毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿整株丛的蒸腾特征

中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)是一种优良的防风固沙灌木。有关其蒸腾作用的测定研究多是通过对单叶或小枝蒸腾速率的测定值推算整株丛的蒸腾耗水。该研究选择在中间锦鸡儿株丛的主根安装“热扩散探针”来测定整株丛的蒸腾耗水。结果表明: 中间锦鸡儿整株丛液流量的日变化可划分为4个阶段: 1)液流量迅速上升阶段(8:00~11:30), 其液流量占全天液流量的21.21%; 2)液流量最高而相对稳定阶段(12:00~18:00), 液流量占全天液流量的58.84%; 3)液流量迅速降低阶段(18:30~21:00), 液流量占全天液流量的10.62%; 4)液流量最低而稳定阶段(21:30~次日8:00), 液流量占全天液流量的9.32%。从所观测的中间锦鸡儿整株丛液流量的日变化可以看出: 在午间(12:00~14:00), 中间锦鸡儿整株丛蒸腾虽因环境因子的影响(如云朵遮阴)会发生较小的波动, 但并没有出现明显的“午休”现象, 而是保持相对稳定的高蒸腾速率。环境因子对中间锦鸡儿整株丛液流量影响的强弱次序依次为: 太阳辐射>空气温度>水蒸气压亏缺>空气相对湿度>土壤温度>风速。液流量对环境因子变化的响应存在着明显的时滞现象。根据所测大、中、小3个中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流量数据, 计算出一个中等大小(株高为110 cm, 冠幅为0.6 m², 叶片总干重为51.82 g)的中间锦鸡儿整株丛在测定时间内的日蒸腾耗水量为2.2 kg · d^-1。     

干旱荒漠区沙冬青茎干液流变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

采用热平衡包裹式树干液流仪(stem heat balance,SHB)监测沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)茎干液流日变化,并利用自动气象站同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子日变化,研究沙冬青茎干液流在不同季节和天气条件下的日变化特征及其与环境气象因子的关系.研究表明:(1)在夏季沙冬青茎干液流昼夜区别明显,且变幅较大,液流于8:00~9:00开始启动,并迅速于9:00左右达到峰值,然后立即有一个大幅度的下降,后在小幅度波动中维持到19:00左右停止;沙冬青茎干液流在夜间较弱;(2)不同天气条件对沙冬青液流的变化影响较大,沙冬青茎干液流速率的总体变化幅度表现为晴天>阴天>沙尘天气;(3)各季节典型天气下沙冬青茎干液流速率表现为夏季>春季>冬季;生长季茎干液流启动时间早,液流量大;春季液流启动时间次之,液流量变化平缓,维持时间长;冬季液流启动时间最迟,液流变化速率大且维持时间短;(4)沙冬青茎干液流与气象因子的关系密切,其中与太阳辐射的关系最为密切,其次是空气温度和相对湿度,影响最小的是风速.     

甘肃石羊河流域人工种植长穗柽柳树干液流量变化规律研究

采用SF200热脉冲液测定仪对人工种植长穗柽柳的树干液流进行连续监测;利用管式-时域反射仪测定长穗柽柳根区附近3m深土壤含水量,并用自动气象站对太阳辐射,空气温度,相对湿度,风速等主要气象因子进行同步监测,基于上述试验数据,分析长穗柽柳树干液流量的日季变化规律及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,人工种植环境下,霜冻对长穗柽柳树干液流量的影响较大,随着时间的推移,长穗柽柳日液流量可能会因环境因子的变化而上下波动,但总体上是逐渐减少的趋势;气象因子对长穗柽柳日液流量的影响依次为：太阳辐射〉气温〉空气水汽压差〉大气相对湿度〉风速。     

祁连山典型高山灌丛树干茎流特征

2010年6—10月,对祁连山中段托勒南山金露梅、高山柳、沙棘和鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛树干茎流进行试验观测,研究了高山灌丛树干茎流特征,以及降雨和冠层结构对灌丛树干茎流的影响.结果表明:灌丛产生树干茎流需要2.1mm的前期降雨量;金露梅、高山柳、沙棘和鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛树干茎流率分别为3.4%、3.2%、8.0%和4.2%,树干茎流量与降雨量之间成显著正线性相关;随着雨量级的增加,树干茎流率呈增加-减少-增加的趋势;4种灌丛茎干集流率分别为59、30、110和49,树干茎流对根际区水分补给作用明显;灌丛树干茎流率与最大10min雨强(I10)呈指数关系,当I10>6.0mm·h-1时,高山柳和沙棘树干茎流率继续增大,而金露梅和高山柳树干茎流率趋于稳定;冠层结构对树干茎流的影响较复杂,相同降雨条件下,株高和投影面积是祁连山高山灌丛树干茎流的主要影响因子.     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭树干液流的时滞特征

应用Granier热扩散探针测定民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林的树干液流,将液流与饱和水汽压差(VPD)和光合有效辐射(PAR)数据分别进行逐行错位分析,探讨树干液流与环境因子之间的时滞效应.结果表明: 梭梭日液流速率呈现明显的季节变化,6月平均液流速率最大,8月平均液流速率最小.生长季(5-9月)梭梭树干液流与光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差存在明显的时滞,树干液流滞后于PAR 80 min,提前于VPD 114 min,且不同月份的时滞长短存在差异.尽管梭梭树干液流在日尺度上更加依赖于PAR的变化,但在白天,树干液流与饱和水汽压差间有更紧密的关系.梭梭生长季树干液流与VPD或PAR之间的时滞与树形因子(株高、地径、50 cm处直径、枝下高、冠幅)及夜间液流量的相关性均不显著.     

荔枝树干液流速率与气象因子的关系

采用热扩散茎流仪于2011—2012年连续监测‘桂味’荔枝树干液流速率,将所得数据和果园内自动气象站观测数据一起进行对比分析,建立了液流速率与气象因子的关系模型。实验结果表明:(1)树干液流速率日变化呈现"昼高夜低"的规律。季节变化有呈现"先高后低"的趋势,整体上以果实发育期和成熟期(5—7月)液流速率较高。2011年年平均液流速率明显大于2012年;(2)树干液流速率日变化在晴天时多呈单峰曲线,且振幅较大;在雨天呈多峰曲线,且振幅较小。总体上,晴天平均液流速率约是雨天的两倍;(3)回归分析表明,在一定范围内,树干液流速率与太阳辐射强度、空气温度呈正相关,与空气湿度呈负相关。影响液流速率最重要的气象因子在晴天是空气温度,在雨天是太阳辐射。     

甘肃石羊河流域干旱荒漠区柠条树干液流的日季变化

采用基于热补偿原理的SF100热脉冲茎秆液流自动监测系统,监测了柠条树干液流的日季变化规律,利用Tube—TDR监测柠条根区3m土层深度的含水量变化,利用自动气象站同步监测太阳辐射、最高与最低气温、相对湿度、风速、风向等气象因子,同时输出相应的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ETo。以上述资料为基础,对柠条树干液流的昼夜变化、日际动态、木质部径向不同位点液流速率、不同天气条件下的液流变化及液流的季节变化规律进行了分析。利用SPSS 11．0统计软件,分析了液流量与气象因子的相关关系。结果表明：柠条树干液流昼夜变化显著;木质部径向液流速率随探针插入深度的增加而减小;晴天液流变化幅度较大,雨天液流变化幅度较小;气象因素对柠条树干液流量影响的大小表现为空气水汽压差〉太阳辐射〉气温〉风速。     

皇甫川流域中国沙棘树干液流日变化及其相关因子

运用热耗散(TDP)法对皇甫川流域中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.subsp.sinensis Rousi)的树干液流速率进行测定,用自动气象站同步连续监测太阳总辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速、10 cm处土壤温度等环境因子,用LI-6400系列光合仪同步测定每日6:00-18:00的沙棘叶蒸腾速率.结果表明:非降雨时段,沙棘树干液流速率日进程变化呈现明显的昼高夜低的起伏趋势,白天液流速率变化有波动,夜间液流速率变化缓慢;降雨时,在降雨的开始时段,沙棘树干液流速率明显增大,降雨中后期,液流速率明显减小并趋于平缓;以环境因子作自变量,以单位叶干质量的液流量为因变量,经过逐步回归,建立了多元线性模型,回归方程显著.     

浅层地下水对华北地区河岸杨树林树干液流的影响

华北地区河岸杨树林生长季的用水特征对杨树人工林经营管理具有重要意义.本文以北京市潮白河畔的杨树人工林为研究对象,采用热扩散式探针(TDP)测定树干液流、管式TDR土壤含水量法测定土壤体积含水量、开路涡度相关系统测定环境因子数据,对2014年6—7月的杨树树干液流及其影响因素进行系统研究,以探究浅层地下水对树干液流的可能影响.结果表明: 杨树树干液流日变化随太阳辐射呈现单峰或双峰变化,在土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树树干液流密度明显减小,达到峰值的时间从14:00提前到12:30,但树干液流对太阳辐射的时滞效应没有明显变化.在表层土壤水分相对充足时,太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差是杨树树干液流变化的主导因子,但在表层土壤水分亏缺时,土壤水会成为杨树树干液流的限制因子;当表层土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树单株耗水与100 cm土层土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关,与其余各土层体积含水量呈显著正相关.浅层地下水(相对稳定的150 cm及更深处)在土壤表层土壤水分含量相对亏缺时,可在毛管力作用下对上层土壤水进行补充,供给杨树生长需要.     

南方红壤区杜仲 (Eucommia ulmoides)树干液流动态

采用根据热平衡原理设计的热扩散探针(Thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe,TDP),于2004年7月到10月对南方红壤区的杜仲人工林的树干液流进行连续监测,结合所测定的相关因子,分析杜仲液流的变化规律及其与各因子的关系。结果表明,在不同月份,杜仲液流速率的日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰曲线,但是树干液流在启动时间、峰值出现时间上存在差异;从7月到10月份,杜仲树干液流速率逐渐增大,10月份液流速率达到1.818 g/(cm2.h);杜仲液流速率与太阳辐射、空气相对湿度、温度、风速等气象因子相关性显著,但是太阳辐射和空气相对湿度是影响杜仲液流的重要因子,其中7月到9月份,太阳辐射是主要影响因子,而10月份,空气相对湿度占主导地位;树干液流与胸径、冠层厚度以及胸径平方与树高之积呈现出显著的相关性。     

基于侧柏蒸腾量分析Granier经验公式的测量精度

为了解Granier热扩散法测定树木蒸腾耗水量的精度,2010年5-6月采用热扩散探针测定盆栽侧柏的液流量,并以整树盆栽称重法作为对照.结果表明:热扩散法测定侧柏南、北两个方位的树干液流速率与称重法测定的蒸腾速率均具有良好的线性关系(R2 ＞0.825).侧柏南、北两个方位的树干平均日液流量分别比平均日蒸腾量低10.6％和15.1％,但未达到显著水平.尽管昼夜温差较大会造成侧柏日液流量小于日蒸腾量,但采用Granier热扩散法测定侧柏的蒸腾量在日尺度上具有较高的可靠性.     

华南丘陵人工马占相思林下灌木湿润季节蒸腾与小气候的关系

在湿润季节测定了广东丘陵常见的人工马占相思林内６种灌木的蒸腾日变化, 描述其蒸腾日变化的规律．并分析叶片蒸腾与林内的光、气温、湿度等小气候因子及叶温、 叶片气孔扩散阻力的回归关系．所有被观测灌木的蒸腾耗水日变化格局相似,阳性种类桃 金娘在人工林的隐蔽条件下生长良好．其蒸腾速率最高,山苍子的蒸腾速率次之,其它种 类的蒸腾表现较为适中．回归分析结果表明,灌木蒸腾变化与空气相对湿度呈负相关,与 林内气温、全光照、光合有效辐射呈正相关．叶温和叶片气孔扩散阻力与灌木蒸腾变化分 别呈正、负相关．     

小叶榕气生根气体交换特征及影响因子研究

用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪测定了小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa L. f.)气生根的气体交换特征。结果表明气生根具有呼吸、蒸腾作用和空气吸湿作用。影响气生根呼吸作用的因素为年龄>空气温度>光强>相对湿度;影响蒸腾作用的因素为年龄>相对湿度>空气温度>光照。年龄小的气生根的呼吸和蒸腾作用较强,年龄大的尤其是木质化程度较高的气生根的呼吸作用较小,水分的释放(蒸腾作用)转变为水分的吸收(吸湿作用)。年龄小的气生根的CO2交换率与温度呈线性关系,温度越高,CO2交换率越大,呼吸越强;H2O交换率与相对湿度呈线性关系,相对湿度越大,H2O交换率越小,蒸腾越弱;年龄大的成熟气生根的H2O交换率与空气相对湿度呈线性关系,相对湿度越大,H2O交换率越小,蒸腾越小。     

星星草光合蒸腾季节变化与气候因子的关系

本项研究工作在测定天然星星草和人工种植生长一至三年星星草光合蒸腾特性季节变化的同时,测定了日照量、气温、地温、相对湿度,降雨量和蒸发量等气候因子的季节变化,并采用相关系数和通径系数分析方法分析了星星草光合蒸腾特性季节变休与气候因子的关系。     

Transpiration of detached leaves from mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal cowpea and rose plants given varying abscisic acid, pH, calcium, and phosphorus

 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization can alter transpiration of host leaves, but scientists remain unclear about the mechanisms involved. We tested whether intact root systems were required to observe effects of root colonization by Glomus intraradices on leaf transpiration, or whether some VAM influence resided in leaves even after they were detached from root systems. We measured the transpiration of detached leaves of VAM and nonmycorrhizal plants exposed to different levels of several substances known to influence stomata locally or act in whole-plant regulation of transpiration: abscisic acid, calcium, phosphorus, and hydrogen ions. In rose, some VAM influence on transpiration resided in leaves, even after they had been separated from their root systems. However, removing leaves from their root systems eliminated the VAM influence on stomatal behavior of cowpeas. Accepted: 22 June 1998     

庐山鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)幼苗蒸腾特性研究

庐山山地上的鹅掌楸幼苗,在夏季晴天土壤供水充足的条件下,其叶片蒸腾速率的日变化为午后高峰型,日蒸腾量为７０９２ｍｏｌＨ２Ｏｍ＾２ｄ＾１,最大蒸腾速率达３．９ｍｍｏｌＨ２Ｏｍ＾－２ｓ＾－１,叶／敢温度差,敢孔导率,相对湿度等对蒸腾速度的影响最显著;鹅掌楸地的水分利用率日平均为４．１４２ｍｍｏｌＣＯ２３ｍｏｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ最高可达１１．８ｍｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍｏｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ。     

Photosynthesis and transpiration of monterey pine seedlings as a function of soil water suction and soil temperature

Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were measured under controlled conditions of soil water suction and soil temperature. Air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and air movement were maintained constant. Rates of net photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration decreased with increasing soil water suction. The decrease in the rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration as a function of the soil temperature at low soil water suctions may be attributed to changes in the viscosity of water. At soil water suctions larger than 0.70 bars rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis may be affected in the same proportion by changes in stomatal apertures.     

Short-term responses of leaf growth rate to water deficit scale up to whole-plant and crop levels: an integrated modelling approach in maize

Physiological and genetic studies of leaf growth often focus on short-term responses, leaving a gap to whole-plant models that predict biomass accumulation, transpiration and yield at crop scale. To bridge this gap, we developed a model that combines an existing model of leaf 6 expansion in response to short-term environmental variations with a model coordinating the development of all leaves of a plant. The latter was based on: (1) rates of leaf initiation, appearance and end of elongation measured in field experiments; and (2) the hypothesis of an independence of the growth between leaves. The resulting whole-plant leaf model was integrated into the generic crop model APSIM which provided dynamic feedback of environmental conditions to the leaf model and allowed simulation of crop growth at canopy level. The model was tested in 12 field situations with contrasting temperature, evaporative demand and soil water status. In observed and simulated data, high evaporative demand reduced leaf area at the whole-plant level, and short water deficits affected only leaves developing during the stress, either visible or still hidden in the whorl. The model adequately simulated whole-plant profiles of leaf area with a single set of parameters that applied to the same hybrid in all experiments. It was also suitable to predict biomass accumulation and yield of a similar hybrid grown in different conditions. This model extends to field conditions existing knowledge of the environmental controls of leaf elongation, and can be used to simulate how their genetic controls flow through to yield.     

NOCTURNAL THERMAL EXCHANGE OF CITRUS LEAVES

Turrell , F. M., S. W. Austin , and R. L. Perry . (U. California, Riverside & Los Angeles.) Nocturnal thermal exchange of citrus leaves. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(2) : 97–109. Illus. 1962.—Cooling rates of leaves were measured with fine thermocouples inserted within the leaf laminae. From these rates, total thermal conductances were calculated for leaves of intact greenhouse-grown lemon cuttings, in the dark, in still air and moving air, and in open laboratory rooms of warm to freezing temperatures. Thermal conductances were also calculated for leaves of 4 commercial varieties of citrus picked from mature trees in the grove and measured in low light, in still air, in a microcosm at warm, constant temperatures. The total conductances were fractionated, first, by determining transpiration rates of detached leaves from both sources, in darkness and in still or moving air, through similar temperature ranges and humidities. From transpiration rates, transpiration conductances were calculated. Second fractions (radiation conductances) were calculated for lemon leaves from far-infrared reflectances; and the third fractions (free-convection conductances) were calculated by subtraction of the sum of the radiation and transpiration conductances from the total. A free-convection-conductance coefficient was calculated for lemon, and then applied to 3 other varieties of citrus for which infrared reflectances were unavailable, to obtain their free-convection conductances. These together with experimentally determined transpiration and total conductances permitted calculation of their radiation fractions. The conductances have been tested for 6 different measured microclimates in which the calculated leaf temperatures averaged ± 0.6 C of the measured temperatures, an error compatible with the precision of field temperature measurements. Total thermal conductances of lemon leaves were higher in both warm, still and warm moving air than in cold, whereas the radiation and free-convection fractions were about equal in still air. The transpiration fractions were very small in warm, still or warm moving air but negligible in cold. In cold still and cold moving air, all the conductances were larger for orange fruit than for lemon leaves. Leaves of plants native to tropical rain forests were more efficient in heat transfer than were leaves from the temperate zone.     

不同时间尺度下华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾与环境因子的关系

在半干旱区连续2年监测华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)的树干液流、气象因子和土壤体积含水量,分析不同时间尺度下人工林冠层蒸腾与环境因子的关系。结果表明：不同时间尺度下,华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾的季节变化均呈单峰曲线,即先增大后减小的趋势;2016年、2017年日蒸腾量分别为1.58 mm/d和1.71 mm/d,生长季蒸腾总量分别为241.30 mm和260.97 mm。在日尺度下,气温、太阳辐射强度和饱和水汽压差是影响华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾主要环境因子;月尺度下,气温、风速、降水和土壤水分是冠层蒸腾的主要影响因子;冠层蒸腾与降水、大气相对湿度的相关关系由日尺度下的负相关到月尺度的正相关,相关性增强。总体来看,随时间尺度由小到大,气温、风速、大气相对湿度、降水、土壤水分对冠层蒸腾的影响作用增大,而太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压差的作用减弱;在未来增温增雨趋势下,研究区生长季将延长,华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾量可能会加大。