Protective effect of melatonin on contractile activity and oxidative injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion of rat ileum

Free radicals derived from molecular oxygen have been reported to be responsible for changes in motility and mucosal damage observed in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Melatonin has been considered as an antioxidant that prevents injuries resulted from I/R in various tissues. The present study was designed to determine the effect of melatonin on the contractile responses of acetylcholine (Ach) and KCl, on malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and to assess histopathological changes in the smooth muscle of terminal ileum subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. The intestinal ischemia-reperfusion was induced by occlusion of superior mesenteric artery of rat for 30 min, followed by a period of reperfusion for 3 h. Melatonin at doses of 10 or 50 mg/kg was administered via the tail vein in 5 min prior to reperfusion. Following reperfusion, segments of terminal ileum were rapidly taken and transferred into isolated organ bath and responses to Ach and KCl were recorded. Samples of terminal ileum were also taken for measuring the MDA and GSH levels. EC50 values of these contracting substances were seriously reduced in the ischemia-reperfusion group compared to that of the sham-operated control group. The decreased contraction response to Ach and KCl was significantly ameliorated by a dosage of 50 mg/kg of melatonin, while not by a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Similar pattern of the effect was observed in the tissue levels of MDA and GSH as well as in histological improvement. Melatonin appeared to be restoring the amounts of tissue MDA and GSH back to about control levels. These results suggest that the high dose of melatonin not only physiologically but also biochemically and morphologically could be useful to normalize contractility injured by oxidative stress in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.     

Impact of ischemia and reperfusion times on myocardial infarct size in mice in vivo

The murine in vivo model of acute myocardial infarction is increasingly used to study signal transduction pathways. However, methodological details of this model are rarely published, and durations of ischemia and reperfusion (REP) time vary considerably among different laboratories. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that infarct size (IS) is dependent on both duration of ischemia and REP time. Pentobarbital-anesthetized male C57BL/6 mice were intubated, mechanically ventilated, and instrumented for continuous monitoring of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. After left fourth thoracotomy, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated. Mice were randomly assigned to receive 30, 45, or 60 mins of coronary artery occlusion (CAO) and 120, 180, or 240 mins of REP, respectively. IS was determined with triphenyltetrazolium chloride and area at risk (AAR) with Evans blue, respectively. Arterial blood gas analysis and hemodynamics were not different among groups. Prolongation of CAO from 30 to 60 mins significantly (*P<0.05) increased IS from 18% +/- 5% to 69% +/- 3%*, from 20% +/- 2% to 69% +/- 6%* and from 42% +/- 10% to 75% +/- 2%* after 120, 180, and 240 mins REP, respectively. Moreover, IS was increased from 18% +/- 5% to 42% +/- 10%* (30 mins CAO) and from 40% +/- 3% to 72% +/- 6%* (45 mins CAO) when REP time was prolonged from 120 to 240 mins. IS was not increased when REP was prolonged from 120 to 240 mins at 60 mins CAO (69% +/- 3% vs. 75% +/- 2%). In the present study, we describe important methodological aspects of the murine in vivo model of acute myocardial infarction and provide evidence that, in this model, IS depends both on duration of ischemia and on REP time.     

Oleuropein prevents oxidative myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion

The potential protective effects of oleuropein, a dietary antioxidant of olive oil, has been investigated in the isolated rat heart. The organs were subjected to 30 minutes of no-flow global ischemia and then reperfused. At different time intervals, the coronary effluent was collected and assayed for creatine kinase activity as well as for reduced and oxidized glutathione. In addition, the extent of lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration in cardiac muscle. Pretreatment with 20 microg/g oleuropein before ischemia resulted in a significant decrease in creatine kinase and reduced glutathione release in the perfusate. The protective effect of oleuropein against the post-ischemic oxidative burst was investigated by measuring the release, in the coronary effluent, of oxidized glutathione, a sensitive marker of heart's exposure to oxidative stress. Reflow in ischemic hearts was accompanied by a prompt release of oxidized glutathione; in ischemic hearts pretreated with oleuropein, this release was significantly reduced. Membrane lipid peroxidation was also prevented by oleuropein. The reported data provide the first experimental evidence of a direct cardioprotective effect of oleuropein in the acute events that follow coronary occlusion, likely because of its antioxidant properties. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that the nutritional benefit of olive oil in the prevention of coronary heart disease can be also related to the high content of oleuropein and its derivatives. Moreover, our data, together with the well documented antithrombotic and antiatherogenic activity of olive oil polyphenols, indicate these antioxidants as possible therapeutic tools for the pharmacological treatment of coronary heart disease as well as in the case of cardiac surgery, including transplantation.     

Tempol reduces infarct size in rodent models of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart. This study investigates the effects of tempol, a membrane-permeable radical scavenger on (i) the infarct size caused by regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion of the heart in vivo (rat, rabbit) and in vitro (rat), and (ii) the cell injury caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in rat cardiac myoblasts (H9c2 cells). In the anesthetized rat, tempol reduced the infarct size caused by regional myocardial ischemia (25 min) and reperfusion (2 h) from 60 +/- 3% (control, n = 8) to 24 +/- 5% (n = 6, p < .05). In the anesthetized rabbit, tempol also attenuated the infarct size caused by myocardial ischemia (45 min) and reperfusion (2 h) from 59 +/- 3% (control, n = 6) to 39 +/- 5% (n = 5, p < .05). Regional ischemia (35 min) and reperfusion (2 h) of the isolated, buffer-perfused heart of the rat resulted in an infarct size of 54 +/- 4% (control n = 7). Reperfusion of hearts with buffer containing tempol (n = 6) caused a 37% reduction in infarct size (n = 6, p < .05). Pretreatment of rat cardiac myoblasts with tempol attenuated the impairment in mitochondrial respiration caused by H2O2 (1 mM for 4 h). Thus, the membrane-permeable radical scavenger tempol reduces myocardial infarct size in rodents.     

11,12.环氧二十碳三烯酸预处理与后处理对缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌的保护作用

采用Langendorff离体灌流装置,通过停灌40 min/复灌30 min复制大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,IR)损伤模型,观察11,12-环氧二十碳三烯酸(11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid,11,12-EET)预处理和后处理对心肌线粒体功能以及心功能的影响,探讨11,12-EET顸处理和后处理对IR大鼠心肌的作用及其机制.将30只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组、IR组、EET预处理组(Pre-EET)、EET后处理组(Post-EET),每组6只.除对照组外,其它各组全心缺血40 min,再灌注30 min.监测左心室内压差(ALVP)和左心室内压升降的最大变化率(±dp/dtmax)等心功能指标,测定灌流液中乳酸脱氢酶(1actate dehydrogenase,LDH)的活性.灌流结束后,测定心肌线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)、Ca"ATPase、Na - K -ATPase活性以及心肌超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量.结果显示:(1)与IR组相比,Pre-EET组及Post.EET组Na -K -ATPase和SDH活性均增强,Ca2 -ATPase活性均减弱,有显著性差异(P<0.05);而Pre-EET与Post-EET组间没有显著性差异.(2)与IR组相比,Pre-EET组及Post-EET组心功能明显改善,LDH漏出显著减少,心肌SOD活性明显增强,MDA含量明显降低,有显著性差异(P<0.05);而Pre-EET与Post-EET组间没有显著性差异.结果表明,11,12-EET预处理及后处理均可通过上调心肌线粒体Na -K -ATPase、SDH活性以及下调Ca2 -ATPase活性改善线粒体功能和心肌能量代谢,拮抗心肌IR损伤;11,12-EET预处理及后处理还可通过提高心肌SOD活性、降低MDA含量改善IR心肌的氧化应激.     

Protective effects of doxycycline in ischemia/reperfusion injury on kidney

Renal ischemia and reperfusion injury is the major cause of acute renal failure and may also be involved in the development and progression of some forms of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether doxycycline, a member of the tetracycline family of antibiotics, protects kidney tissue or not. 36 Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) were used. The animals were divided into three groups: control, ischemia/reperfusion and ischemia/reperfusion+doxycycline group. Rats were subjected to renal ischemia by clamping the left pedicle for 1 h, and then reperfused for 1 h. The ischemia/reperfusion+doxycycline group were pretreated intraperitoneally with doxycycline suspension (10 mg/kg) 2 h before the induction of ischemia. Our results indicate that malondialdehyde, matrix-metalloproteinase-2, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly higher in the ischemia/reperfusion group than those in the control group. Doxycycline administration significantly decreased these parameters. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 levels also increased after ischemia/reperfusion and decreased with doxycycline pretreatment, but these changes were not significantly different. Glutathione levels significantly decreased after ischemia/reperfusion injury when compared with the control group and doxycycline pretreatment significantly increased glutathione levels when compared with the ischemia/reperfusion group. Apoptotic cells and p53 positive cells were significantly decreased in doxycycline treated group. These results suggest that doxycycline reduces renal oxidative injury and facilitates repair. Doxycycline may play a role in a renoprotective therapeutic regimen.     

局部热应激预处理对肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的防护作用的机制

目的:探讨热应激预处理诱导产生的热休克蛋白70对肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用的机制.方法:应用pringle,s法制备肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤模型及热应激预处理模型.将实验大鼠随机分为热应激预处理(HP I/R)组与非预处理(I/R)组,对比观察两组动物肝脏缺血/再灌注后0、4、8、12、24 h时肝脏HSP70的表达、SOD活力和MDA的产生量及大鼠血清门冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST),丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)的活性与肝脏病理组织学改变.结果:热应激预处理组各时间点肝脏HSP70的表达及SOD的活力均比非预处理组同一时间点高,而血清AST、ALT酶活性及MDA的产生量较非预处理组低,病理损伤也比非预处理组减轻.结论:热应激预处理诱导产生的热休克蛋白70可能通过促进SOD的产生,从而降低氧自由基对肝脏的损害,起到保护肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的作用.     

木犀草素预处理对缺血/再灌注大鼠肝脏的保护作用

本研究用Sprague-Dawley大鼠建立肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤模型,探讨木犀草素预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制,并观察血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)活性变化对肝缺血/再灌注损伤的影响.将火鼠随机分为正常组、模犁组、木犀草素组、木犀草素+锌原卟啉(HO-1抑制剂)组及...     

Protective effects of leptin on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat bladder

The aim of the study was to evaluate protective effects of exogenous leptin on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injuries to the urinary bladder tissue and to investigate the effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and apoptotic cells during I/R injury. Bladder I/R injury was induced by abdominal aorta occlusion by ischemia for 45 min, followed by 60 min of reperfusion in rats. The rats were divided into three groups: control (n = 8 + 8), I/R (n = 8 + 8) and I/R+leptin group (n = 8 + 8). The rats in the I/R+leptin group were treated intraperitoneally with leptin (10 microg/kg) 60 min prior to ischemia induction. At the end of the reperfusion period, urinary bladders of the first eight rats from each group were removed for TUNEL staining processing while the others were removed for biochemical analyses for MDA and TNF-alpha levels. In the I/R group, the ratios of TUNEL-positive nuclei were higher than the control and the I/R+leptin groups. The MDA and TNF-alpha levels of the bladder tissue in the I/R group were higher than the control and leptin-treated groups. TUNEL-staining and biochemical studies revealed that leptin has a protective effect on urinary bladder I/R injury.     

白鲜皮水提物对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究白鲜皮水提物对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型组,阳性药组(地奥心血康)及白鲜皮低、中、高剂量组(白鲜皮水提物0.128、0.64、1.28 g/kg),每组6只。结扎冠状动脉左前降支制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,观察给药后大鼠心电图ST段的改变,测量心肌梗死面积,观察大鼠心肌组织病理形态,检测大鼠血清CK,SOD活性、MDA含量。结果白鲜皮中、高剂量组给药后能明显减少心肌梗死面积,明显降低缺血30 min和再灌注120 min时ST段的抬高,并能降低大鼠血清中MDA含量,升高SOD活性,减少因缺血导致的心肌组织病理损害。结论白鲜皮水提物对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与保护心肌细胞功能、提高心肌抗氧化能力、清除氧自由基有关。     

青藤碱抗大鼠肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤作用的机制探讨

目的:观察青藤碱时大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响,探讨其保护大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤作用的机制.方法:通过建立大鼠全肝缺血再灌注损伤模型,应用硝酸酶还原法测定肝脏缺血再灌注后60min血清NO水平变化;测定再灌注60 min后肝组织内MDA和SOD含量变化;再灌注60min取肝组织完成肝组织显微结构的观察.结果:肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后血清NO水平降低;青藤碱能提高再灌注后血清NO水平,且能改善肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的微循环,减轻肝细胞内超微结构的损害程度.结论:青藤碱对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,其主要作用机制是清除氧自由基和改善微循环.     

Zinc and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

As an important trace element, zinc is required for the normal cellular structure and function, and impairment of zinc homeostasis is associated with a variety of health problems including cardiovascular disease. Zinc homeostasis is regulated through zinc transporters, zinc binding molecules, and zinc sensors. Zinc also plays a critical role in cellular signaling. Studies have documented that zinc homeostasis is impaired by ischemia/reperfusion in the heart and zinc dyshomeostasis may play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Both exogenous and endogenously released zinc may play an important role in cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. The goal of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the roles of zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

褪黑素与缺血再灌注损伤

褪黑素(melatonin,MT)具有强效抗氧化作用,在肠、肝脏、心脏、脑等器官的缺血再灌注损伤实验中具有清除自由基、保护线粒体、抗细胞凋亡等保护性作用。本文综合褪黑素应用于缺血再灌注损伤的动物实验的近几年相关文献,总结并分析褪黑素在缺血再灌注损伤动物实验中的保护作用及其相关机制。     

Early anti-apoptosis treatment reduces myocardial infarct size after a prolonged reperfusion

OBJECTIVE : Significant myocardial apoptosis occurs in ischemia/reperfused hearts. However, the contribution of apoptosis to the development of myocardial injury remains controversial. The present study attempted to obtain evidence that inhibition of apoptosis at early reperfusion can reduce myocardial infarction after prolonged reperfusion. METHODS : Adult male rats were subjected to 30 min ischemia and 4 (apoptosis assay) or 24 h (myocardial infarction determination) of reperfusion and treated with vehicle, SB 239063, insulin or insulin plus wortmannin. RESULTS : Treatment with SB 239063 or insulin markedly decreased myocardial apoptosis (10.6 +/- 1.5% and 7.9 +/- 0.9% respectively, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle) and significantly reduced infarct size (43 +/- 3.6% and 35 +/- 2.9%, respectively, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle). Most interestingly, inhibition of insulin signaling with wortmannin to block insulin signaling not only blocked insulin's anti-apoptotic effect, but also abolished its infarct reduction property. CONCLUSION : These data indicate that apoptosis contributes to the development of myocardial infarction, and inhibition of apoptosis at early reperfusion reduces the myocardial infarction.     

Cardioprotective effects of resveratrol following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion

Resveratrol (RSV), a plant origin polyphenol, has shown beneficial cardiovascular effects. In this study, isolated hearts from male Wistar rats were studied using the Langendorff technique. Following 30 min stabilization, the hearts underwent 30 min global ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. The perfusion solution in the test group contained RSV (10 μM). Hemodynamics of the hearts, the markers of myocardial damage including creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and troponin I were studied during the study. Furthermore, the infarct size and the markers of oxidative stress including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were assayed in the homogenates of the hearts. The release of nitrite from the hearts and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias were also monitored throughout the experiment. Resveratrol caused a significant improvement in the restoration of the mechanical performance of the hearts following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MIR). Besides, the infarct size, CK-MB, LDH, and troponin I declined in the test group. Besides, the cardiac release of nitrite increased, and the redox status of the heart was improved as indicated by the levels of CAT, SOD, GPX, and MDA. Finally, the treatment caused significant decreases in the occurrences of single and salvo arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. The current study suggests strong cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic effects for RSV following MIR.

     

胰高血糖素样肽-2对小鼠小肠缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)对缺血/再灌注损伤小鼠小肠的保护效应.方法:采用肠缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型,将32只小鼠随机分为4组(n=8)假手术(Sham)组、I/R组、I/R GLP-2保护组和I/R 谷氨酰胺(GLN)阳性对照组.光镜观察小肠黏膜形态学改变.检测小肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度;小肠组织二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性;肠系膜淋巴结(MLN)细菌易位率.结果:与假手术组相比,I/R组部分小肠绒毛坏死脱落,绒毛高度下降,隐窝变浅(P＜0 01);小肠组织DAO活性降低(P＜0.01);MLN细菌易位率增加(P＜0.05).与I/R组比,GLP-2组肠绒毛损害明显减轻,DAO活性回升(P＜0.01),细菌易位率回降(P＜0.05).结论:GLP-2对缺血/再灌注损伤小鼠小肠的形态结构及肠屏障功能具有保护作用.     

SP600125对大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制

目的:探讨SP600125-c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)特异性抑制剂对大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:复制在体大鼠原位单肺缺血/再灌注模型,随机分3组(n=10):假手术对照组(Control组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)与缺血再灌注+SP600125干预组(SP600125组)。实验结束时取肺组织测湿/干重比(W/D)、肺泡损伤率(IAR);采用蛋白印迹法检测肺组织磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)、JNK蛋白的表达;免疫组化法检测肺组织Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表达;原位末端标记法检测肺组织细胞凋亡指数(AI);电镜观察肺组织超微结构的改变。结果:SP600125组肺组织p-JNK、Bax、caspase-3的蛋白表达显著低于I/R组(均P<0.01),Bcl-2的蛋白表达及Bcl-2/Bax的比值显著高于I/R组(均P<0.01),AI、W/D及IAR显著低于I/R组(均P<0.01),肺组织超微结构损伤不同程度减轻。结论:SP600125可能通过抑制JNK信号通路,上调Bcl-2/Bax的比值减少caspase-3依赖性的肺细胞凋亡,从而减轻肺缺血/再灌注损伤。     

Luteolin limits infarct size and improves cardiac function after myocardium ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats

Background

The present study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of Luteolin on myocardial infarct size, cardiac function and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Diabetic rats underwent 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Animals were pretreated with or without Luteolin before coronary artery ligation. The severity of myocardial I/R induced LDH release, arrhythmia, infarct size, cardiac function impairment, cardiomyocyte apoptosis were compared. Western blot analysis was performed to elucidate the target proteins of Luteolin. The inflammatory cytokine production were also examined in ischemic myocardium underwent I/R injury. Our results revealed that Luteolin administration significantly reduced LDH release, decreased the incidence of arrhythmia, attenuated myocardial infarct size, enhanced left ventricular ejection fraction and decreased myocardial apoptotic death compared with I/R group. Western blot analysis showed that Luteolin treatment up-regulated anti-apoptotic proteins FGFR2 and LIF expression, increased BAD phosphorylation while decreased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. Luteolin treatment also inhibited MPO expression and inflammatory cytokine production including IL-6, IL-1a and TNF-a. Moreover, co-administration of wortmannin and Luteolin abolished the beneficial effects of Luteolin.

Conclusions/Significance

This study indicates that Luteolin preserves cardiac function, reduces infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptotic rate after I/R injury in diabetic rats. Luteolin exerts its action by up-regulating of anti-apoptotic proteins FGFR2 and LIF expression, activating PI3K/Akt pathway while increasing BAD phosphorylation and decreasing ratio of Bax to Bcl-2.