MAPK 级联途径在植物信号转导中的研究进展

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)在植物的胁迫反应应答方面占有重要地位。本文就MAPK的基本组成、分类、激发子和两种可能的机理的最新进展作了综述。并介绍了近年来此领域中的研究方法,包括MAPK活性测定的方法、免疫沉淀法、酵母双杂交、基因突变、RNA干涉和网络模式法。     

MAPK级联途径在植物信号转导中的研究进展

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)在植物的胁迫反应应答方面占有重要地位.本文就MAPK的基本组成、分类、激发子和两种可能的机理的最新进展作了综述.并介绍了近年来此领域中的研究方法,包括MAPK活性测定的方法、免疫沉淀法、酵母双杂交、基因突变、RNA干涉和网络模式法.     

Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems, Environmental Signals, and Virulence

The relevance toward virulence of a variety of two-component signal transduction systems is reviewed for 16 pathogenic bacteria, together with the wide array of environmental signals or conditions that have been implicated in their regulation. A series of issues is raised, concerning the need to understand the environmental cues that determine their regulation in the infected host and in the environment outside the laboratory, which shall contribute toward the bridging of bacterial pathogenesis and microbial ecology.     

Histidine Phosphotransfer Proteins in Fungal Two-Component Signal Transduction Pathways

The histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) protein Ypd1 is an important participant in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae multistep two-component signal transduction pathway and, unlike the expanded histidine kinase gene family, is encoded by a single gene in nearly all model and pathogenic fungi. Ypd1 is essential for viability in both S. cerevisiae and in Cryptococcus neoformans. These and other aspects of Ypd1 biology, combined with the availability of structural and mutational data in S. cerevisiae, suggest that the essential interactions between Ypd1 and response regulator domains would be a good target for antifungal drug development. The goal of this minireview is to summarize the wealth of data on S. cerevisiae Ypd1 and to consider the potential benefits of conducting related studies in pathogenic fungi.     

Environmental Sensing and Signal Transduction Pathways Regulating Morphopathogenic Determinants of Candida albicans

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is found in the normal gastrointestinal flora of most healthy humans. However, under certain environmental conditions, it can become a life-threatening pathogen. The shift from commensal organism to pathogen is often correlated with the capacity to undergo morphogenesis. Indeed, under certain conditions, including growth at ambient temperature, the presence of serum or N-acetylglucosamine, neutral pH, and nutrient starvation, C. albicans can undergo reversible transitions from the yeast form to the mycelial form. This morphological plasticity reflects the interplay of various signal transduction pathways, either stimulating or repressing hyphal formation. In this review, we provide an overview of the different sensing and signaling pathways involved in the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of C. albicans. Where appropriate, we compare the analogous pathways/genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an attempt to highlight the evolution of the different components of the two organisms. The downstream components of these pathways, some of which may be interesting antifungal targets, are also discussed.     

PDCD10，一个新的多功能信号转导调节分子

人程序性细胞死亡分子10(Homo sapiens programmed cell death 10, PDCD10)，最初被称为TFAR15(TF-1 cell apoptosis related gene 15)，是由撤除粒细胞 巨噬细胞集落刺激因子诱导凋亡的人红白血病细胞系TF-1中克隆得到的1个凋亡相关基因. 后来发现它的突变可引起散发性或家族性颅内海绵状血管瘤(cerebral cavernous malformations，CCMs)的发生，为CCMs的第3个致病基因，所以又被叫做CCM3.近年来研究发现,PDCD10能够和GCKⅢ蛋白、γ-PCDH、CCM2、VEGFR2、ERM等众多蛋白相互作用，并能调控ERK/MAPK通路，增加MST4/VEGFR2的稳定性，增强相应的信号转导，促进细胞的增殖、分化和中枢神经系统的发育，与癌症的发生相关，还能调节细胞的凋亡.以上研究证明了PDCD10 的多种生物学效应，并提示其在血管生成、氧化应激、肿瘤中发挥重要作用.     

BMP信号途径与心脏的形态建成

Bone m orphogenic protein (B M P)是骨 形态 建 成蛋 白 ,最初 的 研究 显 示它 与骨 骼及 其 相关 组 织的 发育 有关 ,后 来发 现 它在 包 括心 脏在 内的 人 类各 种 器官 发育 中都 有 着很 重 要的 作用 ,因 此,阐明 B M P 信 号 调控 途 径在心 脏分 化 中的 机 制具 有非 常 重要 的意 义 .最 近 ,研究 发 现了 很多 和 B M P 有关 的 生长 因子 ,并 且得 知 了 B M P 信号 的部 分 传递 途 径,它通 过诱 导 N kx2.5、G A TA -4来调 控 心脏 分化 ,如 果 掌握 了其 分子 机 制,则可 以 治疗 各种 相关 的心 脏 疾病 ,使 心 脏损 伤可 以得 到 恢复 .     

GPI微域与信号转导

许多真核细胞膜表面蛋白 (例如ＣＤ1 4、ＣＤ1 6ｂ、ＣＤ2 4、ＣＤ48、ＣＤ5 2、ＣＤ5 9、ＣＤ5 5 /ＤＡＦ、ＣＤ5 8 /ＬＦＡ 3、ＣＤ6 6、ＣＤ6 7、ＣＤ73、ＣＤ87、ＣＤ90 /Ｔｈｙ 1、ＣＤ1 5 7、Ｌｙ 6等 )通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇(ｇｌｙｃｏｓｙｌｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｉｎｏｓｉｔｏｌ,ＧＰＩ)锚着于细胞膜上 ,称为ＧＰＩ锚定蛋白 (ＧＰＩ ａｎｃｈｏｒｅｄｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ,ＧＰＩ ＡＰ) ,它们没有跨膜区和胞内部分 ,不能直接与胞内发生联系。但用特异性抗体结合这些结构上不同的膜蛋白或膜糖鞘脂 (ｇｌｙｃｏｓｐｈｉｎｇｏｌｉｐｉ…     

血管内皮生长因子受体的信号转导通路

血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)是VEGF的特异性受体,由于在刺激血管内皮细胞增殖、迁移、管腔形成,促进肿瘤生长和转移过程中起着重要的作用,而成为抗肿瘤新生血管生成的热点。该主要围绕VEGF及其不同受体的信号转导通路作一综述。     

GA信号转导

文章概述了赤霉素（GA）调节植物生长和发育的信号转导研究进展。     

Molecular Profiling Reveals Diversity of Stress Signal Transduction Cascades in Highly Penetrant Alzheimer's Disease Human Skin Fibroblasts

The serious and growing impact of the neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer''s disease (AD) as an individual and societal burden raises a number of key questions: Can a blanket test for Alzheimer''s disease be devised forecasting long-term risk for acquiring this disorder? Can a unified therapy be devised to forestall the development of AD as well as improve the lot of present sufferers? Inflammatory and oxidative stresses are associated with enhanced risk for AD. Can an AD molecular signature be identified in signaling pathways for communication within and among cells during inflammatory and oxidative stress, suggesting possible biomarkers and therapeutic avenues? We postulated a unique molecular signature of dysfunctional activity profiles in AD-relevant signaling pathways in peripheral tissues, based on a gain of function in G-protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R) inflammatory stress signaling in skin fibroblasts from AD patients that results in tau protein Ser hyperphosphorylation. Such a signaling profile, routed through both phosphorylation and proteolytic cascades activated by inflammatory and oxidative stresses in highly penetrant familial monogenic forms of AD, could be informative for pathogenesis of the complex multigenic sporadic form of AD. Comparing stimulus-specific cascades of signal transduction revealed a striking diversity of molecular signaling profiles in AD human skin fibroblasts that express endogenous levels of mutant presenilins PS-1 or PS-2 or the Trisomy 21 proteome. AD fibroblasts bearing the PS-1 M146L mutation associated with highly aggressive AD displayed persistent BKB2R signaling plus decreased ERK activation by BK, correctible by gamma-secretase inhibitor Compound E. Lack of these effects in the homologous PS-2 mutant cells indicates specificity of presenilin gamma-secretase catalytic components in BK signaling biology directed toward MAPK activation. Oxidative stress revealed a JNK-dependent survival pathway in normal fibroblasts lost in PS-1 M146L fibroblasts. Complex molecular profiles of signaling dysfunction in the most putatively straightforward human cellular models of AD suggest that risk ascertainment and therapeutic interventions in AD as a whole will likely demand complex solutions.     

Signal Transduction by a Fungal NOD-Like Receptor Based on Propagation of a Prion Amyloid Fold

In the fungus Podospora anserina, the [Het-s] prion induces programmed cell death by activating the HET-S pore-forming protein. The HET-s β-solenoid prion fold serves as a template for converting the HET-S prion-forming domain into the same fold. This conversion, in turn, activates the HET-S pore-forming domain. The gene immediately adjacent to het-S encodes NWD2, a Nod-like receptor (NLR) with an N-terminal motif similar to the elementary repeat unit of the β-solenoid fold. NLRs are immune receptors controlling cell death and host defense processes in animals, plants and fungi. We have proposed that, analogously to [Het-s], NWD2 can activate the HET-S pore-forming protein by converting its prion-forming region into the β-solenoid fold. Here, we analyze the ability of NWD2 to induce formation of the β-solenoid prion fold. We show that artificial NWD2 variants induce formation of the [Het-s] prion, specifically in presence of their cognate ligands. The N-terminal motif is responsible for this prion induction, and mutations predicted to affect the β-solenoid fold abolish templating activity. In vitro, the N-terminal motif assembles into infectious prion amyloids that display a structure resembling the β-solenoid fold. In vivo, the assembled form of the NWD2 N-terminal region activates the HET-S pore-forming protein. This study documenting the role of the β-solenoid fold in fungal NLR function further highlights the general importance of amyloid and prion-like signaling in immunity-related cell fate pathways.     

过氧亚硝酸根与细胞信号转导

生物系统中产生的过氧亚硝酸根(peroxynitrite,ONOO-)具有强氧化性,能够损伤多种生物大分子,产生细胞毒性。细胞通过激活信号通路产生应激反应,其中包括蛋白质酪氨酸激酶(PTK)依赖的多种路径,而ONOO-通过硝化或氧化作用调节酪氨酸的磷酸化。酪氨酸残基的硝化能直接影响酪氨酸的磷酸化,而磷酸酶的氧化将导致酪氨酸磷酸化/去磷酸化平衡的改变,ONOO-激活细胞信号转导通路的作用机制对认识其生理病理功能具有重要意义。     

谷胱甘肽化修饰与氧化还原信号转导

蛋白质谷胱甘肽化（S-glutathionylation）是一种重要的翻译后修饰方式,氧化还原信号转导途径的很多相关分子都可受到谷胱甘肽化的调节,尤其是一些重要的蛋白激酶和转录因子。因此蛋白质的谷胱甘肽化修饰日益引起人们的重视。人们推测,谷胱甘肽化可能是细胞内氧化还原信号转导的一种重要机制。     

Notch信号转导与调控

Notch是一个进化上十分保守的跨膜受体蛋白家族,它可以通过与表达配体的相邻细胞间的相互作用转导信号,从而决定动物系统发育过程中多种细胞的“命运”.Notch信号转导过程包括Notch受体与配体的结合、Notch受体的酶切活化、可溶性NICD转移至细胞核并与CSL DNA结合蛋白相互作用,从而调控靶基因的表达.Notch活性水平、时间和空间分布受到包括配体、蛋白质转运、泛素化降解等多水平内源性和外源性诱导因素的调节.系统介绍了Notch信号转导通路的分子组成、Notch信号激活的生化机制、Notch信号的多水平调节以及与部分相关疾病的关系.