滆湖底栖动物群落的时空变化及水质生物学评价

2009年5月-2010年2月对滆湖底栖动物群落进行了调查,并根据底栖动物群落结构对水质进行了生物学评价。结果表明:采集到底栖动物共35种,隶属于3门25属;优势种类为中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、克拉泊水丝蚓(L.claparedeianus)、中华河蚓(Rhyacodrilussinicus);滆湖底栖动物的年均密度为374.1ind·m-2,寡毛类对密度的贡献最大,占年均密度的77.4%,最大密度出现在夏季,春季最低,St14年均密度高于其他站点;滆湖底栖动物的年均生物量为17.78g·m-2,软体动物对生物量的贡献最大,占年均生物量的97.4%,夏季生物量最大,冬季最低,St14年均生物量明显高于其他各个站点;底栖动物的密度和生物量随季节变化明显,密度的季节变化表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,生物量变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值(H’)、Margalef多样性指数值(D)、Pielou均匀度指数值(J)和BI指数值表明滆湖水体处于中度到重度污染状态。     

浙江分水江水库大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

2008年11月-2009年10月,在浙江桐庐分水江水库设置7个站点对大型底栖动物进行逐月调查.结果表明:调查共采集到37种底栖动物,主要由寡毛纲和摇蚊科物种组成.春、夏、秋季优势种均为霍甫水丝蚓,冬季优势种为羽摇蚊.直接收集者在物种数量、密度和生物量上均占绝对优势.群落年均密度和年均生物量分别为(488.0±48.8) ind·m-2和(1.86±0.49) g·m-2.底栖动物密度在站点间无明显差异但存在显著的季节变化,呈现春季＞夏季＞冬季＞秋季的趋势,生物量在站点、季节间均无显著差异.水温和水深是影响底栖动物时空分布的主要因子.Shannon多样性指数和Goodnight-Whitley指数不适合用于该水库的水质评价,其他指数综合显示分水江水库属于轻度污染.     

浙江永安溪大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

为了解浙江仙居永安溪大型底栖动物群落结构,于2016年8月对永安溪13个采样站点进行调查研究,并应用多种生物指数对溪流水质进行生物评价。此次调查共获得底栖动物95种,隶属于4门7纲,其中扁形动物1种,环节动物7种,软体动物8种,节肢动物79种。永安溪大型底栖动物平均密度为3 020.8 ind./m2,平均生物量为34.25 g/m2;密度优势类群为节肢动物,其平均密度为2 661.1 ind./m2,贡献率为88.1%,生物量优势类群为软体动物,其平均生物量为30.76 g/m2,贡献率为89.8%。永安溪大型底栖动物优势种为长河螺Rivularia elongata、角形环棱螺Bellamya angularis、纹石蛾属一种Potamyia sp.、闪蚬Corbicula nitens和小蜉属一种Ephemerella sp.。利用6种生物指数对永安溪水质进行评价显示,Margalef多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和BI生物指数均表明永安溪处于清洁状态;仅Shannon-Wiener指数评价显示为轻污染状态,BPI生物学污染指数评价为β-中污染状态。     

崇明岛潮间带夏季大型底栖动物多样性

2006年6月,在上海市崇明岛潮间带设置21个断面,进行了大型底栖动物定量定性采样调查.采集到大型底栖动物63 种,其中甲壳动物29种,占总种数的46.03%;软体动物20种,占31.75%;环节动物10种,占15.87%;底栖鱼类 2种;其它2种.优势种为无齿相手蟹、天津厚蟹、谭氏泥蟹、中华拟蟹守螺、堇拟沼螺、绯拟沼螺、光滑狭口螺和丝异蚓虫.大型底栖动物总平均丰度为138.28ind/m2,平均生物量为 79.11g/m2.系统聚类分析和MDS分析结果基本吻合,可以把21个断面分为3组,崇明北部断面群、崇明东部断面群和崇明南部(含西部)断面群.Shannon-Weiner指数H′＝1.85±0.528(范围0.946～2.783),Pielou均匀度指数J＝0.306±0.098(范围0.142～0.489),Simpson优势度指数D＝0.622±0.141(范围0.303～0.797).底栖动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、多样性指数在各断面的差异主要与盐度分布、底质及人为干扰有关.与同期的历史资料相比,底栖动物总物种数变化不大,但种类组成有所变化;优势种有所变化;丰度和生物量均有所下降;多样性指数近年来变化不大.围垦减缓使崇明潮间带底栖动物多样性有所恢复,但在人为干扰和其他因素综合影响下,原为优势种的河蚬、彩虹明樱蛤、麂眼螺、小头虫和疣吻沙蚕等的密度下降,已不再是优势种.     

浙江大、小长涂岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构研究

研究浙江大、小长涂岛潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落结构特征。共采获大型底栖动物标本34种,其中包括软体动物21种,节肢动物10种,脊索动物2种,腔肠动物1种。该潮间带大型底栖动物总平均生物量为842.68 g·m–2,总平均栖息密度为1186 ind·m–2。在各类群底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。大、小长涂岛潮间带大型底栖动物的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数的分布范围分别在0.900—1.861、0.433—2.053和0.531—0.956,平均值分别为1.405±0.414、1.208±0.663和0.678±0.191。估算得出,大型底栖动物次级生产力的值为108.98 g·m–2。     

长荡湖大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2011年6月—2012年5月,对长荡湖大型底栖动物群落进行了逐月调查,并利用生物指数对水质进行生物学评价。结果表明:共采集到底栖动物28种,其中摇蚊科幼虫10种,水栖寡毛类7种,软体动物5种,其他类6种;铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)、多巴小摇蚊(Microchironomus tabarui)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)和半折摇蚊(Chironomus semireductus)是现阶段长荡湖底栖动物的优势种;长荡湖10个监测点底栖动物年均密度为769 ind·m-2,年均生物量为74.89 g·m-2,并呈现出明显的空间变化;生物量较密度空间差异更大,生物量高值主要出现在湖泊四周的监测点,而在湖心开阔水域较低;Wright指数、Goodnight-Whitley指数、BPI指数及Shannon指数表明长荡湖水体处于轻-中度污染状态。     

新疆塘巴湖水库底栖动物生态学研究

2008年7月(平水期)、10月(枯水期)和2009年5月(丰水期)对新疆塘巴湖水库底栖动物群落进行了调查.共采集到底栖动物7种,主要属于摇蚊类和颤蚓类,其中以羽摇蚊群为优势种.各期底栖动物现存量存在显著差异(P<0.01),以平水期为最大,密度和生物量分别为280 ind/m2±1.12 ind/m2和0.83 g/m2±0.03 g/m2.不同种类的底栖动物密度在各采样期亦差异显著(P<0.01).相似性指数显示平水期和枯水期底栖动物群落结构中等相似.Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数表明塘巴湖水库水体达中度污染.     

新疆福海底栖动物的研究

本文报道了1985年7月在新疆福海四个湖区的7个断面39个采样点上计采到寡毛类9种,水生昆虫42种,软体动物11种,其它动物7种。在调查湖区中以小海子的种类最多,大海子最少。全湖底栖动物的平均密度为1083个/m2,生物量为18.544g/m2。不同湖区中的现存量有一定差别,密度以中海子为最大,生物量则以“七十三公里”湖区为最高。文中扼要分析了环境条件对底栖动物种类组成和数量分布等方面的影响。       

天津于桥水库大型底栖动物群落结构及其水质生物学评价

于2010年5月-2011年5月按季度对于桥水库大型底栖动物进行了采样调查.结果表明:于桥水库底栖动物有51种,其中水生昆虫23种,占总数的45.1％;软体动物15种,占29.4％;寡毛类12种,占23.5％;其他类1种,占2.0％,优势种类为侧叶雕翅摇蚊(Glyptotendipes lobiferus)、中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cathayensis)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、克拉泊水丝蚓(L.claparedeianus);底栖动物年均密度为159.58 ind·m-2,年均生物量为3.31 g·m-2;各季度底栖动物密度表现为春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季,生物量表现为冬季＞夏季＞春季＞秋季.利用Goodnight修正指数(GBI)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Margalef丰富度指数(d)、生物学污染指数(BPI)、科级生物指数(FBI)和综合生物污染指数(BI)对于桥水库的水质进行综合评价,结果显示,于桥水库水质整体处于轻-中污型(Ⅱ-Ⅲ),相比1999-2000年(Ⅲ)于桥水库水质污染状况有所好转.     

2011-2020年长江口大型底栖动物群落结构变化趋势

对2011—2020年夏季长江口48个站位的大型底栖动物定量监测数据进行统计分析,研究长江口海域底栖生物群落时空结构演变特征。结果表明,近10年长江口海域共鉴定大型底栖动物284种,其中多毛类128种,占总种数的45.1%,甲壳类64种占22.2%,软体动物56种占19.7%,棘皮动物16种占5.6%,其他类合计20种。平均生物密度为(79.5±45.9)个/m²(年份变幅14.7—195个/m²)。平均生物量为(5.20±3.25)g/m²(年份变幅1.01—10.11g/m²),多毛类、软体动物、甲壳类是生物密度和生物量组成的主要类群。十年期间种类数、生物密度和生物量均呈现明显上升趋势,口外区贡献最突出。四个监测区域(南支、北支、杭州湾、口外)的优势种差异大。丝异须虫Heteromastus filiformis在各年份的优势种中出现的频度显著最大。总体来看,长江口监测区域大型底栖动物群落自然演变趋势向好。三项多样性指数统计结果表明,口外区大型底栖动物种类组成多样性水平显著高于口内三个区。生物群...     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.