温度对兰州百合鳞片埋培繁殖的影响

为了筛选出兰州百合鳞片埋培繁殖的最适温度和鳞片层次,解决兰州百合种源不足、繁育周期长的问题,该文以兰州百合鳞片为材料,采用温度(20、25、30℃)和鳞片层次(外层、中层、内层)二因素完全随机区组设计,研究了二因素对兰州百合鳞片埋培繁殖效果的影响。通过对鳞片疑似发病率、分化率及小鳞茎分化数进行统计与分析,结果发现不同温度处理及各鳞片层次对鳞片疑似发病率、分化率及小鳞茎分化数的影响存在显著或极显著差异。结果表明:(1)温度越高,鳞片的疑似发病率越低,在埋培2周时,20℃处理下疑似发病率最高(38.67%),30℃处理下最低(10%);各层次鳞片的疑似发病率由高到低依次为外层中层内层。(2)在25、30℃处理下,小鳞茎分化率最高,埋培结束(6周)时分别为91.33%、90.89%;中层及内层鳞片小鳞茎分化率极显著高于外层鳞片。(3) 30℃处理下鳞片形成小鳞茎数最多,在埋培6周时达到每片2.00粒;同时中层及内层鳞片小鳞茎分化数显著高于外层鳞片。综上结果表明,兰州百合鳞片埋培繁殖以选用中层(3~4层)、内层(5~7层)鳞片在25~30℃条件下繁殖效果最好。     

百合鳞茎淀粉磷酸化酶提取条件的优化

为深入研究百合鳞茎淀粉磷酸化酶（SP）的性质及其在鳞茎淀粉代谢中的生理作用,本试验确定了兰州百合鳞茎内SP的最佳提取和测定条件,并对部分酶学性质进行了初步探索。结果表明：SP的最适提取缓冲液为pH5.8的琥珀酸缓冲液;最佳反应体系为以25 mmol·L^-1的Glc-1-P为底物,在30℃条件下反应10 min。在pH5~6范围内,SP活性最高;百合鳞茎的SP不易保存且不耐热,4℃条件下保存12 h,酶活力最高残留50%;40℃条件下保存30 min后,SP活力几乎完全丧失。     

兰州百合组培鳞茎发育研究

该研究以兰州百合商品种球鳞片为外植体材料,通过组织培养诱导丛生芽萌发及高频增殖,再以丛生芽为材料诱导其发育形成小鳞茎,调节培养基对小鳞茎进行膨大发育培养,最终形成促进兰州百合组培鳞茎膨大发育的“三步”组培培养技术路线;对发育过程中形成的丛生芽、小鳞茎及膨大鳞茎进行淀粉含量测定与生长特征参数统计,分析各步培养对鳞茎形成发育过程中淀粉含量与形态变化的影响。结果表明：所建立的“三步”培养方案培育出的组培鳞茎直径、重量与鳞片数分别为1.66 cm、2.48 g和26.33片,有效地促进了鳞茎的膨大,并能诱导鳞茎主茎杆的形成发育;在培养进程中其淀粉含量呈现逐步增加的趋势,这表明与鳞茎膨大发育正相关,同时鳞茎大小、重量及鳞片数三者也表现为正相关性;当鳞茎所含鳞片数在26片以上时,其生长点易发育形成主茎杆。该文研究了兰州百合组培鳞茎的形成与膨大发育技术,所研发的“三步”培养组成的鳞茎膨大发育组培技术有效地促进了鳞茎的膨大发育,而膨大发育的鳞茎能有效地缩短田间生长周期,从时间上提高百合生产量,同时为实现兰州百合膨大的鳞茎种球规模化生产提供技术支撑。     

低温对东方百合试管鳞茎解除休眠及生长的影响

以东方百合‘索邦’和‘西伯利亚’鳞片为外植体得到的一代试管小鳞茎为试材,研究0℃冷藏不同时间对试管鳞茎生理指标变化,以及试管鳞茎解除休眠和移栽后生长发育的影响。结果表明,冷藏0--28dN,随着冷藏时间的延长,试管鳞茎出苗率逐渐增加,冷藏处理28d达到最高,之后逐渐降低。冷藏期间,试管鳞茎中淀粉含量持续降低,而可溶性总糖和还原性糖含量表现出先升高后下降的趋势,冷藏处理28d的含量最高。同时,随着冷藏时间的延长,IAA和ZR含量逐渐升高,ABA含量逐渐下降,而GA。含量表现出先上升后下降的趋势,并且也在冷藏处理28dN-含量达到峰值。另外,采用隶属函数值对低温处理的试管苗栽培1年后所收获种球的数量、质量等指标进行评价,结果显示,均以低温处理28d时达到最大值。由此得出,0℃低温处理试管小鳞茎28d为解除休眠及促进生长发育的最适处理时间。     

百合鳞茎苯丙氨酸解氨酶提取条件的优化

研究兰州百合(Lilium davidii var. unicolor)鳞茎内PAL的最佳提取条件结果表明：pH 8.8的硼砂缓冲液为最适缓冲液;百合鳞茎的PAL不耐酸碱,更不耐酸;最适反应温度为40℃;随着水浴时间延长和水浴温度提高,PAL活性逐渐降低,但40℃水浴30 min后,酶活性仍保留47%;最适底物浓度为0.032 mol·L^-1;磨样时加入PVP 0.5 g,能够明显提高PAL活性。     

兰州百合组培鳞茎发育研究（英文）

该研究以兰州百合商品种球鳞片为外植体材料,通过组织培养诱导丛生芽萌发及高频增殖,再以丛生芽为材料诱导其发育形成小鳞茎,调节培养基对小鳞茎进行膨大发育培养,最终形成促进兰州百合组培鳞茎膨大发育的"三步"组培培养技术路线;对发育过程中形成的丛生芽、小鳞茎及膨大鳞茎进行淀粉含量测定与生长特征参数统计,分析各步培养对鳞茎形成发育过程中淀粉含量与形态变化的影响。结果表明:所建立的"三步"培养方案培育出的组培鳞茎直径、重量与鳞片数分别为1.66 cm、2.48 g和26.33片,有效地促进了鳞茎的膨大,并能诱导鳞茎主茎杆的形成发育;在培养进程中其淀粉含量呈现逐步增加的趋势,这表明与鳞茎膨大发育正相关,同时鳞茎大小、重量及鳞片数三者也表现为正相关性;当鳞茎所含鳞片数在26片以上时,其生长点易发育形成主茎杆。该文研究了兰州百合组培鳞茎的形成与膨大发育技术,所研发的"三步"培养组成的鳞茎膨大发育组培技术有效地促进了鳞茎的膨大发育,而膨大发育的鳞茎能有效地缩短田间生长周期,从时间上提高百合生产量,同时为实现兰州百合膨大的鳞茎种球规模化生产提供技术支撑。     

低温贮藏期间不同含水量郁金香种球的几种生理生化指标变化

郁金香品种'阿波罗'(Apeldoorn)种球含水量分别为66.5%、64.4%和62.8%,贮藏于(2±0.5)℃下16～28周,16周内定期测定各种生理生化指标的结果表明,随着含水量的降低,种球鲜重减少的速率趋小,周径增加的速率趋大;3种种球的呼吸速率均表现为0～8周急剧下降,8～16周回升;贮藏期间种球的淀粉含量逐渐减少,而可溶性糖含量逐渐增多,含水量为62.8%的种球中可溶性糖含量最高.种植试验表明,随着贮藏时间的增加,含水量为62.8%的种球株高、花高、发芽率和开花率都高于其余种球.     

钾对兰州百合鳞茎中多酚类物质积累代谢及其抗氧化活性的影响

为探究施钾对兰州百合鳞茎中多酚类物质的积累、抗氧化能力及差异代谢物的影响,该研究以兰州百合鳞茎为试材,通过固定氮素(N)和磷素(P)用量,设置不同钾(K)浓度处理,即K_(0)(不施肥)、K_(1)(447.6 mg·L^(-1))、K_(2)(671.4 mg·L^(-1))、K_(3)(895.2 mg·L^(-1)),采用福林-肖卡法、溴甲酚绿比色法、香草醛比色法、DPPH法、铜离子还原能力(CUPRAC)法测定不同K浓度处理下兰州百合鳞茎中多酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性,并采用LC-MS法分析多酚类物质的差异代谢物,并进行差异代谢物筛选,功能注释及富集分析,为兰州百合的优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)不同K浓度处理下兰州百合鳞茎中多酚类物质的含量及其抗氧化活性存在显著差异(P<0.05),与K_(0)相比,K_(1)、K_(2)、K_(3)均能促进鳞茎多酚类物质的积累及其抗氧化能力的提高,其中以K_(2)(671.4 mg·L^(-1))效果最佳。(2)相关性分析表明,兰州百合鳞茎多酚类物质含量与抗氧化活性指标呈极显著(P<0.01)相关关系,相关系数为0.451~0.959。(3)K_(0)、K_(2)浓度处理下兰州百合鳞茎中存在89种多酚类及相关化合物,其中52种相对含量显著上调,37种相对含量显著下调,且显著富集到黄酮类及苯丙类化合物生物合成的通路上。研究认为,兰州百合的最佳施钾量(671.4 mg·L^(-1))能有效促进鳞茎中多酚类物质的积累并提高其抗氧化能力。     

山丹百合鳞茎提取液中活性物质及其对樱桃番茄的保鲜效果

以山丹百合鳞茎和樱桃番茄'碧姣'果实为材料,分析不同浓度(0～1.0 g/L,以不做任何处理为对照CK)百合鳞茎提取液在低温(5℃)和常温(20℃)贮藏期间对樱桃番茄果实感观品质、营养品质和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响,并采用比色法、比浊法等方法测定提取液中活性成分含量及其抗氧化能力、抑菌活性,探究山丹百合鳞茎浸...     

龙牙百合3个地方品种的形态特征及核型分析

采用经典测量和染色体常规压片法,对龙牙百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker) 3个地方品种的形态特征及核型进行研究。植株形态分析结果显示:‘江西’龙牙的株高、开花口径、种球重量和周长、中外层鳞片重量和长度以及鳞片扦插产生小鳞茎数等指标均显著大于‘大叶’龙牙和‘平头’龙牙;‘大叶’龙牙的叶片最长,均值为14.54 cm。花粉、叶表皮气孔及鳞片淀粉粒的微形态特征分析结果显示:‘江西’龙牙的花粉粒径最大,均值达111.76μm;‘平头’龙牙的叶表皮气孔最长,气孔密度也最大(约47.6个/mm2);‘大叶’龙牙的淀粉粒径最大,均值为47.61μm;‘江西’龙牙的淀粉粒大小分布更集中,差异性小。染色体核型分析结果显示:龙牙百合3个品种的染色体数目均为2n=2x=24,为二倍体,其中‘江西’龙牙核型公式为2n=2x=24=2m(2SAT)+6sm(2SAT)+12st(4SAT)+4t;‘平头’龙牙核型公式为2n=2x=24=4m+8sm+10st(4SAT)+2t;‘大叶’龙牙核型公式为2n=2x=24=2m(2SAT)+6sm+14st(4SAT)+2t,三者核型均为3B型。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.