植物中的磷脂酶D信号转导

文章介绍磷脂酶D（PLD）跨膜信号转导作用的研究进展。     

磷脂酶Dδ参与植物的低温驯化过程

对经低温驯化和未经低温驯化的磷脂酶Dδ（PLDδ）基因敲除突变体与野生型植株进行冻害胁迫处理后,比较2种基因型植株的抗冻性。结果发现,经低温驯化的PLDδ敲除突变体的抗冻性明显低于野生型,而未经低温驯化的PLD礅除突变体与野生型的抗冻性没有显著差异,表明PLDδ参与植物的低温驯化过程。对PLDδ的作用途径进行分析,发现PLDδ在低温驯化过程中不参与抗氧化酶活性的调节,对脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累起负调节作用,但是参与低温信号转导物质ABA诱导抗冻性的过程。     

植物磷脂酶D基因表达与衰老的关系

磷脂酶D (PLD)是一种重要的磷脂水解酶,在植物细胞中普遍存在。磷脂酶D能激活许多重要的细胞生理功能,包括调控细胞膜的重建、跨膜信号传导及细胞内调控、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和植物的衰老等。对磷脂酶D的基本特性、磷脂酶D基因特异性表达模式及其活性抑制与植物衰老的关系进行了综述,并探讨和展望了今后植物磷脂酶D基因的研究方向。     

磷脂酶D的研究进展

磷脂酶D专一性水解磷脂中的4位酯键,其分布广泛,功能多样,在细胞信号转导,脂质代谢,生物膜形成以及磷脂改性等方面发挥重要作用。文章概述了磷脂酶D的研究现状及最新进展,包括酶源分布、催化特征、底物特一性、酶活调节因子以及其工业应用前景等。     

磷脂酶D与病原微生物感染

磷脂酶D(phospholipase D,PLD)普遍存在于细菌,真菌以及哺乳动物中.在病原微生物中,PLD作为毒力决定因子在减数分裂、孢子形成等过程中起作用;在哺乳动物细胞中,PLD主要在胞膜转运、调节有丝分裂和细胞肌动蛋白骨架等一些信号转导中起作用.在病原菌感染宿主细胞的过程中,病原体和宿主细胞的PLD都被激活并发生级联反应,病原菌PLD可调节自身肌动蛋白丝的聚合和重排,并引起宿主细胞局部肌动蛋白丝的集聚,诱导宿主细胞对其吞噬.深入探讨PLD激活对感染发生的调控作用对透彻理解病原菌感染宿主细胞的分子机制具有重要意义.     

大孔树脂固定化磷脂酶D

磷脂酶D(PhospholipaseD,EC3.1.4.4,PLD)是催化磷酸酯键水解和碱基交换反应的一类酶的总称.利用PLD的转碱基作用是目前催化合成磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)的最佳途径.本实验以5种大孔树脂为载体固定化磷脂酶D(PLD)进行了研究.以酶回收率为主要指标,选择了最佳载体和优化了固定化条件.结果表明:非极性阳离子交换树脂H103是最佳固定化载体;其最优固定化条件:加酶液量1.2 mL,固定时间80 min,pH 6.0柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠的缓冲液浓度为10 mmol/L.最佳固定化条件下,固定化之后的PLD比游离PLD酶活提高了三倍.     

磷脂酶D的细胞信号转导作用

磷脂酶D(PLD)是一类重要的跨膜信号转导酶类.分别由一个基因家族的不同成员编码.植物PLD的总体域结构相似,只是不同类型之间在某些单元上有重要差异.它们各具独特的生物化学特性.不同的PLD在不同的胁迫类型启动的特定的细胞过程中执行独特的细胞信号转导功能.PLD与其它磷脂酶及Ca2 信使之间有交互作用,形成复杂的信号转导网络.这一网络在不同植物种类、器官、组织和细胞类型中表现出特异性.文章最后讨论了PLD研究中有待揭示的问题并展望了今后的发展方向.     

磷脂酶D和炎症的关系

磷脂酶Ｄ（ＰＬＤ）广泛存在于动物组织细胞中,并受各种胞外信号调节。其主要底物为磷脂酰胆碱（ＰＣ）。ＰＬＣ引起的ＰＣ水解是细胞内重要的信号转导途径。越来越多的证据表明ＰＬＤ和炎症有密切的关系。本文主要介绍ＰＬＤ在呼吸爆发、脱颗粒及花生四烯酸（ＡＡ）释放等方面的研究进展。     

花生磷脂酶D的pH值记忆效应

研究了花生磷脂酶D（PLD）的pH值记忆效应,结果表明,花生PLD在冻干过程中具有pH值记忆效应。冻干PLD分散于有机溶剂中对pH值记忆效应的保持与溶剂种类有关。在所研究的有机溶剂范围内,冻干PLD分散于氯仿、二氯甲烷、乙醚、甲苯和正己烷中仍然能保持这种pH值记忆效应。但在苯中PLD氨基pKa变化较大,增加了0．738,说明PLD在苯中保持pH值记忆效应的能力较差。     

蛋白激酶和D—鞘氨醇对人肝癌细胞磷脂酶D活力的调节

为了研究蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）和酪氨酸激酶（ＴＰＫ）对７７２１人肝癌细胞中磷脂酰胆碱（ＰＣ０专一性磷脂酶Ｄ（ＰＬＤ）的调节,测定了各种ＰＫＣ和ＴＰＫ抑制剂和ＰＫＣ抗体对该细胞中ＰＬＤ活力的影响。结果发现：４种ＰＫＣ抑制剂Ｃｈｅｌｅｒｙｔｈｒｉｎｅ,Ｈ－７,ＣａｌｐｈｏｓｔｉｎＣ和星形孢菌素（Ｓｔａｕｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅ）,以及２种ＴＰＫ抑制剂Ｔｙｒｐｈｏｓｔｉｎ４６和木质异黄酮（Ｇｅｎｉｓｔｅｉｎ）ｆ     

G Protein Activation Stimulates Phospholipase D Signaling in Plants

We provide direct evidence for phospholipase D (PLD) signaling in plants by showing that this enzyme is stimulated by the G protein activators mastoparan, ethanol, and cholera toxin. An in vivo assay for PLD activity in plant cells was developed based on the use of a "reporter alcohol" rather than water as a transphosphatidylation substrate. The product was a phosphatidyl alcohol, which, in contrast to the normal product phosphatidic acid, is a specific measure of PLD activity. When 32P-labeled cells were treated with 0.1% n-butanol, 32P-phosphatidyl butanol (32P-PtdBut) was formed in a time-dependent manner. In cells treated with any of the three G protein activators, the production of 32P-PtdBut was increased in a dose-dependent manner. The G protein involved was pertussis toxin insensitive. Ethanol could activate PLD but was itself consumed by PLD as transphosphatidylation substrate. In contrast, secondary alcohols (e.g., sec-butyl alcohol) activated PLD but did not function as substrate, whereas tertiary alcohols did neither. Although most of the experiments were performed with the green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos, the relevance for higher plants was demonstrated by showing that PLD in carnation petals could also be activated by mastoparan. The results indicate that PLD activation must be considered as a potential signal transduction mechanism in plants, just as in animals.     

Phospholipase D

Phospholipase D catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidate. The regulation of PLD activity is complex involving a number of small GTP binding proteins, but in particular Arf and Rho, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and protein kinase C. The cDNA for PLD1 has recently been cloned and shows homology to the yeast and plant genes but only within four domains. Domains I and IV each contain a putative catalytic triad. PLD activity has been detected in plasma membranes, Golgi membranes and in nuclear membranes; it is unclear if different isoenzymes are responsible for this variation, or if the PLDs are differently regulated. The product of PLD activity, PA, appears to be a messenger molecule regulating the actin cytoskeleton and maybe playing a role in the control of membrane traffic and secretion.     

Phospholipase D.

Phospholipase D catalyses the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid and a free headgroup. Phospholipase D activities have been detected in simple to complex organisms from viruses and bacteria to yeast, plants, and mammals. Although enzymes with broader selectivity are found in some of the lower organisms, the plant, yeast, and mammalian enzymes are selective for phosphatidylcholine. The two mammalian phospholipase D isoforms are regulated by protein kinases and GTP binding proteins of the ADP-ribosylation and Rho families. Mammalian and yeast phospholipases D are also potently stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. This review discusses the identification, characterization, structure, and regulation of phospholipase D. Genetic and pharmacological approaches implicate phospholipase D in a diverse range of cellular processes that include receptor signaling, control of intracellular membrane transport, and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Most ideas about phospholipase D function consider that the phosphatidic acid product is an intracellular lipid messenger. Candidate targets for phospholipase-D-generated phosphatidic acid include phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases and the raf protein kinase. Phosphatidic acid can also be converted to two other lipid mediators, diacylglycerol and lyso phosphatidic acid. Coordinated activation of these phospholipase-D-dependent pathways likely accounts for the pleitropic roles for these enzymes in many aspects of cell regulation.     

Phospholipase D in cellular senescence

Cellular senescence appears to be an important part of organismal aging. Cellular senescence is characterized by flattened enlarged morphology, inhibition of DNA replication in response to growth factors, inability to phosphorylate the pRb tumor suppressor protein, inability to produce c-fos or AP-1 and overexpression of a variety of genes, notably p21 (CIP-1/WAF-1) and p16^INK. It is now clear that certain early mitotic signals become defective with the onset of senescence. Among these is the PLD/PKC pathway. Evidence suggests that activation of PLD and PKC is critical for mitogenesis. Recent data suggest that the defect in PLD/PKC in cellular senescence is a result of elevated cellular ceramide levels which inhibit PLD activation. It appears that the elevated ceramide is a result of neutral sphingomyelinase activation. Ceramide acts to inhibit the activation of PLD by possibly three mechanisms, inhibiting activation by Rho, translocation to the membrane and gene expression. Addition of ceramide to young cells not only inhibits PLD but also recapitulates all the standard measures of cellular senescence as described above.