Rotaviruses in younger children in Novosibirsk in 2005-2007: detection and genotyping

Examination of 1898 patients with acute enteric infection from March 2005 to February 2007 showed that group A rotaviruses were the most frequent cause (35%) of acute gastroenteritis among children under 3 years of age. Majority of cases of rotavirus infection was detected in infants under 1 year of age (71.8%). The peak of sporadic incidence was observed between February and May. High rate of mixed infection (45.6%) was observed - associations of rotaviruses with other viruses (noroviruses, astroviruses) and bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and opportunistic species) were detected. P- and G-genotypes of 337(50.8%) isolates of group A rotaviruses were determined by RT-PCR. The most prevalent strain was P[8]G1 (54.6%) followed by P[8]G3 (10.7%), P[8]G9 (8.6%), P[4]G2 (8.3%), and P[8]G4 (4.5%) genotypes.     

A molecular epidemiology survey of respiratory adenoviruses circulating in children residing in southern palestine

A molecular epidemiology survey was performed in order to establish and document the respiratory adenovirus pathogen profiles among children in Southern Palestine. Three hundred and thirty-eight hospitalized pediatric cases with adenovirus-associated respiratory tract infections were analyzed. Forty four cases out of the 338 were evaluated in more detail for the adenoviruses types present. All of the children resided in Southern Palestine, that is, in city, village and refugee camp environments within the districts of Hebron and Bethlehem. Human adenoviruses circulated throughout 2005-2010, with major outbreaks occurring in the spring months. A larger percent of the children diagnosed with adenoviral infections were male infants. DNA sequence analysis of the hexon genes from 44 samples revealed that several distinct adenovirus types circulated in the region; these were HAdV-C1, HAdV-C2, HAdV-B3 and HAdV-C5. However, not all of these types were detected within each year. This is the first study ever conducted in Palestine of the genetic epidemiology of respiratory adenovirus infections.     

Rotavirus and adenovirus in Rondônia

Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in humans worldwide. Viral gastroenteritis is a global problem in infants and young children. In this study the incidence of diarrhea was assessed in 877 hospitalized children under five years old, over a period of 24 months and distributed in 470 cases of diarrhea and 407 age-matched group with other pathologies, as control group. Two antigen detection techniques based on enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and latex particles were used for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus. Rotavirus A was a major cause of gastroenteritis with 23.6% of cases, being 90% of these cases in young children. Adenovirus infections was detected by EIA with frequency of 6.4%. Rotavirus and adenovirus were detected in 10.1 and 1.7% of stools from control group, respectively. Interestingly, the frequency of the youngest children in the control group excreting Rotavirus A was comparable to that detected in stools from diarrheic children. We cannot rule out the existence of other enteric viruses because the etiology of 171 cases of diarrhea was not determined and active search for astrovirus and calicivirus was not done. This is the first study that shows the presence of enteric viruses in the infantile population from Western Brazilian Amazonia and it was important to help physicians in the treatment of viral gastroenteritis.     

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Enteric Viruses in Children with Diarrhea in Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso

Enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those under five years old. Identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of common enteric viruses in children under five years old in Burkina Faso. Stool samples from children with (n = 263) and without (n = 50) diarrhea disorders were collected in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from November 2011 to September 2012. Rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus and Aichivirus A were detected using real-time or end-point (RT-)PCR. Rotavirus strains were G and P genotyped by multiplex RT-PCR and other viral strains were characterized by sequencing of viral subgenomic segements. At least one viral agent was detected in 85.6% and 72% of the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, respectively. Rotavirus (63.5%), adenovirus (31.2%) and genogroup II norovirus (18.2%) were the most prevalent viruses in symptomatic patients, but only rotavirus and genogroup II norovirus were significantly associated with diarrhea (OR: 7.9, 95%CI: 3.7–17; OR: 3.5, 95%CI: 1–11.7, respectively). Sapovirus (10.3%), astrovirus (4.9%), genogroup I norovirus (2.7%) and Aichivirus A (0.8%) were less prevalent. The predominant genotype of rotavirus was G9P[8] (36.5%), and the predominant norovirus strain was GII.4 variant 2012 (71.4%). Among sapovirus, the genogroup II (87.5%) predominated. Astrovirus type 1 (41.7%) was the most frequent astrovirus identified. Aichivirus A belonged to the three genotypes (A, B and C). Enteric adenoviruses type 40 and 41 were identified in 10.2% and 5.1% respectively. Several cases of co-infections were detected. The results highlight the high prevalence and the high diversity of enteric viruses in Burkinabe children.     

Three-year survey of the epidemiology of rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and some small spherical viruses including "Osaka-agent" associated with infantile diarrhea

Studies were made by electron microscopy (EM) on the viruses associated with diarrhea of outpatients at a pediatric clinic in Osaka Prefecture during the three year period from 1980 through 1982. The viruses detected by EM by negative staining with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) were classified morphologically into 6 groups: rotavirus, adenovirus and four kinds of small spherical viruses, calicivirus, astrovirus, picornavirus/parvovirus (P/P)-like agent and Osaka-agent. Osaka-agent seems to be a newly identified small virus. It is 35-40 nm in diameter with a fringe of spike-like structures on its surface. Viruses were detected in 181 of the 395 cases of diarrhea (45.8%). Rotavirus was detected in 122 (30.9%) of the total cases and in 67.4% of the virus-positive cases, while other viruses were detected in 15% of the total cases; adenovirus in 23 (6%) and small agents in 36 (9%). Rotavirus infection showed a distinctive seasonal variation, being mainly restricted to cooler months, but infections with other viruses did not show any seasonal variation. The age distribution of patients suggested that infants of 0 to 2 years old are very susceptible to all viruses. Attempts to cultivate these viruses in vitro were successful with only two isolates of adenovirus type 5.     

婴幼儿腹泻病原学及其快速诊断

目的探讨小儿腹泻标本病原学特点及流行病学特征,寻求小儿感染性腹泻的快速诊断方法。方法对我院2003年10月至2005年9月门诊及住院的1160例2个月-5岁腹泻患儿的腹泻标本进行细菌学检查及pH检测。结果(1)1160例患儿腹泻标本病原学阳性605例(52.16%),检出病原20种621株,外源性肠道病原菌、内源性肠道条件致病菌以及轮状病毒3种病原构成比依次为35.75%、32.69%、31.56%。主要病原:(1)轮状病毒196株(31.56%),志贺菌118株(19.00%),克雷伯菌86株(13.8%),枸橼酸杆菌67株(10.79%),致泻性大肠埃希菌60株(9.66%)。(2)1160例患儿腹泻标本6个月-2岁患儿占881例(69.91%)。轮状病毒腹泻多发于秋冬季、大便为水样、多见于2岁以内婴幼儿,志贺菌以夏秋季与脓血便检出率较高。(3)病原菌分离阳性腹泻标本pH>7占明显优势,轮状病毒阳性标本、病原检查阴性标本、健康体检对照标本pH<6占明显优势,前者pH与后三者pH统计学比较,差异有高度显著性(P<0.01)。结论引起小儿腹泻的病原种类繁多,轮状病毒居首位,内源性肠道条件致病菌在腹泻标本中的构成比已接近外源性肠道致病菌而成为腹泻的重要病原菌,大便pH可作为急性腹泻病早期简单、快速、准确、价廉的初步诊断及合理应用抗生素的重要指标。     

Detection of viral agents in fecal specimens of monkeys with diarrhea

BACKGROUND: Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, including non human primates. While the diagnostics for gastrointestinal bacterial and parasitic pathogens and their etiological role in disease are well established, little is known about the epidemiology, prevalence and role of viral agents in diarrheal illness among monkeys. METHODS: We collected fecal specimens from monkeys with diarrhea that were housed in two primate colonies, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Beijing, China and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Georgia, USA. We screened these fecal specimens for rotaviruses and enteric adenoviruses 40/41 by using commercial EIA kits (Rotaclone and Adenoclone), enteroviruses by RT-PCR and Southern blot hybridization, and picobirnaviruses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. Some of the specimens were examined by EM for coronaviruses and noroviruses. RESULTS: Of the 92 specimens from China, we found 63 (68%) positive for viruses, including enteroviruses (52%), enteric adenoviruses (21%), rotaviruses (20%), and picobirnaviruses (2%). Coronaviruses were detected in some specimens. Mixed infection of two or more viral agents was seen in 23 (25%) specimens. In the US collection, we detected enteroviruses and enteric adenoviruses in 76% (45/59) and 14% (7/50) of the specimens, respectively. Electron microscopy showed norovirus-like particles in some specimens from both colonies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate endemic infections with enteric viruses in monkeys of both colonies. The availability of new simian rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses and the discovery of noroviruses and picobirnaviruses may allow us to develop better diagnostics for these agents and determine which of these agents are clearly associated with gastroenteritis in monkeys.     

Evidence of the co‐circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo

Aims: To characterize major enteric viruses (enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) in the sewage of Greater Cairo and to compare the results with clinical data collected during the same period. Methods and Results: Seventy‐two sewage samples from two waste water treatment plants were collected from April 2006 through February 2007. Enteroviruses, noroviruses (NoVs) and rotaviruses (RVs) were detected by RT‐PCR in 22%, 18% and 8·3% of the samples, respectively. No adenovirus and astrovirus was detected. G2P[8], G9P[8], G1P[8], G2P[4] and rare G12 RV isolates were detected in the environment as well as a bovine RV. The environmental NoV strains mostly belonged to genogroup I (84%). Rotaviruses and some of the NoVs were similar to those found in the clinical samples at the same time. Conclusions: The comparison of environmental and clinical data suggests that similar RV and NoV isolates were circulating in the environment and in the population during the same period. Significance and Impact of the Study: Few studies have investigated the prevalence and the epidemiology of RVs and NoVs in Cairo. This work is the first to establish a correlation between viral gastroenteritis and the concomitant presence of enteric viruses in the environment for Greater Cairo where combined environmental and clinical surveys should help to prevent infections caused by these major pathogens.     

Acute diarrhoea in a community cohort of children who received an oral rotavirus vaccine in Northeast Brazil

Rotavirus is an important cause of childhood diarrhoea. A monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix?) was introduced into the Immunization Program of Brazil in 2006. In this study, we describe the incidence and burden of disease of rotavirus diarrhoea in two cohorts of children (vaccinated and unvaccinated). We followed two groups of 250 children under one year old, who were enrolled in December 2006 from a low-income residential area in Northeast Brazil. The children were monitored every two weeks for two years. Stool samples from children with diarrhoea were examined for the presence of rotavirus. Rotaviruses were genotyped using real time-polymerase chain reaction. The mean numbers of all-cause diarrhoea episodes/child (adjusted for age) in the first year were 0.87 and 0.84, in vaccinated and unvaccinated children, respectively. During the second year, the number of episodes/child decreased to 0.52 and 0.42. Only 16 (4.9%) of 330 stool samples were rotavirus-positive (10 vaccinated and 6 unvaccinated children) and only P[4]G2 rotaviruses were identified. All-cause diarrhoea episodes were more severe in unvaccinated children in the first year of age (p < 0.05), while vaccinated children had more severe episodes 18 months after vaccination. Rotavirus diarrhoea incidence was very low in both groups.     

婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒和腺病毒检测结果分析

目的了解本地区婴幼儿腹泻患者中轮状病毒和腺病毒的感染情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法收集2013年1月-12月门诊和住院腹泻患儿的粪便,进行轮状病毒和腺病毒抗原检测,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果在检测的2 579例婴幼儿腹泻中轮状病毒阳性为616例,阳性率为23.89%,高发季节为1月、11月和12月,高发年龄组为13-24月婴幼儿,腺病毒阳性共102例,阳性率为3.96%,程散发状况,高发年龄组为7-12月的婴幼儿。结论轮状病毒和腺病毒都能引起婴幼儿腹泻,但是轮状病毒为最主要的病原体,及时检测轮状病毒抗原,为临床治疗和疾病监测提供参考。     

Atypical rotavirus among diarrhoeic children living in Belém, Brazil

Atypical rotaviruses were detected in faeces from two diarrhoeic children living in Belém, Pará, Brazil. Rotavirus particles were detected by electron microscopy and the RNA electrophoresis showed patterns which were compatible with group C rotaviruses. Tests for the presence of group A antigen by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were negative. The two children had three successive rotavirus infections and in both cases the atypical strains were excreted at the time of the third infection, causing a mild and short-lasting disease.     

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Rotavirus Molecular Signatures Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Human enteric virus infections range from gastroenteritis to life threatening diseases such as myocarditis and aseptic meningitis. Rotavirus is one of the most common enteric agents and mortality associated with infection can be very significant in developing countries. Most enteric viruses produce diseases that are not distinct from other pathogens, and current diagnostics is limited in breadth and sensitivity required to advance virus detection schemes for disease intervention strategies. A spectroscopic assay based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been developed for rapid and sensitive detection of rotavirus. The SERS method relies on the fabrication of silver nanorod array substrates that are extremely SERS-active allowing for direct structural characterization of viruses. SERS spectra for eight rotavirus strains were analyzed to qualitatively identify rotaviruses and to classify each according to G and P genotype and strain with >96% accuracy, and a quantitative model based on partial least squares regression analysis was evaluated. This novel SERS-based virus detection method shows that SERS can be used to identify spectral fingerprints of human rotaviruses, and suggests that this detection method can be used for pathogen detection central to human health care.     

Detection and characterization of rotavirus G and P types from children participating in a rotavirus vaccine trial in Belém, Brazil

This study sought the characterization of rotaviruses in a trial with a tetravalent rhesus-human rotavirus vaccine in Belém, Brazil in children who received three doses of vaccine or placebo in the 1st, 3rd and 5th months of life. Rotavirus electropherotypes, subgroups, G serotypes, G, [P] and [P], G genotypes were determined in 93.3%, 95.9%, 93.3%, 73.3%, 95.5% and 92.2% of isolates, respectively. Serotypes G1, G2 and G4 were detected in 58.9%, 30% and 4.4% of the cases, respectively. Rotavirus genotype G5 was detected for the first time in Northern region in 4.4% of the infections. Rotavirus genotypes P[8], P[4], P[6] and P[8 + 6] were detected in 54.5%, 26.7%, 12.2%, and 2.2% of the cases, respectively. The predominant genotypes were P[8], G1 and P[4], G2 with 53% and 26.6% of the infections, respectively. Unusual strains accounted for 20.5% including P[4], G1, P[6], G1, P[6], G4, P[6], G5, P[8], G2, P[8], G5. Mixed infections involving P[8 + 6], G2 and P[8 + 6], G1 were also noted. The neonatal P[6] strains associated with diarrhea were detected among children aged 9-24 months. To our knowledge, this study represents the first in Brazil to analyse, on molecular basis, rotavirus genotypes from children participating in a rotavirus vaccine trial. These results are of potential importance regarding future rotavirus vaccination strategies in Brazil.     

The spread of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the Republic of Tajikistan

The article deals with the results of the investigation which has demonstrated the spread of rotavirus infection on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan. This infection has gained an important place in the regional pathology and requires increased epidemiological surveillance on its spread. As established in the course of this investigation, in patients with the clinical manifestations of pronounced gastroenteritis rotavirus plays the role of the etiological agent in 25.8% of cases in children aged up to 14 years and in 11.0% of cases in adults. Synchronism in the seasonal dynamics of morbidity in acute enteric infections of unclear etiology and rotavirus gastroenteritis among children aged 0-2 years, annually reaching morbidity peak in October, has been revealed. Rotavirus gastroenteritis requires close attention as regards its prophylaxis as one of the main nosological forms of acute enteric infections in the Republic.     

2018-2020年乌鲁木齐市婴幼儿病毒性腹泻监测及病原学分析

分析乌鲁木齐市2018-2020年 < 5岁婴幼儿病毒性腹泻流行病学与病原学特征, 为本地区病毒性腹泻防控提供参考依据。

收集2018-2020年乌鲁木齐市哨点医院门诊 < 5岁婴幼儿病毒性腹泻流行病学信息和粪便标本, 用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测A组轮状病毒(RV)、札如病毒(SAV)、诺如病毒(NV)、肠道腺病毒(EADV)和星状病毒(ASV)核酸, 并用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测A组RV基因分型。

445份标本中病毒阳性率分别为A组RV 45.02%、NV 10.33%、EADV 9.04%、SAV 5.35%、ASV 1.29%, 混合感染率为28.97%, 7~12月龄组阳性率最高为69.8%, 25~36月龄组最低为2.4%。不同季节A组RV、SAV、ASV阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ²=37.582、21.047、17.685, 均P < 0.001), A组RV 12月份和1月份检出高峰。A组RV的G血清型以G9为主占61.8%, P血清型以P[8]为主占87.7%;NV基因型以GⅡ型为主, 3年检出率分别为93.54%、88.64%、100.00%;病毒性腹泻冬春季高发分别为26.5%、28.5%。

乌鲁木齐市2018-2020年 < 5岁婴幼儿病毒性腹泻中, 2岁以下阳性率最高, A组RV和NV病毒为主要病原。

     

Molecular detection of human enteric viruses in urban rivers in Korea

We performed RT-nested PCR to study the distribution of human enteric viruses in urban rivers in Korea. During 2002-2003, water samples were collected from four rivers in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Among 58 samples, 45 (77.6%), 32 (55.2%), 12 (20.7%), 2 (3.4%), 4 (6.9%), and 4 (6.9%) showed positive results with adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), reoviruses (ReVs), hepatitis A viruses (HAVs), rotaviruses (RoVs), and sapoviruses (SVs), respectively. According to the binary logistic regression model, the occurrence of each enteric virus, except ReVs and HAVs, was not statistically correlated with the water temperature and levels of fecal coliforms (P<0.05). AdVs were most often detected; only 4 samples (6.9%) were negative for AdVs while positive for other enteric viruses in the studied sites. Our results indicated that monitoring human enteric viruses is necessary to improve microbial quality, and that AdVs detection by PCR can be a useful index for the presence of other enteric viruses in aquatic environments.