America there are no plants in the Tribe Astilbeae, Which may be explained by their extinct ness there during the Quaternary glaciation. Both Astilbe and Rodgersia are distributed in the Asian continent and Japan. Japan has been isolated from the Asian continent since the late Tertiary, so that both Astilbe and Rodgersia had undoubtedly occurred before Japan was isolated (Early Tertiary). Therefore, the origin time of the Tribe Astilbeae may be considered as the Early Tertiary or may be traced back to the Late Cretaceous. The pollen morphology of Penthorum sedoides L., Astilbe grandis Stapf ex Wils. andAstilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. was examined under SEM and is shown in Plate 1. Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! Netherward pressbodies horror abscissa, keratosis frieze. 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Chemotaxonomy and Resource Utilization of the Tribe Chelidonieae (Papaveraceae)

The tribe Chelidonieae of Papaveraceae, consists of 8 genera and 23 species in the world. Most species belonging to this taxon contain dominantly biologically active substances and are widely used as medicinal plants. A chemotaxonomic study in this tribe reveals that Chelidonieae is linked to the other tribes in the presence of protopine-type alkaloids, and the ubiquitous occurrence of dehydrogenated benzophenanthridine-type alkaloids (ex. chelerythrine and sanguinarine) can be served as a chemical character of Chelidonieae. Furthermore, our results indicate that Chelidonieae can obviously be divided into two groups:the first group, including genera Sanguinaria, Eomecon, Macleaya and Bocconia, is characterized by the absence of TLC detected aporphine-, tetrahydroberberine- and reduced benzophenanthridi netype alkaloids, and their undulatedly or palmately incised leaves, as well as short capsules. The second group, comprising Stylophorum, Hylomecon, Dicranostigma and Chelidonium, yields predominately tetrahydroberberine- and reduced benzophenanthridinetype alkaloids, with usually deeply pinnatifid leaves, and long and slender capsules. As regards the medical importance and the resource utilization of Chelidonieae much attention should be paid to the following alkaloids and the taxa: chelidonine (Chelidonium majus ) , isocorydine ( Dicranostigma ) , tetrahydrocoptisine ( Stylophorum ) , chelerythrine (whole tribe particularly the genus Macleaya) and sanguinarine (whole tribe, particularly Macleaya).