人胚鼻咽组织基因表达谱

以水囊引产５、６、７、８个月人胚胎鼻咽组织总ＲＮＡ逆转录标记ｃＤＮＡ探针,与代表５８８个基因的Ａｔｌａｓ＾ＴＭｃＤＮＡ阵列进行杂交,观察了这些基因在不同发育时期内的表达差异。结果发现与细胞分裂增殖及细胞生长相关的基因明显高表达,不同胎龄存在多个表达水平不同的基因及同一基因在不同时期表达水平也不一样,如早期生长反应蛋白１（ｅａｒｌｙ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ１）基因ＥＧＲＰ１在     

Type-C RNA Virus Gene Expression in Human Tissue

Partially purified fractions of human tissues have been analyzed by competition radioimmunoassay for the presence of two of the principle structural components of type-C RNA viruses, the major core protein (p27 to p30) and the major envelope glycopeptides (gp69/71). Screening of tissues was carried out by use of a heterologous assay system of (125)I-labeled Rauscher murine virus p30 antigen and anti-RD 114 virus serum which was found to detect a class of interspecies determinants common to murine, feline, and primate viruses. A competitor with the same apparent affinity for antibody binding as that of purified viral core proteins was found in relatively high concentration in tissues from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, in some neoplastic tissues, and also in normal human tissues. This competitor from a lupus spleen chromatographed on phosphocellulose and showed size fractionation during gel filtration similar to known p27 to p30 viral proteins. An immunologically reactive protein was also demonstrated by immunodiffusion and by immunoprecipitation of (125)I-labeled human protein with anti-RD 114 p28 serum. Analysis of these human competitor proteins with homologous assay systems of viral core proteins and corresponding antisera showed that all, including the normal tissue extracts, appear similar to core proteins of known viruses, especially the RD 114 and woolly monkey species. A hypothesis suggested by these data is that many, if not all, humans harbor at least part of the genome of one or more type-C viruses, the properties of which are similar to those of viruses from other mammalian species, particularly primates.     

人类生殖相关新基因的定位和组织表达

基因定位对研究基因之间以及基因与疾病之间的相互关系具有重要意义。应用辐射杂种细胞系技术（RH）对我们克隆的人类新基因HBRP（Human BSP-Related Protein）进行了染色体定位,结果将该基因定位于19q13.2～13.3,同时应用生物信息学方法在人类基因组重叠片段数据库进行该基因的定位,结果相吻合。研究证明,RH技术具有快速、精确、简便等优点,是基因定位研究中一强有力的技术。同时通过RT-PCR方法研究了HBRP基因在人体各组织中的表达分布,结果显示该基因在睾丸、肠、肾、肝、脾、胃、胰腺组织有较高的表达,而在检测的脑、肺、骨骼肌、心肌组织中表达较弱。 Abstract:Gene localization is significant in elucidating the interaction between genes,gene and diseases.Using radiation hybrid (RH) technique,we cloned and localized a novel gene,designated human BSP-related protein (HBRP) on 19q13.2～13.3,in line with its localization in data bank of overlapping fragment of human genome through bioinformatics method.It is suggested RH is rapid,precise,simple and powerful in gene localization.In addition,we detected the expression and distribution of HBRP in human tissues by RT-PCR.The results showed HBRP was highly expressed in intestine,kidney,liver,spleen,stomach and pancreas,whereas lowly in brain,lung,muscle and heart.     

Partial Genome Scale Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Adipose Tissue Using DNA Array

Objective: Large scale analysis of gene expression in adipose tissue provides a basis for the identification of novel candidate genes involved in the pathophysiology of obesity. Our goal was to explore gene expression in human adipose tissue at a partial genome scale using DNA array. Research Methods and Procedures: Labeled cDNA, derived from human adipose tissue poly(A⁺) RNA, was hybridized to a DNA array containing over 18,000 human expressed sequence‐tagged (EST) clones. The results were analyzed by database searches. Results: Homology searches of the 300 EST clones with highest hybridization signals revealed that 145 contained DNA sequences identical to known genes and 79 could be linked to UniGene clusters. Of the 145 identified genes, 136 were nonredundant and subsequently characterized with respect to function and chromosomal localization by searching MEDLINE, UniGene, GeneMap, OMIM, SWISS‐PROT, the Genome Database, and the Location Data Base. The identified genes were grouped according to their putative functions; cell/organism defense (9.6%), cell division (5.1%), cell signaling/communication (19.8%), cell structure/motility (12.5%), gene/protein expression (16.9%), metabolism (16.2%), and unclassified (19.8%). Less than 50% of these genes have previously been reported to be expressed in adipose tissue. The chromosomal localization of 268 genes strongly expressed in adipose tissue showed that their relative abundance was significantly increased on chromosomes 11, 19, and 22 compared to the expected distribution of the same number of random genes. Discussion: Our study resulted in the identification of numerous genes previously not reported to be expressed in adipose tissue. These results suggest that DNA array is a powerful tool in the search for novel regulatory pathways within adipose tissue on a scale that is not possible using conventional methods.     

Sample Collection Protocol Effects on Quantification of Gene Expression in Potato Leaf Tissue

New platforms allow quantification of gene expression from large, replicated experiments but current sampling protocols for plant tissue using immediate flash freezing in liquid nitrogen are a barrier to these high-throughput studies. In this study, we compared four sampling methods for RNA extraction for gene expression analysis: (1) the standard sampling method of flash freezing whole leaves in liquid nitrogen immediately upon removal from the plant; (2) incubation of excised leaf disks for 2 min at field temperature followed by flash freezing; (3) incubation of excised leaf disks for 1 h on ice followed by flash freezing; and (4) incubation of excised leaf disks for 1 h at field temperature followed by flash freezing. Gene expression analysis was done for 23 genes using nCounter, and normalization of the data was done using the geometric mean of five housekeeping genes. Quality of RNA was highest for protocol A and lowest for protocol D. Despite some differences in RNA quality, gene expression was not significantly different among protocols A, B, and C for any of the 23 genes. Expression of some genes was significantly different between protocol D and the other protocols. This study demonstrates that when sampling leaf disks for gene expression analysis, the time between tissue removal from the plant and flash freezing in liquid nitrogen can be extended. This increase in time allowable during sampling provides greater flexibility in sampling large replicated field experiments for statistical analysis of gene expression data.     

Tissue Compartment Analysis for Biomarker Discovery by Gene Expression Profiling

Background

Although high throughput technologies for gene profiling are reliable tools, sample/tissue heterogeneity limits their outcomes when applied to identify molecular markers. Indeed, inter-sample differences in cell composition contribute to scatter the data, preventing detection of small but relevant changes in gene expression level. To date, attempts to circumvent this difficulty were based on isolation of the different cell structures constituting biological samples. As an alternate approach, we developed a tissue compartment analysis (TCA) method to assess the cell composition of tissue samples, and applied it to standardize data and to identify biomarkers.

Methodology/Principal Findings

TCA is based on the comparison of mRNA expression levels of specific markers of the different constitutive structures in pure isolated structures, on the one hand, and in the whole sample on the other. TCA method was here developed with human kidney samples, as an example of highly heterogeneous organ. It was validated by comparison of the data with those obtained by histo-morphometry. TCA demonstrated the extreme variety of composition of kidney samples, with abundance of specific structures varying from 5 to 95% of the whole sample. TCA permitted to accurately standardize gene expression level amongst >100 kidney biopsies, and to identify otherwise imperceptible molecular disease markers.

Conclusions/Significance

Because TCA does not require specific preparation of sample, it can be applied to all existing tissue or cDNA libraries or to published data sets, inasmuch specific operational compartments markers are available. In human, where the small size of tissue samples collected in clinical practice accounts for high structural diversity, TCA is well suited for the identification of molecular markers of diseases, and the follow up of identified markers in single patients for diagnosis/prognosis and evaluation of therapy efficiency. In laboratory animals, TCA will interestingly be applied to central nervous system where tissue heterogeneity is a limiting factor.     

Microarray Based Gene Expression Analysis of Murine Brown and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue: Significance with Human

BackgroundTwo types of adipose tissues, white (WAT) and brown (BAT) are found in mammals. Increasingly novel strategies are being proposed for the treatment of obesity and its associated complications by altering amount and/or activity of BAT using mouse models.ConclusionOur study provides evidence for inter species (mouse vs human) differences in differential gene expression between sWAT and BAT. Critical understanding of this data may help in development of novel ways to engineer one form of adipose tissue to another using murine model with focus on human.     

人分化相关基因Ndr2的克隆与组织表达谱研究

人Ndr1基因参与细胞终末分化 ,并且对肿瘤细胞增殖和肿瘤转移具有抑制作用 .从人 2 2周孕龄胎肝cDNA文库中获得与人Ndr1基因同源的一段表达性序列标签 ,继而从成人脑cDNA文库分离出其全长cDNA(2 12 1bp) ,并将该基因命名为Ndr2 .其染色体定位为 14q11 1- 11 2 ,开放阅读框编码 371个氨基酸 ,且与NDR1蛋白一样 ,含有一个典型的α β水解酶折叠类结构域 (α βhydrolasefold) .Northern杂交和点杂交分析显示 ,该基因与Ndr1一样 ,在脑中高表达 ,在胚胎组织的表达较低 ,在 8种人肿瘤细胞中的表达极低 .然而 ,Ndr2基因的组织表达谱与Ndr1又有鲜明的差异 :其在成人骨骼肌和脑等神经组织中表达最高 ,在唾液腺、肝、肾、心肌和气管中的表达次之 .结果提示 ,NDR2具有与NDR1相似或相关的重要功能 .     

鸡akirin同源基因的克隆与组织表达分析

Akirin是最近被发现的,在果蝇和小鼠的免疫炎症反应和调控肌肉 发生再生中起着重要作用的新基因．本实验采用电子克隆技术成功克隆获 得了海兰褐鸡Akirin基因的全长编码序列.利用生物信息学方法对Akirin 基因进行序列分析和预测,并利用半定量RT-PCR技术对雏鸡和成鸡的 Akirin基因进行组织表达谱分析．结果表明,鸡Akirin同源基因可读框长 576 bp,进化保守高,编码蛋白的氨基酸序列存在PFAM、RGS、TOP1Bc、 UTG、HMG和low complexity sequence几种结构域,和蛋白激酶C磷酸化位 点、酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点和 N端豆蔻酰化位点3个功能位点,同时在鸡 Akirin的3′ 非翻译区预测到1个microRNA靶位点．Akirin在鸡的心、脾、 脑等多种组织中广泛表达,推测鸡Akirin基因是一个可能具有多种功能作 用的新基因．本研究将为深入研究鸡Akirin基因功能作用奠定基础．     

结肠癌组织RASSF1A基因转录表达和启动子区甲基化研究

目的:研究Ras相关区域家族1A基因(ras association domain family 1A,RASSF1A)启动子区甲基化对结肠癌组织中该基因转录和表达的影响.方法:应用甲基化特异性PCR(Methylation-special PCR,MSP)、RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测30例结肠癌组织和癌旁组织中的RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化状态、mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果:①RASSF1A基因启动子区在结肠癌纽织和正常组织中的甲基化频率分别为57%(17/30)和20%(6/30),甲基化频率在两组具有统计学差异(p＜0.01),,结肠癌组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化频率显著高于癌旁正常组织(x2=8.531,p＜0.01);②结肠癌组织中RASSF1A基因mRNA和蛋白袁达均显著低于癌旁组织(癌组织和癌旁正常组织中mRNA相对表达量分别为0.2836±0.0493和0.5092±0.0433,P＜0.001;以上组织中蛋白相对表达量分别为0.3124±0.0472和0.5320±0.0440,P＜0.01);③在结肠癌组织中,甲基化组RASSF1A基因mRNA和蛋白表达明显低于非甲基化组(甲基化组和非甲基化组mRNA相对表达量分别为0.0686±0.0174和0.5511±0.0486,P＜0.0001;以上组中蛋白相对表达量分别为0.1219±0.0326和0.5614±0.0380,P＜0.0001).结论:结肠癌组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化明显增高,与该基因蛋白表达减少显著相关,这可能是导致结肠癌中RASSF1A抑癌基因失活的主要因为.     

糜酶基因在转染的乳鼠心脏组织细胞中的表达

糜酶基因在转染的乳鼠心脏组织细胞中的表达何泉陈兰英（中国医学科学院、中国协和医科大学,心血管病研究所、阜外心血管病医院,北京１０００３７）ＴｈｅＨｕｍａｎＨｅａｒｔＣｈｙｍａｓｅＧｅｎｅＥｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｉｎＣｕｌｔｕｒｅｄＮｅｏｎａｔａｌＲａｔＨ...     

北川山羊PPARD基因克隆及组织表达分析

本试验从北川山羊的乳腺组织得到PPARD基因序列,并对其特有的生物学特点进行分析,同时将其在不同组织中所表达的情况进行阐述。利用RT-PCR的技术克隆获得北川山羊PPARD基因的序列,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测PPARD基因在北川山羊不同组织和泌乳期的表达丰度。结果表明,所得的北川山羊PPARD基因序列的CDs区有1 326 bp(登录号:XM018039044),由441个氨基酸编码,是不稳定的亲水性蛋白,不存在信号肽序列和跨膜结构。PPARD基因在北川山羊的表达水平最高的是脂肪组织,极显著高于其他组织(p<0.01),在乳腺组织和胃中也有较高的表达。其在泌乳早期的表达水平极显著高于空怀期和干奶期,这为进一步研究PPARD基因在北川山羊乳腺脂代谢过程所起的作用提供了理论基础。     

布氏鲳鲹VEGFA基因克隆与组织表达分析

血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA)主要生理功能是增加小静脉血管与微血管的通透性,是血管生成过程最重要的正向调控因子。本研究采用RACE技术克隆布氏鲳鲹VEGFA基因和实时荧光定量PCR方法对该基因进行组织分布表达分析。结果显示,该VEGFA基因cDNA序列全长1 470 bp,5’UTR、3’UTR长度分别为617 bp和208 bp,ORF为645 bp,共编码214个氨基酸,其中包括一个信号肽和两个N-糖基化位点。理论分子量为25.23 kD,等电点为8.91。同源性分析结果表明,布氏鲳鲹VEGFA基因与同属鲈形目鱼类高体鰤的同源性最高(96.1%)。荧光定量PCR分析显示,VEGFA在布氏鲳鲹组织中均有表达,其中肝脏表达水平最高,其次是心脏,在小脑、胃、肠表达较低,在肾脏组织中的表达量最低,说明布氏鲳鲹VEGFA基因在生理代谢以及血管生成过程中可能发挥重要调节作用。本研究结果为深入研究布氏鲳鲹VEGFA基因的生理代谢调控功能提供理论依据。     

Cloning,Expression and Characterization of a Lipase Encoding Gene from Human Oral Metagenome

The human oral metagenomic DNA cloned into plasmid pUC19 was used to construct a DNA library in Escherichia coli. Functional screening of 40,000 metagenomic clones led to identification of a clone LIP2 that exhibited halo on tributyrin agar plate. Sequence analysis of LIP2 insert DNA revealed a 939 bp ORF (omlip1) which showed homology to lipase 1 of Acinetobacter junii SH205. The omlip1 ORF was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using pET expression system. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity and the biochemical properties were studied. The purified OMLip1 hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl esters and triacylglycerol esters of medium and long chain fatty acids, indicating the enzyme is a true lipase. The purified protein exhibited a pH and temperature optima of 7 and 37 °C respectively. The lipase was found to be stable at pH range of 6–7 and at temperatures lower than 40 °C. Importantly, the enzyme activity was unaltered, by the presence or absence of many divalent cations. The metal ion insensitivity of OMLip1offers its potential use in industrial processes.     

An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tissue Thrombin Expression in the Human Atria

Objective

Thrombin, the final coagulation product of the coagulation cascade, has been demonstrated to have many physiological effects, including pro-fibrotic actions via protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1. Recent investigations have demonstrated that activation of the cardiac local coagulation system was associated with atrial fibrillation. However, the distribution of thrombin in the heart, especially difference between the atria and the ventricle, remains to be clarified. We herein investigated the expression of thrombin and other related proteins, as well as tissue fibrosis, in the human left atria and left ventricle.

Methods

We examined the expression of thrombin and other related molecules in the autopsied hearts of patients with and without atrial fibrillation. An immunohistochemical analysis was performed in the left atria and the left ventricle.

Results

The thrombin was immunohistologically detected in both the left atria and the left ventricles. Other than in the myocardium, the expression of thrombin was observed in the endocardium and the subendocardium of the left atrium. Thrombin was more highly expressed in the left atrium compared to the left ventricle, which was concomitant with more tissue fibrosis and inflammation, as detected by CD68 expression, in the left atrium. We also confirmed the expression of prothrombin in the left atrium. The expression of PAR-1 was observed in the endocardium, subendocardium and myocardium in the left atrium. In patients with atrial fibrillation, strong thrombin expression was observed in the left atrium.

Conclusions

The strong expression levels of thrombin, prothrombin and PAR-1 were demonstrated in the atrial tissues of human autopsied hearts.