嗜铬颗粒蛋白A基因的反义转基因小鼠模型的建立及该基因启动子的组织特异性

构建小鼠嗜铬颗粒蛋白A（Chromogranin,A,CGA)基因的反义DNA载体pGAS1C－lacZ。用电穿孔的方法将该载体转化大鼠肾上腺髓质细胞瘤细胞系PC－12,X－Gal染色后证明位于CGA基因启动子下游的报告基因lacX已经表达。用限制性内切酶除去载体的质粒骨架后,显微注射入供体昆明小鼠的受精卵中,随后将注射过DNA的受精卵移植入假母的输卵管中,完成正常的胚胎发育。用PCR的方法筛选假母产下的小鼠,得到CGA基因反义RNA基因首建鼠14只。将首建鼠分别与正常昆明鼠交配,产生后代。取首建鼠的肾上腺进行X－Gal染色,组织用于石蜡切片,根据各鼠肾上腺切片的蓝色深浅判定转入基因量的高低,筛选到两只表达量高的首建鼠,留下它们的后代。取转基因鼠的各种组织用于X－Gal染色,发现报告基因在肾上腺、胰腺的胰岛中有表达,而在肌肉、脂肪组织中无表达,说明CGA基因的启动子具有神经内分泌组织特异性。     

大鼠胰腺嗜铬颗粒素A分布的免疫组织化学研究

本研究用ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学方法,在Ｂｏｕｉｎ液固定的常规石蜡切片上,观察了啥铬颗粒素Ａ在大鼠胰腺内分泌细胞内的定位和分布,并用相邻切片双标记法,观察了它与胰高血糖素、胰岛素、生长抑素的共存关系。结果发现,大鼠胰腺嗜铬颗粒素Ａ样免疫反应细胞主要分布于胰岛的周边部,胰腺外分泌部的导管和腺泡等处均未见ＣｇＡ祥物质存在。用相邻薄切片免疫显色技术证明,大鼠胰腺中ＣｇＡ样物质与胰高血糖素共存。结果提示,ＣｇＡ可能是胰腺内分泌细胞的一个新的标志物,在胰腺功能调节上发挥着重要作用。     

谷氨酸对嗜铬细胞瘤细胞热休克蛋白70 mRNA的诱导分析

热休克反应普遍存在于从细菌到人的整个生物界。除热外,多种应激原都可引起热休克蛋白的诱导。至于神经递质是否能够诱导热休克蛋白的表达,目前并不清楚。本文以诱导型热休克蛋白（ｈｓｐ）７０的ｃＤＮＡ为探针,运用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ的方法,在嗜铬细胞瘤细胞（ＰＣ１２）上,分析了谷氨酸和乙酰胆碱对ｈｓｐ７０ ｍＲＮＡ的诱导作用。在此基础上又初步分析了起作用的递质受体。结果表明：在一定的浓度（５０￣５００     

抑制蛋白磷酸酶对嗜铬细胞瘤细胞一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

蛋白磷酸酶降低参与阿尔茨海默病（AD）神经元退化,本旨在探讨一氧化氮（NO）在tau蛋白过度磷酸化引起AD脑神经元退化中的可能作用。采用β-还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸-黄递酶（β-NADPH-d)组织化学技术研究不同剂量蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂岗田酸（OA）对嗜铬细胞瘤细胞株（PC12）一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）活性的影响。结果显示1nmol/LOA与PC12共培养48小时,NOS活性轻度增强;当增加OA浓度至10nmol/L时,培养24和48小时均可见NOS活性明显增强,结果表明根据1nmol/LOA抑制蛋白磷酸酶（PP）-2A,而10nmol/LOA除完全抑制PP-2A外,还部分抑制PP-1,提示PP-2A和PP-1的抑制均可增强NOS活性使NO产生增加,关于蛋白磷酸酶活性降低和NO产生增多与AD的关系和作用有待继续研究。     

激光共聚焦显微镜研究大白鼠肝癌FSK7902细胞系的实体瘤中角蛋白和嗜铬颗粒素A的关系

应用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法和免疫荧光组织化学方法结合激光共聚焦显微镜观察了嗜铬颗粒素Ａ和角蛋白在大白鼠肝癌ＦＳＫ７９０２细胞系形成的实体瘤癌细胞中的表达,结果表明在ＦＳＫ７９０２实体瘤内,大多数癌细胞呈角蛋白和ＣｇＡ免疫反应阳性,反应产物位于核周胞质或核旁的某些区域。     

碱性抗菌蛋白的研究进展

抗菌蛋白和抗菌肽在非特划性免疫中起到越来越重要的作用,是解决多药性抗药菌和细菌毒素引起的难治性感染症的有希望的方法,本文就hCAP18抗菌蛋白的结构、功能、作用机制及应用作一综述。     

质子泵抑制剂对冠心病患者嗜铬粒蛋白A 影响的临床意义

目的:本研究旨在探讨质子泵抑制剂(PPI)对心内科拟诊断为冠心病患者的嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)水平影响的临床意义。方法:113名拟诊冠心病的住院患者,分为PPI组(药物治疗中加入PPI,共62例)和非PPI组(药物治疗中无PPI,共51例),收集其外周血清,用ELISA法检测样本血清中CgA水平,同时应用化学发光法检测样本血清中NT-proBNP水平。比较PPI组和非PPI组CgA、NT-proBNP水平的差异。结果:因为CgA、NT-proBNP均为非正态分布资料,两者均通过对数转换为正态分布资料;PPI组的LN CgA的均数显著高于非PPI组(4.62±0.97和3.91±0.89,P=0.000)。而两组LN NT-proBNP的均数无显著差异(5.41±1.46和5.59±2.00,P=0.580)。结论:在心功能等临床特征具有可比性的情况下,是否使用PPI对CgA水平的影响很大;而对BNP无明显影响。评价CgA在心功能分级或冠心病预后等方面的应用,不能忽略PPI联用对CgA数值的影响。     

质子泵抑制剂对冠心病患者嗜铬粒蛋白A影响的临床意义

目的：本研究旨在探讨质子泵抑制剂（vii）对心内科拟诊断为冠心病患者的嗜铬粒蛋白A（CgA）水平影响的临床意义。方法：113名拟诊冠心病的住院患者,分为PPI组（药物治疗中加入PPI,共62例）和非PPI组（药物治疗中无PPI,共51例）,收集其外周血清,用ELISA法检测样本血清中CgA水平,同时应用化学发光法检测样本血清中NT—proBNP水平。比较PPI组和非PPI组CgA、NT．proBNP水平的差异。结果：因为CgA、NT．proBNP均为非正态分布资料,两者均通过对数转换为正态分布资料;PPI组的LNCgA的均数显著高于非PPI组（4．62±0．97和3．91±0．89,P=0．000）。而两组LNNT-proBNP的均数无显著差异（5．41±1．46和5．59±2．00,P=0．580）。结论：在心功能等临床特征具有可比性的情况下,是否使用PPI对CgA水平的影响很大;而对BNP无明显影响。评价CgA在心功能分级或冠心病预后等方面的应用,不能忽略PPI联用对CgA数值的影响。     

移动抑制因子和嗜铬粒蛋白A在脊髓损伤中的表达变化

为研究移动抑制因子和嗜铬粒蛋白A (chromogranin A, CgA)在脊髓损伤过程中的表达变化及其参与急性脊髓损伤修复的作用机制,建立了完全脊髓横断实验模型.采用双向凝胶电泳和基质辅助激光解吸电离串联质谱对脊髓损伤的动物组织样品进行分析,鉴定出20种差异表达蛋白质,其中有巨噬细胞游动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF)和CgA等.通过RT-PCR和Western 印迹分析,移动抑制因子和CgA在损伤的脊髓组织中表达量发生变化,提示这两种蛋白可能均参与了脊髓损伤过程,但在脊髓损伤中的具体作用机制还有待于进一步的研究.     

胶原研究进展

胶原是哺乳动物体内含量最多的蛋白质,占体内总蛋白质含量的25%~35%。作为动物体内重要的结构蛋白,胶原不仅是细胞外基质的主要构成成分,还在细胞增殖和分化、组织发育方面发挥了重要作用。胶原纤维分布广泛,主要分布于动物的骨骼、皮肤、角膜、肌腱、软骨、韧带、内脏等组织和器官中。骨骼肌胶原纤维的含量约占总重的1%~2%。骨骼肌胶原含量及交联方式是肉产品嫩度的重要决定因素。通过对胶原结构、功能、合成调控及测定方法进行综述,旨在为提高肉类产品品质提供参考。     

Chromogranin A and the Tumor Microenvironment

Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein belonging to a family of regulated secretory proteins stored in the dense core granules of the adrenal medulla and of many other neuroendocrine cells and neurons. This protein is frequently used as a diagnostic and prognostic serum marker for a range of neuroendocrine tumors. Circulating CgA is also increased in patients with other diseases, including subpopulations of patients with non-neuroendocrine tumors, with important prognostic implications. A growing body of evidence suggests that CgA is more than a diagnostic/prognostic marker for cancer patients. Indeed, results of in vitro experiments and in vivo studies in animal models suggest that this protein and its fragments can affect several elements of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In this article, recent findings implicating CgA as a modulator of the tumor microenvironment and suggesting that abnormal secretion of CgA could play important roles in tumor progression and response to therapy in cancer patients are reviewed and discussed.     

Limitations of Chromogranin A in clinical practice

Context: Usefulness of circulating Chromogranin A (CgA) for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors (NEN) is controversial. The aim of the present study was to assess the actual role of this marker as diagnostic tool. Methods: Serum blood samples were obtained from 42 subjects affected with NEN, 120 subjects affected with non-endocrine neoplasias (non-NEN) and 100 non-neoplastic subjects affected with benign nodular goitre (NNG). Determination of CgA was performed by means of immunoradiometric assay. Results: The CgA levels among NEN-patients were not significantly different from NNG and non-NEN subjects. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis failed to identify a feasible cut-off value for the differential diagnosis between NEN and the other conditions. Conclusion: Serum CgA is not helpful for the first-line diagnosis of NEN.     

Limitations of Chromogranin A in clinical practice

Context: Usefulness of circulating Chromogranin A (CgA) for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors (NEN) is controversial. The aim of the present study was to assess the actual role of this marker as diagnostic tool. Methods: Serum blood samples were obtained from 42 subjects affected with NEN, 120 subjects affected with non-endocrine neoplasias (non-NEN) and 100 non-neoplastic subjects affected with benign nodular goitre (NNG). Determination of CgA was performed by means of immunoradiometric assay. Results: The CgA levels among NEN-patients were not significantly different from NNG and non-NEN subjects. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis failed to identify a feasible cut-off value for the differential diagnosis between NEN and the other conditions. Conclusion: Serum CgA is not helpful for the first-line diagnosis of NEN.     

dUTP焦磷酸酶研究进展

dUTPase通过催化水解dUTP,降低尿嘧啶在DNA中的错误掺入,调节dUTP／dTTP的正常比例,保证了DNA复制的正确性和顺利进行。绝大多数dUTPase结构相似,活性中心由不同的亚基共同参与。dUTPase的活性已确定存在于真核及原核的多种组织中,其在细胞内的表达依赖细胞周期或细胞发育的调控。许多病毒也编码dUTPase,且与病毒的感染力有关。研究显示该酶的表达对由胸苷酸合成酶（TS）抑制剂产生的细胞毒性具有关键的拮抗作用,为dUTPase拮抗剂在癌症化疗和逆转录病毒治疗中的开发应用奠定了理论基础。     

Regulatory Peptides from Chromogranin A and Secretogranin II

This commentary is focusing on novel aspects on the secreted CgA- and SgII-derived peptides, vasostatin-I (bovine and human CgA_1–76, VS-I), WE-14 (CgA_316–329), catestatin (bovine CgA_344–366, human CgA_352–372, Cts) and the SgII-derived secretoneurin (SgII_180–204) as significant regulators of inflammatory reactions.     

Chromogranin A Synthesis and Secretion in Chromaffin Cells

A sensitive and selective radioimmunoassay for chromogranin A (Chrg A) has been developed to quantitate content, release, and biosynthesis of this secretory protein in neuroendocrine tissues. An antiserum raised against Chrg A from bovine adrenal medulla was found to detect predominantly only the Mr 70-75 kilodalton Chrg A in its native form, allowing the use of this antiserum as a quantitatively specific probe for Chrg A in cell-free extracts of the adrenal medulla and chromaffin cells. Chrg A comprises about 10% of the total protein of the chromaffin cell. It is released in parallel with Met-enkephalin and catecholamines from the bovine chromaffin cell in primary culture in response to nicotine and nicotinic cholinergic agonists. From 14 to 22% of total Chrg A is released from the cell during a 15-min exposure to a maximally stimulatory dose of nicotine (10-100 microM). Chrg A release on nicotinic stimulation is blocked by D-600 and hexamethonium to the same extent as Met-enkephalin and catecholamine release. The parallel time course and percent release of Chrg A and Met-enkephalin indicate that these secretory polypeptides are contained in, and released from, functionally identical cellular compartments. Chrg A and Met-enkephalin pentapeptide sequences are present in the chromaffin cell at a ratio of about 2:1, although Chrg A is far more abundant on a mass basis. Chrg A and Met-enkephalin biosynthesis appear to be differentially regulated within the chromaffin cell, since chronic treatment of cells with nicotine and forskolin causes an elevation of Met-enkephalin pentapeptide without a concomitant elevation of intracellular levels of Chrg A.     

Chromogranin A correlates with norepinephrine release rate.

Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic protein co-released with catecholamines during exocytosis from sympathetic nerve terminals and chromaffin cells. Previous work has demonstrated that large scale perturbations in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) functioning result in corresponding changes in CgA levels in plasma. Little is known about the physiologic significance of CgA. We hypothesized that, since CgA and catecholamines are co-released from the same storage vesicles, and since CgA is not subject to reuptake or enzymatic metabolism, plasma CgA should reflect norepinephrine release from sympathetic terminals. We therefore measured venous CgA, norepinephrine levels, and norepinephrine release rate in 30 unmedicated subjects. Although the correlation of CgA with plasma norepinephrine was only modest (r = 0.37, p less than 0.05), its correlation with norepinephrine release rate was highly significant (r = 0.58, p less than 0.001). Thus, CgA may offer a novel perspective on peripheral sympathetic activity.     

肌腱蛋白R(Tenascin-R)研究进展

肌腱蛋白R(tenascin-R, TN-R)是一种重要的细胞外基质糖蛋白(extracellular matrix,ECM).分布于中枢神经系统, 主要在髓鞘形成早期的少突胶质细胞中表达,成熟的胶质细胞及某些神经元(如脊髓,视网膜, 小脑和海马的中间神经元)也有表达.TN-R具有复杂的结构,由三种不同的结构域组成,从氨基端到羧基端依次为:类似于表皮生长因子的重复片段, 类似于Ⅲ型纤连蛋白重复片段,类似(血)纤维蛋白原片段组成.TN-R具有多种复杂的功能, 对神经元具有排斥作用,促进或抑制神经元突起的生长, 诱导神经元形态的极性化, 并和髓鞘的形成有关,TN-R结构的复杂性和功能的多样性提示,TN-R有多个受体存在,已经发现的受体有F3/F11,MAG,XL1,Xprocan等.