羚牛的遗传多样性及其种群遗传结构分析

羚牛是亚洲大陆一种特有的大型珍稀动物,目前正面临着栖息地丧失、片段化和人类活动的严重威胁。为了有效地保护这种濒危动物,全面了解羚牛的种群结构、进化历史和整个分布区内遗传多样性的分布是至关重要的。本研究以mtDNA D-loop330bp基因片段为分子标记,比较分析了来自陕西秦岭、甘肃南部、四川岷山、邛崃山和云南贡山的40个样品的序列差异,根据分布特点将所采集到的羚牛分为3个地理单元,即秦岭、四川和云南。结果表明,在3个地理单元中存在4种单倍型,且地理单元间不存在共享单倍型,相互单倍型之间的平均序列差异为1.66％。进一步分析表明,3个地理单元间的基因流较低,存在着显的遗传分化 ,说明羚牛具有明显的系统地理分布格局。同时提出应将分布于秦岭山区、唐家河青川地区、天全以及云南贡山地区作为独立的管理单元分别加以保护。     

秦岭中段野生动物多样性的红外相机监测数据库平台介绍

秦岭地处我国中西部, 生物地理位置重要, 拥有丰富的生物多样性, 有大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、秦岭羚牛(Budorcas bedfordi)、金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)和朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)等4个秦岭森林旗舰物种, 被称为“秦岭四宝”。利用红外相机技术开展秦岭野生动物的非损伤性监测不仅可以为秦岭山系提供物种名录信息, 还可以为了解秦岭野生动物的行为和活动格局提供科学数据。清华大学环境学院生态团队自2009-2020年在秦岭中段南坡先后实施了7个项目, 对秦岭南坡的4个保护区进行了野生动物监测, 面积达1,113 km ²(26.5 km × 42 km), 红外相机位点数267个, 相机日数152,160天, 共获取红外相机照片855,260张。共鉴定出27种野生兽类和63种野生鸟类, 并应用这些照片数据开展了信息挖掘工作, 对野生动物行为、稀有物种、与生境的关系, 以及人为活动对野生动物的影响等领域进行了研究, 已取得部分成果。在此基础上建立了“秦岭中段野生动物多样性的红外相机监测数据库平台”, 供团队内部及合作者使用。通过10年的监测, 我们提出未来研究建议: (1)对于非常偶见的物种, 还需要更长的时间并在更多样化的生境布设相机, 以获取更多影像数据评估其现状; (2)数据库需要在更大程度和深度上进行信息挖掘, 尤其在种间关系、物种-生境关系、种群动态等方面; (3)对典型大种群数量的物种(如秦岭羚牛和野猪Sus scrofa)及食物链顶端大型捕食动物(如金钱豹Panthera pardus)进行种群动态研究, 为整个秦岭生态系统的健康持续提供科学支撑; (4)利用数据库的数据及今后红外相机监测数据进行野生动物疾病的发生发展监测研究。     

Evolutionary Conservation Genomics Reveals Recent Speciation and Local Adaptation in Threatened Takins

Incorrect species delimitation will lead to inappropriate conservation decisions, especially for threatened species. The takin (Budorcas taxicolor) is a large artiodactyl endemic to the Himalayan–Hengduan–Qinling Mountains and is well known for its threatened status and peculiar appearance. However, the speciation, intraspecies taxonomy, evolutionary history, and adaptive evolution of this species still remain unclear, which greatly hampers its scientific conservation. Here, we de novo assembled a high-quality chromosome-level genome of takin and resequenced the genomes of 75 wild takins. Phylogenomics revealed that takin was positioned at the root of Caprinae. Population genomics based on the autosome, X chromosome, and Y chromosome SNPs and mitochondrial genomes consistently revealed the existence of two phylogenetic species and recent speciation in takins: the Himalayan takin (B. taxicolor) and the Chinese takin (B. tibetana), with the support of morphological evidence. Two genetically divergent subspecies were identified in both takin species, rejecting three previously proposed taxonomical viewpoints. Furthermore, their distribution boundaries were determined, suggesting that large rivers play important roles in shaping the genetic partition. Compared with the other subspecies, the Qinling subspecies presented the lowest genomic diversity, higher linkage disequilibrium, inbreeding, and genetic load, thus is in urgent need of genetic management and protection. Moreover, coat color gene (PMEL) variation may be responsible for the adaptive coat color difference between the two species following Gloger’s rule. Our findings provide novel insights into the recent speciation, local adaptation, scientific conservation of takins, and biogeography of the Himalaya–Hengduan biodiversity hotspot.     

气候变化背景下秦岭地区羚牛生境脆弱性评估及适应性保护对策

脆弱性是指物种受气候变化影响的程度,开展脆弱性评估工作有助于人类认识气候变化对野生动物的影响,为制定野生动物适应气候变化的保护对策提供科学依据。采用最大熵模型评估气候变化背景下秦岭地区羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi)生境脆弱性。结果表明：(1)当前秦岭地区羚牛适宜生境总面积为6473 km²,到2050s年,预测秦岭地区羚牛适宜生境总面积为4217 km²,减少34.85%,羚牛适宜生境将向更高海拔地区转移,转移约210 m;(2)已建保护区覆盖49.82%当前羚牛适宜生境,尚有3248 km²的适宜生境处于保护区之外;到2050s年,保护区覆盖了43.87%适宜生境,尚有2367 km²的适宜生境未被保护;(3)到2050s年,当前分布在太白县、佛坪县、洋县和宁陕县等地区的3490 km²羚牛适宜生境将会成为生境脆弱区域,丧失53.92%;(4)分布在秦岭核心区域的2983 km²当前和2050s年保持不变适宜生境,将成为羚...     

九寨沟自然保护区川金丝猴的分布及种群数量

2014年2月至5月,对四川省九寨沟自然保护区野生川金丝猴的种群分布、数量及其社会结构进行调查,初步探讨该种群与其他种群在外部形态和社会结构方面的差异性。采用"V"型路线法调查,发现九寨沟保护区共有川金丝猴4群。然后结合长时间的持续跟踪观察,证实家庭单元19个,全雄群3个,能区分不同个体296只。OMU大小平均为12.7只,其中OMU内的成年个体占38%,青少年个体占53%,幼仔占9%。成年与青少年比例为1∶1.39,成年雌雄的比例为3.84∶1。与秦岭种群的外部形态相比,该种群的成年雄性更为壮大,毛发弯曲程度明显;成年雌性毛发略显灰黑色,金黄色暗淡,大部分个体嘴角长有很小的肉瘤;青少年个体毛色泛白。亦发现九寨沟种群倾向于选择海拔偏高(2400—3550 m)的针叶林带活动。     

Genetic viability and population history of the giant panda, putting an end to the "evolutionary dead end"?

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and human persecution. Its dietary specialization, habitat isolation, and reproductive constraints have led to a perception that this is a species at an "evolutionary dead end," destined for deterministic extinction in the modern world. Here we examine this perception by a comprehensive investigation of its genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history across its geographic range. We present analysis of 655 base pairs of mitochondrial (mt) control region (CR) DNA and 10 microsatellite loci for samples from its 5 extant mountain populations (Qinling, Minshan, Qionglai, Liangshan, and Lesser Xiangling). Surprisingly, extant populations display average to high levels of CR and microsatellite diversity compared with other bear species. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant in most cases but was markedly higher between Qinling and the other mountain ranges, suggesting, minimally, that the Qinling population should comprise a separate management unit for conservation purposes. Recent demographic inference using microsatellite markers demonstrated a clear genetic signature for population decline starting several thousands years ago or even further back in the past, and being accelerated and enhanced by the expansion of human populations. Importantly, these data suggest that the panda is not a species at an evolutionary "dead end," but in common with other large carnivores, has suffered demographically at the hands of human pressure. Conservation strategies should therefore focus on the restoration and protection of wild habitat and the maintenance of the currently substantial regional genetic diversity, through active management of disconnected populations.     

大熊猫国家公园的地栖大中型鸟兽多样性现状: 基于红外相机数据的分析

生物多样性监测是国家公园保护的核心基础。大熊猫国家公园是我国首批5个国家公园之一, 系统的保护规划与有效的管理行动均有赖于对区内生物多样性本底、现状与动态的深入了解。为了解大熊猫国家公园范围内兽类与鸟类多样性本底与现状, 本研究系统检索了该区域内2005-2020年基于红外相机调查技术的野生动物研究论文、项目报告以及新闻报道, 并对区内原有保护地的红外相机监测历史与结果进行了问卷调查。结果表明, 2005-2020年期间, 在大熊猫国家公园范围内51个保护地的红外相机调查与监测中, 共记录到分属6目22科55属的71种野生兽类与分属13目45科132属的232种野生鸟类。在国家公园所覆盖的秦岭、岷山、邛崃山、相岭4大山系中, 邛崃和岷山记录到的大中型地栖鸟兽物种多样性最高(均为兽类40种, 鸟类12种), 相岭最低(兽类25种, 鸟类7种)。单个保护地中记录到的大中型地栖鸟兽物种数量与保护地面积、红外相机有效工作日及相机位点的海拔跨度均呈正相关, 国家级保护地中记录到的物种数(28 ± 8.3, mean ± SD)显著高于省级保护地(19 ± 8.9)。在大熊猫国家公园内共记录到猫科与犬科的4种大型食肉动物, 即豹(Panthera pardus)、雪豹(P. uncia)、狼(Canis lupus)和豺(Cuon alpinus), 主要来自于秦岭山系和邛崃山系, 而国家公园内的岷山山系则没有记录到大型食肉动物, 相岭山系中仅有1次狼的记录。本研究结果显示, 大熊猫国家公园内前期已经建立起的自然保护地网络与红外相机监测体系已积累大量区内野生兽类与鸟类的基础数据, 为国家公园的试点与建设提供了生物多样性编目与监测方面的可靠本底。在这些前期工作的基础上, 大熊猫国家公园应进一步规划、建设标准化的野生动物监测体系, 为今后国家公园的管理决策、成效评估提供坚实的科学支撑。     

海桐花属短萼海桐在陕西省的新分布

【目的】了解海桐花属植物在陕西省巴山地区的分布情况。【方法和结果】通过对巴山地区白河县友好村海桐花属植物的采集研究与标本鉴定,发现海桐花属植物的陕西省新分布种——短萼海桐[Pittosporum brevicalyx(Oliv.) Gagnep.]。【结论】海桐花属植物在中国主要分布在秦岭以南的亚热带地区,本次发现将该种的分布区向东北扩展到陕西省巴山地区,丰富了陕西秦巴山区的植物分布记录,为巴山地区物种多样性研究提供研究资料。     

Seasonal Altitudinal Movements of Golden Takin in the Qinling Mountains of China

Abstract: We studied seasonal movements of golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi), a large, social, forest-dwelling ungulate, by radiotracking and field surveys during 1995–1996 and 2002–2005 at Foping National Nature Reserve on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, China. Takins inhabited forests and subalpine meadows at an altitudinal range from 1,360 m to 2,890 m. Our results showed that golden takins had a complicated seasonal movement pattern and underwent altitudinal migration 4 times each year. Takins occupied a high-altitude range during summer, stayed at low-altitude ranges for short periods during spring and autumn, and resided at an intermediate-altitude range during winter. Changes in plant phenology may have caused seasonal movements. Reserves for takin conservation should incorporate lower altitude habitats than those takins use in spring and autumn, and seasonal movements by takins should be protected from disturbance by human activities. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):611–617; 2008)     

我国寒温带至亚热带森林多孔菌区系和多样性比较

多孔菌是木材腐朽菌的重要类群, 具有重要的生态功能和经济价值。本文比较分析了我国寒温带至亚热带的阿尔泰山脉、秦岭山脉和南岭山脉的多孔菌物种、生态习性和区系特征。经调查, 在三个山脉共发现多孔菌8目29科107属287种, 其中阿尔泰山、秦岭和南岭分别为84种、132种、160种, 优势科均为多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科。三个山脉的共有属和共有种分别为25个和14个。区系地理分析发现, 阿尔泰山脉和秦岭山脉以世界广布成分和北温带成分为主, 南岭山脉以世界广布和泛热带成分为主。在寄主选择性方面, 阿尔泰山脉的多孔菌偏好生长在裸子植物上, 其比例高于被子植物, 而秦岭和南岭则相反。在腐朽类型方面, 从寒温带至亚热带白腐真菌物种数量呈现逐渐上升的趋势, 而褐腐真菌数量逐渐下降。通过比较分析3个不同气候带的多孔菌物种多样性、寄主偏好性和引起的腐朽类型, 发现气候和植被类型是影响多孔菌区系组成的主要因素。     

Species reassessment congruent with the phylogeographical study of the Biston falcata species group

The Himalaya, Hengduan, and Qinling mountains are very important mountain systems in China. Because they are geographically adjacent, species distributed in these three mountains usually have close relationships, but species/populations distributed in the first two mountain systems have higher genetic diversity and more complex phylogenetic structures than those found in the Qinling Mountains. In this study, we used molecular and morphological methods to explore the phylogeographical structure, species differentiation, and evolutionary history of the Biston falcata species group, which is widely distributed in the Himalaya, Hengduan, and Qinling mountains. Five species were identified; B. quercii is distributed in the Qinling Mountains and its adjacent areas, and the other four species are mainly distributed in the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains. Four gradual species differentiation events occurred at approximately 3.07, 1.75, 1.50, and 1.30 Ma, corresponding to the stage with strong geological movements of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. The low land between the Qinling and the northern Hengduan Mountains, the Sichuan Basin, the low land between the eastern and central Himalaya Mountains and the Mekong‐Salween Divide are four geographical barriers that resulted in multiple speciations. In addition, long‐range dispersal as another mechanism for speciation is non‐negligible. In spite of failing to confirm the ancestral area, our study provided direct evidence of the speciation induced by the geographical barriers and adaptation to the plateau.     

Monitoring wildlife abundance and diversity with infra-red camera traps in Guanyinshan Nature Reserve of Shaanxi Province,China

Ecological indicators or indices have been widely used to simplify and measure complex ecosystems. It is critical to identify suitable indicators or indices to improve monitoring and understanding of complex natural systems. Camera trapping is an objective technique that can provide a large amount of information on wildlife. The purpose of our study is to explore the effective ecological indices for wildlife diversity analysis and monitoring in Guanyinshan Nature Reserve of Shaanxi Province, China. Since July 2009, a total of 18 cameras were installed in the reserve from August 2009 to July 2011, collecting 2115 photo captures during these 24 months. We developed five abundance indices, including relative abundance index (RAI), monthly relative abundance index (MRAI), time-period relative abundance index (TRAI), night-time relative abundance index (NRAI) and species abundance index (N) to integrate the information derived from captures. Results are: (1) 27 species were detected and 6 species had high RAI values of over 79.3%, including takin (Budorcas taxicolor), common goral (Naemorhedus goral), tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis). (2) MRAI shows a consistent monthly activity pattern of all animals being active in June and July and inactive in February. (3) TRAIs of the most abundant six species show that takin, tufted deer and common goral have the similar daily activity pattern with one peak at dawn and one peak at dusk. The daily activity patterns of golden pheasant and wild boar show that they are most active during the day time, with wild boar being particularly active at noon. NRAIs of mainland serow show the highest nocturnality and of golden pheasant the lowest nocturnality. (4) We estimated abundance of takin, tufted deer and wild boar by using our developed index. The abundance for the three species shows an increasing trend during the 2-year study period, particularly for wild boar. Our results provided an interesting comparison of species diversity and their activity patterns. As trapping continues we will have a consistent source of monitoring data to evaluate changes in species abundance and activities. Therefore, the conclusion is that the methods we used and the indices we developed are capable to estimate species activity patterns and abundance dynamics which are useful for future wildlife management in Guanyinshan Nature Reserve and elsewhere.     

川金丝猴秦岭与岷山社群社会结构与空间分布差异性比较

对不同地区川金丝猴社会结构和空间分布的比较有助于了解其种群与环境的相互应答关系。在秦岭山脉和岷山山脉的不同地区选取3个观察群,对比它们之间社群结构和空间分布的差异。研究结果表明,尽管同属于仰鼻猴属川金丝猴种,由于栖息地环境的不同,导致社群结构和空间分布既存在相同点又存在一定的差异。对于社会结构,扎如沟群,大坪峪群与玉皇庙群表现出同样的最高进化水平的重层社会体系;但是构成这一社会体系的基本单位一雄多雌（One-male unit,OMU）,其成员整体数量上没有差异,但是OMU内雌雄比例不仅在3个观察群间存在差异,而且与同属其他物种相比也存在差异;对于空间分布,由于食物竞争压力和天敌捕食压力在不同的栖息地内影响不同,导致3个观察群空间分布呈梯度变化关系。研究结果不仅为川金丝猴种群动态,种群与环境的相互应答关系以及种群进化提供基础资料,而且希望能藉此推进我国相关领域研究的开展,为灵长类社会与行为生态学研究者启发思路,并为保护这些濒危物种提供科学依据。     

A nature reserve as a repository of genetic richness – The case of European larch from the Gorce Mountains

Conservation of valuable populations must be based on a thorough understanding of their genetic variation, especially for species negatively affected by human activities. We investigated the population of larch from the nature reserve in the Gorce Mountains, which was established to preserve a unique stand of Larix decidua subsp. polonica, a remnant of one of the largest native complexes of this species. The chloroplast marker ll-TaqI was used to investigate whether the gene pool of the analysed population was contaminated with the alien larch species. We used eleven nuclear DNA microsatellite markers (nSSRs) to examine this population’s genetic diversity and verify the hypothesis about historical use of the larch from the reserve as a source of reproductive material for the Tatra Mountains. The link between the reserve population and the European larch’s ancestral groups was also verified. No contamination of the studied pool of individuals by alien species was found. The study showed high genetic variability in larch from the Gorce Mountains (H_E = 0.689, H_O = 0.671). The differentiation between the Gorce and Tatra National Park populations was F_ST = 0.038 (p < 0.001). Trees from the reserve and the national park formed two distinct genetic groups. We rejected the hypothesis that the nature reserve was the source of the regeneration material used in the Tatra Mountains. The study proved the uniqueness of the reserve population, and confirmed the appropriateness of the protection measures taken.     

Genetic structure of the tree peony (Paeonia rockii) and the Qinling Mountains as a geographic barrier driving the fragmentation of a large population

Background

Tree peonies are great ornamental plants associated with a rich ethnobotanical history in Chinese culture and have recently been used as an evolutionary model. The Qinling Mountains represent a significant geographic barrier in Asia, dividing mainland China into northern (temperate) and southern (semi–tropical) regions; however, their flora has not been well analyzed. In this study, the genetic differentiation and genetic structure of Paeonia rockii and the role of the Qinling Mountains as a barrier that has driven intraspecific fragmentation were evaluated using 14 microsatellite markers.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Twenty wild populations were sampled from the distributional range of P. rockii. Significant population differentiation was suggested (F_ST value of 0.302). Moderate genetic diversity at the population level (H_S of 0.516) and high population diversity at the species level (H_T of 0.749) were detected. Significant excess homozygosity (F_IS of 0.076) and recent population bottlenecks were detected in three populations. Bayesian clusters, population genetic trees and principal coordinate analysis all classified the P. rockii populations into three genetic groups and one admixed Wenxian population. An isolation-by-distance model for P. rockii was suggested by Mantel tests (r = 0.6074, P<0.001) and supported by AMOVA (P<0.001), revealing a significant molecular variance among the groups (11.32%) and their populations (21.22%). These data support the five geographic boundaries surrounding the Qinling Mountains and adjacent areas that were detected with Monmonier''s maximum-difference algorithm.

Conclusions/Significance

Our data suggest that the current genetic structure of P. rockii has resulted from the fragmentation of a formerly continuously distributed large population following the restriction of gene flow between populations of this species by the Qinling Mountains. This study provides a fundamental genetic profile for the conservation and responsible exploitation of the extant germplasm of this species and for improving the genetic basis for breeding its cultivars.     

Late Pleistocene speciation of three closely related tree peonies endemic to the Qinling–Daba Mountains,a major glacial refugium in Central China

Determining the factors promoting speciation is a major task in ecological and evolutionary research and can be aided by phylogeographic analysis. The Qinling–Daba Mountains (QDM) located in central China form an important geographic barrier between southern subtropical and northern temperate regions, and exhibit complex topography, climatic, and ecological diversity. Surprisingly, few phylogeographic analyses and studies of plant speciation in this region have been conducted. To address this issue, we investigated the genetic divergence and evolutionary histories of three closely related tree peony species (Paeonia qiui, P. jishanensis, and P. rockii) endemic to the QDM. Forty populations of the three tree peony species were genotyped using 22 nuclear simple sequence repeat markers (nSSRs) and three chloroplast DNA sequences to assess genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships, supplemented by morphological characterization and ecological niche modeling (ENM). Morphological and molecular genetic analyses showed the three species to be clearly differentiated from each other. In addition, coalescent analyses using DIYABC conducted on nSSR variation indicated that the species diverged from each other in the late Pleistocene, while ecological niche modeling (ENM) suggested they occupied a larger area during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than at present. The combined genetic evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA and the results of ENM indicate that each species persisted through the late Pleistocene in multiple refugia in the Qinling, Daba, and Taihang Mountains with divergence favored by restricted gene flow caused by geographic isolation, ecological divergence, and limited pollen and seed dispersal. Our study contributes to a growing understanding of the origin and population structure of tree peonies and provides insights into the high level of plant endemism present in the Qinling–Daba Mountains of Central China.     

西南山地红外相机监测网络建设进展

中国西南山地是全球生物多样性热点区。西南山地红外相机监测网络是我国生物多样性监测的区域性红外相机网络之一。该网络由北京大学牵头, 始建于2002年, 合作单位包括科研院所、高校、保护组织、政府部门、保护地管理机构等。网络主要覆盖青藏高原东缘大横断山区域的秦岭、岷山、邛崃山、相岭、凉山、沙鲁里山、云岭7大山系。网络内目前共有41个监测样区, 包括自然保护区、社区保护地、林场等多种类型。网络内监测样区均采用标准的网格化布设规程, 采取统一数据结构与数据库结构、建立离散式数据库进行分散管理的总体架构, 所有监测样区的数据库保持一致的结构和统一的核心字段, 由每个监测样区建立并维护各自独立的数据库。截至2019年12月, 网络内布设有效调查/监测位点5,738个, 已处理数据中调查工作量(以有效相机日计)合计约120.74万天, 积累红外相机照片/视频(删除连续空拍后) 302.59万份, 另有111.16万份待处理。共记录到分属7目21科的63种野生哺乳动物与分属10目35科的182种野生鸟类物种, 其中国家一、二级重点保护野生动物分别有18与39种。西南山地网络今后的重点工作方向包括: (1)基于通用元数据结构建立统一的在线数据库平台; (2)加强网络内保护地数据管理与分析能力建设; (3)为区域内生物多样性保护与保护地管理提供持续支持; (4)针对野生动物种间关系、群落构建机制以及大型食肉动物的生态功能开展深入的动物生态学研究。     

Diversity at two genetic loci associated with the major histocompatibility complex in the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Habitat loss via human activity has fragmented populations of the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), and thus affected patterns of gene flow. We investigated in-depth a single troop in the Qinling Mountains, central China, two major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loci, DQA1 and DQB1, and compared the resulting data with data from troops from the wider Qinling Mountains region. We found that a novel DQB1 allele was only present in the study troop and relatively few divergent alleles at the DQA1 and DQB1 loci were present compared with the wider population. The inbreeding coefficient (F_is) at the MHC region was lower than previous measurements, which may have reflected different sampling strategies. However, R. roxellana has relatively high diversity in MHC genes, even though it has probably experienced serious past population bottlenecks and reduced gene flow between populations. We also found that some alleles present in the wider population had been lost in the study troop, and suggest that conservation management strategies be implemented to increase gene flow between troops in order to increase genetic variation.     

秦岭兰科植物地理区系特征

秦岭是中国野生兰科植物最为丰富和区系分化率最高的地区之一,但是有关该地区兰科植物的系统整理尚未见到,本研究为秦岭兰科植物资源保护提供基础数据支持,为今后秦岭国家公园建设和生物的重点区域进行了补充调查和标本采集,形成了秦岭地区兰科植物名录,依据中国种子植物分布区类型的划分方法以及GIS软件,分析它们的属种特征、区系成分以及空间分布格局。秦岭兰科植物有52属149种,其中中国特有种70种,占总种数的47%;生活型有地生型、附生型、半附生型和腐生型,以地生型为主;秦岭兰科植物主要分布在海拔800~3 400 m;热点地区为陇南西南山地、太白-佛坪山地、伏牛山地。同时,在区系分析的基础上,提出秦岭兰科植物的区系特征,发现：（1）种类丰富,温带性质显著;（2）起源古老,新老兼并;（3）特有成分繁多;（4）珍稀濒危保护植物聚集;（5）丰富度随生境的变化而不同。秦岭兰科植物地理区系研究为植物生物多样性的保护提供基础数据支持,在秦岭植物多样性研究方面具有一定的意义。     

重庆主城区地面苔藓植物群落特征及其与环境的关系

通过对重庆主城区44个样地的地面苔藓植物进行样方调查,应用物种多样性指数和典范对应分析(CCA),研究了该地区苔藓植物种类组成、物种多样性和群落与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 石生群落共有苔藓植物25科43属86种;土生群落共有苔藓植物22科28属46种.相比公园、风景区和缙云山国家级自然保护区,大学校园的石生和土生苔藓植物物种多样性水平较高.双向指示种分析结果将石生群落划分为3种类型,土生群落划分为2种类型.典范对应分析显示,林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和人为干扰程度是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子.土壤〖JP2〗pH值、人为干扰程度和林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园土生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和土壤含水量是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内土生苔藓植物的主要因子.