中国睡莲科一新记录属--水盾草属

睡莲科水盾草属,迄今在我国尚未见报道,作者先后在青浦和吴县等地调查植物时,采集到水盾草属的竹节水松（鱼草）。这一发现不仅丰富了我国的植物种类、区系成份和资源植物,而且对《中国植物志》的修订再版和植物资源的开发利用提供了新信息     

空心莲子草是观察植物导管的好材料

笔者采集到空心莲子草、南瓜、繁缕等多种植物的茎进行对比实验发现：苋科植物空心莲子草(Altemanthera philoxemides)的茎是观察植物导管的好材料。现介绍如下：     

中国早白垩世脉翅目草蛉科原草蛉属新种记述

本文记述了采集自我国辽宁省北票市中生界下白垩统义县组地层的草蛉科篱草蛉亚科原草蛉属一新种,短脉原草蛉。该属此前仅在丹麦和加拿大的新生界地层中发现2种,新种与该属的其它种具有显著差异,如前翅基部第一支r1-rs横脉位于Rs起始处与Rs第一支脉分出处之间,R1在翅端前结束。本文简要对比了原草蛉属与篱草蛉亚科其它属的特征差异,并对新种的归属及其与该属其它种的特征差异进行了讨论。     

Grazing-induced legacy effects enhance plant adaption to drought by larger root allocation plasticity

放牧诱导的植物遗留效应可以通过较大的根系分配可塑性增强其干旱适应性 为探索植物的放牧遗留效应是否有利于天然草原生态系统应对干旱环境,我们采集了 内蒙古典型草原自由放牧和多年围封样地内的冰草(Agropyron cristatum)和黄囊苔草(Carex korshinskyi)幼苗 进行了温室控水试验。研究结果表明,干旱处理对自由放牧样地采集的冰草和黄囊苔草子株生物量、子株数量和总生物量的影响较小;自由放牧区的冰草与黄囊苔草较强的干旱适应性可部分由干旱处理下较大的根系分配可塑性来解释。本研究结果表明合理放牧是天然草原适应气候变化的潜在管理办法之一。     

中国睡莲科一新记录属——水盾草属

睡莲科水盾草属,迄今在我国尚未见报道,作用先后在青浦和吴县等地调查植物时,采集到水盾草属的竹不松。这一发现不仅丰富了我国的植物种类、区系成份和资源植物地菱幼苗至《中国植物志》的修订再版和植物资源的开发利用提供了新信息。     

白条草螟属中国种类分类研究(鳞翅目:螟蛾科:草螟亚科)

研究了中国草螟亚科白条草螟属Classeya Bleszynski的2个种,其中包括1新种,六角白条草螟Classeya hexagona Song et Chen.sp.nov。,编制了白条草螟属中国种的检索表,六角白条草螟Classeya hexagona Song et Chen,sp.nov,与多角白条草螟C.preissneri Bleszynski在雄性外生殖器上的主要区别是：新种的阳茎内有6枚不同大小的角状器,而后者的阳茎内有一排几乎等大的角状器,正模,云南东川,海拔1800m,1980-05-09,无采集人记录,外生殖器标本编号C897（IZAS）,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

Establishment of in Vitro Regeneration System of Triploid Chinese White Poplar

三倍体毛白杨组织培养再生系统的建立 卢善 发赵华燕* 魏建华 宋艳茹**     

草蛉成虫粉剂代饲料饲养初报

<正> 草蛉的成虫和幼虫都能捕食粮、棉、果、林、蔬菜等作物上的多种害虫。利用草蛉防治蚜虫,已在我国农村逐步推广和应用,深受群众欢迎。为了确保以虫治虫在时间和数量上的要求,需要研究代饲料来维持越冬草蛉的种群或进行人工繁殖。1979年冬以来我们在鄞县天童林场进行了草蛉粉剂代饲料饲养试验,现将结果报道如下。 一、材料和方法 1.虫种和来源 中华草蛉 Chrysopa sinica Tjeder 大草蛉 C.septempunctata Wesmael 牯岭草蛉 C.kulingensis Navás 试虫来源均系在鄞县天童林场育王林区马尾松林内采集的茧羽化而得的新虫,成虫产下     

盐角草内生真菌分离鉴定及抑制水产腐败细菌菌株的筛选

盐角草是一种耐盐植物,有重要的食用、药用价值.为研究盐角草的内生真菌及其活性次生代谢产物的多样性,该文对采集于广西北部湾沿海盐角草的内生真菌进行分离纯化,采用RAPD对内生真菌多样性进行分析,采用ITS基因序列对内生真菌进行鉴定,并对内生真菌提取物抑制等3种水产腐败细菌的活性进行筛选.结果表明:(1)从北部湾盐角草植物...     

湖南珍稀特有植物喜雨草的重新发现及补充描述

喜雨草,湖南珍稀特有植物,属唇形科单型属喜雨草属,自1918年8月韩马迪在湖南西南部武冈云山采到模式标本,并于1936年作为一个新属、新种发表后,其踪迹消失全无。该次报道为喜雨草被发现近100年后,在湖南宁远、通道、道县、新宁被重新发现。根据采集的标本和拍摄的照片,更正修改和补充了原形态描述,重新确定了该种花萼为3/2式,花冠颜色为白色。     

Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Control of a Mushroom-infesting Sciarid Fly and on Mushroom Production

The entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae (Biosys strain #27) and Heterorhabditis heliothidis were evaluated for the larval control of a mushroom-infesting sciarid, Lycoriella mali, and for the effects of these nematodes on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production. In a series of small-scale mushroom crops, infective-stage H. heliothidis and S. feltiae were applied to the mushroom casing surface in the irrigation water or incorporated into the casing material at densities ranging from 28 to 1120 and 11 to 1120 nematodes cm-2 of casing surface respectively. The mortality of L. mali larvae ranged from 52 to 100% for H. heliothidis and 38 to 100% for S. feltiae. Both nematode species reduced mycelial coverage on the casing surface at primordia initiation. Neither mushroom strain (off-white or white hybrid) or method of application (incorporation into or irrigation onto the casing surface) altered the effect on mycelial coverage. The nematodes's negative effect on mycelial growth confounded the benefit of fly control. At high nematode densities (up to 1120 nematodes cm-2), damage-free mushroom yields for the first week of harvest were less than those from the untreated control. However, at lower nematode densities, at or below 140 cm-2, the nematodes had less effect on mushroom growth, and consequently, damage-free mushroom yields for the first week of harvest were frequently greater than those from the untreated control. In the absence of flies, the first-week mushroom yield generally declined with increasing nematode densities for both white and off-white mushroom hybrids. After 4 weeks of harvest, accumulated mushroom yields had nearly recovered from the earlier decline.     

The composition of volatile components of dry cepe and oyster mushroom

The composition of aroma compounds in dry cepe mushroom (Boletis edulis Fr.) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Fr.) was studied using capillary gas chromatography and chromatography—mass spectrometry. In dry cepe, 53 volatile compounds were identified, and in dry oyster mushroom 41 compounds were identified. Volatile organic substances with various functional groups formed the flavor of dry mushrooms. Unsaturated alcohols and ketones with eight carbon atoms were responsible for the mushroom notes of products. Their content in dry cepe was much higher than in dry oyster mushroom. The specific aroma of dry cepe was formed by the complex mixture of methional, substituted furans, pyrazines, and pyrroles. The content of these compounds was higher in dry cepe than in dry oyster mushroom. The content of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with six, nine, and ten carbon atoms was higher in dry oyster mushroom. The differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of volatile compounds are responsible for more intensive and pleasant aroma of dry cepe in comparison to that of dry oyster mushroom.     

Mushroom host influence on Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae) life cycle

Lycoriella mali Fitch (Diptera: Sciaridae) infests mushroom crops early in the crop cycle. Recent observations in mushroom houses indicated a difference in emergence time and size of adult L. mali developing on various strains of commercial mushrooms. Samples of adult flies from isolated mushroom houses growing Portabella mushrooms were significantly heavier then those from oyster mushroom houses, whereas flies from shiitake mushroom houses were lightest in weight. Flies collected from isolated Portabella mushroom houses were reared on four strains and species of Agaricus and Pleurotus mushrooms. After the adults emerged, females were weighed, mated, and allowed to oviposit. The number of eggs laid increased as the weight of the female increased. Flies collected from isolated Portabella mushroom houses were reared on eight strains and species of mushrooms. Flies were reared for four generations on each host mushroom mycelium then switched to different host mushrooms. Overall, the hybrid strain of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach (Agaricales: Agaricomycetideae) was the most favorable host for L. mali, whereas the wild strain of A. bisporus was the least favorable host. Mushroom hosts influence developmental time, survivorship, weight, and reproduction of L. mali.     

Evaluation of waste mushroom logs as a potential biomass resource for the production of bioethanol

In order to investigate the possibility of using waste mushroom logs as a biomass resource for alternative energy production, the chemical and physical characteristics of normal wood and waste mushroom logs were examined. Size reduction of normal wood (145 kW h/tone) required significantly higher energy consumption than waste mushroom logs (70 kW h/tone). The crystallinity value of waste mushroom logs was dramatically lower (33%) than normal wood (49%) after cultivation by Lentinus edodes as spawn. Lignin, an enzymatic hydrolysis inhibitor in sugar production, decreased from 21.07% to 18.78% after inoculation of L. edodes. Total sugar yields obtained by enzyme and acid hydrolysis were higher in waste mushroom logs than in normal wood. After 24h fermentation, 12 g/L ethanol was produced on waste mushroom logs, while normal wood produced 8 g/L ethanol. These results indicate that waste mushroom logs are economically suitable lignocellulosic material for the production of fermentable sugars related to bioethanol production.     

野生口蘑菌种分离及人工驯化

为了给口蘑人工驯化栽培提供依据,开展了口蘑的碳、氮源营养研究。结果表明,蔗糖和牛肉膏分别为最佳碳源和最佳氮源。经转管纯化及在不同培养基驯化培养,该菌株在PSA培养基上,生长速度快、菌丝变得较浓密。但和双孢菇的菌丝相比,无论在麦粒上还是熟料上,菌丝不够粗壮,距离出菇仍然有一定的差距。口蘑的驯化栽培难度较大,欲获得实质性的突破还在于掌握其生长规律及生态习性。温度因子是影响蒙古口蘑菌丝及子实体正常生长发育的关键因子,作为长期适应低温生态环境的结果,适当温度的摸索将是驯化栽培的关键技术。口蘑具有严格的营养要求,因而培养基的筛选至关重要。     

A distinctive ribonuclease from fresh fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

A ribonuclease with an N-terminal sequence distinct from other mushroom ribonucleases was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. The ribonuclease was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose, and unadsorbed on CM-Sepharose. It possessed a molecular mass of 42 kDa as judged by gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its molecular mass was similar to that of straw mushroom ribonuclease but much higher compared with those of other mushroom ribonucleases. The ribonuclease was unique among mushroom ribonucleases in that it exhibited the highest potency toward poly(U), followed by poly(A). Its activity toward poly(G) and poly(C) was about one-half of that toward poly(A) and one-quarter of that toward poly(U). A pH of 4.0 and a temperature of 60 degrees C were required for optimal activity of the enzyme. The optimum pH was low compared with those reported for other mushroom ribonucleases.     

The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase encoded by the Drosophila dunce gene is concentrated in the mushroom body neuropil.

Drosophila dunce (dnc) flies are defective in learning and memory as a result of lesions in the gene that codes for a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE). Antibodies to the dnc PDE showed that the most intensely stained regions in the adult brain were the mushroom body neuropil--areas previously implicated in learning and memory. In situ hybridization demonstrated that dnc RNA was enriched in the mushroom body perikarya. The mushroom bodies of third instar larval brains were also stained intensely by the antibody, suggesting that the dnc PDE plays an important role in these neurons throughout their development. The role of the dnc PDE in mushroom body physiology is discussed, and a circuit model describing a possible role of the mushroom bodies in mediating olfactory learning and memory is presented.     

Lampteromyces bioluminescence—1. Identification of riboflavin as the light emitter in the mushroom L. japonicus

The bioluminescence of the luminous mushroom, Lampteromyces japonicus, was studied by using the mushroom gills and also the luminous mycelia, the latter being cultured from the isolated spores and grown in a potato sucrose medium. The luminescence intensity of the mushroom gills and the cultured mycelia was measured in an aqueous suspension under various conditions. The original intensity was enhanced by exposing the luminous cells to oxygen for several hours or to acids or bases for a short period. This enhancement enabled measurement of their bioluminescence spectra which were identical to the fluorescence spectrum of riboflavin, having a maximum at 524 nm. The green fluorescent substance was extracted with cold water from the mushroom and it was identified as riboflavin by spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses. Riboflavin was concluded to be the light emitter of this mushroom.     

Diversity and spacio‐temporal distribution of mushrooms in a Nigerian savanna: implication for their conservation

We surveyed the macrofungi of an area dominated by northern Guinea savanna habitats in north‐east Nigeria. A total of 93 different species of mushrooms were found in the study area. These species belong to 29 different families, most species belonging to the family Agaricaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Pluteaceae and Polyporaceae. A total of 48 species belonged to the Agaricaceae, followed by Lyophyllaceae represented by 6 species. The micro‐habitats of mushrooms in the study area include wood, soil around dead tree stump, waste dump, cow dung, fallow, arable land, and 22 different living trees species. The most important habitats in term of mushroom species diversity were Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica and dead wood. The Parkia biglobosa tree had the highest species richness (45) and species diversity (Shannon diversity index, SDI: 3.6). Tamarindus indica was the second, having 28 species richness and 2.7 SDI. These were followed by dead wood where 22 different mushroom species were recorded and has of 2.1 SDI. Also, these three habitats (Parkia biglobosa, dead wood and Tamarindus indica) had the highest number of mushroom species (14, 8 and 6 respectively) that were confined to them. Most of the other mushroom species were confined to only one microhabitat. There was no statistically significant difference in mushroom abundance between arable land and fallow. Collectively, the indigenous trees were associated by more mushroom species (63) than the exotic trees (20) and the indigenous trees also had significantly higher mushroom abundance than the exotic trees. However, the non‐indegenous trees had more species forming mycorrhiza than the indegenous trees, presumaby because the former were able to form symbioses with both native fungi and introduced species from their origina habitats. Inter‐annual variation of mushroom species diversity was also observed. Human activities contribute positively to mushroom diversity in the study area by creating some unique micro‐habitats that support the growth of certain unique mushroom species. Therefore, for maximum conservation of mushroom diversity, conservation measures excuding all human activities should be avoided.     

Reversal of the TPA-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extracts: effects on MAP kinases

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has continued to receive attention as a folk medicine with indications for the treatment of cancers and digestive diseases. The anticarcinogenic effect of Chaga mushroom extract was investigated using a model system of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in WB-F344 normal rat liver epithelial cells. The cells were pre-incubated with Chaga mushroom extracts (5, 10, 20 microg/ml) for 24 h and this was followed by co-treatment with Chaga mushroom extracts and TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, 10 ng/ml) for 1 h. The inhibition of GJIC by TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), promoter of cancer, was prevented with treatment of Chaga mushroom extracts. Similarly, the increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 protein kinases were markedly reduced in Chaga mushroom extracts-treated cells. There was no change in the JNK kinase protein level, suggesting that Chaga mushroom extracts could only block the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase. The Chaga mushroom extracts further prevented the inhibition of GJIC through the blocking of Cx43 phosphorylation. Indeed cell-to-cell communication through gap junctional channels is a critical factor in the life and death balance of cells because GJIC has an important function in maintaining tissue homeostasis through the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and adaptive functions of differentiated cells. Thus Chaga mushroom may act as a natural anticancer product by preventing the inhibition of GJIC through the inactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase.