Comparative electrophoretic studies of muscle, eye lens and heart protein in fishes from the Arabian Gulf

Muscle myogen, eye lens and heart protein have been studied in 31 species of fishes from Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. The electrophoretic analysis revealed that muscle myogen can be considered a good taxonomic criterion to differentiate the families Ariidae, Belonidae and Lutjanidae from the other fish families studied. Within the Lutjanidae and Pomadasyidae the muscle myogens can be used to differentiate Lutjanus kasmira and Pomadasys argenteus, respectively. The muscle myogens can also be used to differentiate Sardinella perforata, Platycephalus inducus, Drepane longemana and Psethodes erumei. Eye lens protein can be considered a good taxonomic criterion to differentiate between the fish species studied and especially among the families Belonidae, Lutjanidae, Pomadsyidae, Sparidae and Scaenidae. Within the Lutjanidae and Sparidae, the eye lens protein can be used to differentiate Lutjanus kasmira and Acanthopagrus berda, respectively. Heart protein is not considered a good taxonomic criterion to differentiate the species of fishes studied, but can distinguish Lutjanus coccineus from the remaining species studied.     

Vespid Venom Analysis with Phylogenetic Inferences

The protein pattern analysis of the venoms of different Vespoidea species (Dolichovespula, Vespa, and Polistes) reveal strong similarities between both social wasp species of the genus Dolichovespula (arenaria and maculata) and between the other social wasp species of Vespa (mandarinia and tropica). Species of Polistinae (Polistes arizonensis, aurifer, canadensis and rothneyi grahami) appear to have evolved early, but there are not enough characters to establish monophyly of subfamily Polistinae.     

三种鼠兔血清蛋白和血红蛋白的电泳比较——高原鼠兔分类地位的探讨

鼠兔属(Ochotona)为青藏高原兽类的重要类群之一,近年来对它的研究较多,不仅发现了若干新种,而且作了一些分类订正。不少学者,将高原鼠兔(O.cvrzoniae Hodgson)独立为一个种(Rypeeb 1964,钱燕文、冯祚建1974;郑昌琳1979)。亦有一些学者把它作为达乌尔鼠兔亚种的如Allen、Банников张荣祖以及持怀疑态度的Ellerman等（转引自郑昌琳,1979）。而二者形态上的差别,主要为高原鼠兔的头骨额部显著隆起,顶骨后部向下倾斜,故头骨背面弧度较大,另外唇部四周和鼻端为黑褐色。这些差别多为量的差别,终究是否达到了种的水平,抑或是亚种水平,实难完全肯定。     

A phytochemical investigation of Citrus halimii

Essential leaf oils, isoenzymes, protein and polyphenol oxidase-catalyzed browning patterns of Citrus halimii (Rutaceae) are investigated and compared with those of other species of Citrus in order to support the species standing of the recently described C. halimii.     

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of bacteria belonging to the Ochrobactrum-Brucella group by recA and 16S rRNA gene-based comparative sequence analysis

The genetic diversity and phylogenetic interrelationships among 106 Ochrobactrum strains (O. anthropi: 72, O. intermedium: 22, O. tritici: 5, O. oryzae: 2, O. grignonense: 2, O. gallinifaecis: 1, O. lupini: 2), the type strains of the eight Brucella species and other closely related taxa were studied by recA and rrs gene (16S rRNA) comparative sequence analysis. Both markers correctly delineated the various Ochrobactrum species; however, resolution at the subspecies level was considerably higher in the recA gene-based approach. Phylogenetic analyses using neighbor-joining, parsimony, and maximum likelihood algorithms generated trees with similar topologies but the overall branching order, and also the order of the subclades, were not stable in either assay, which could be explained by generally high recA and rrs sequence similarities. Ochrobactrum and Pseudochrobactrum formed separate clades distinct from other Alphaproteobacteria with Bartonella, Agrobacterium, and Rhizobium as the closest relatives. O. gallinifaecis was the most distinct member, when compared to the type species O. anthropi, with rrs and recA similarities of 96.2% and 81.4%. Brucella species were indistinguishable, exhibiting high rrs and recA gene similarities of 98.6% and 85.5% compared with Ochrobactrum intermedium. At the protein level, all RecA sequences among the various Ochrobactrum species and between Ochrobactrum and Brucella were highly similar with only a few amino acid substitutions. O. anthropi and O. tritici were indistinguishable by means of their RecA proteins. A set of initially biochemically classified strains did not cluster within their assigned species and they either grouped within other known species or grouped as potential novel Ochrobactrum species. In further investigations, these strains were reclassified and described as novel species. In summary, Ochrobactrum is a highly diverse genus comprising several novel species. We recommend recA- in addition to rrs gene-analysis for correct species allocation and subtyping of novel Ochrobactrum isolates.     

梅花草属叶绿体基因组进化分析

叶绿体基因组序列变异和基因组成等特征可有效反映植物类群间的系统发育和进化关系。本研究利用Illumina高通量测序平台对梅花草属（Parnassia）及其近缘属5种植物的叶绿体基因组进行测序和组装,同时基于已发表的近缘种叶绿体基因组信息,对梅花草属叶绿体基因组结构特征、序列遗传变异和蛋白编码基因密码子偏好性比对分析。结果显示：梅花草属叶绿体基因组整体结构较为保守,均为四分体结构;梅花草多个基因出现假基因化,而本属其他物种叶绿体基因组成一致,均编码115个基因;与近缘属物种相比,本属所有物种均丢失rpl16基因的内含子;蛋白质编码基因的非同义/同义替代率比值较低,叶绿体基因可能经历纯化选择作用;密码子偏好性聚类结果与蛋白编码序列重建的系统发育关系结果一致。本研究表明选择压力可能在梅花草属叶绿体基因组蛋白编码基因进化过程中发挥作用,有助于进一步理解梅花草属植物的进化和适应机制。     

Species-specific and cross-reactive antigens of Entamoeba

Specific and cross-reactive antigens were defined in four species of Entamoeba: invadens, moshkovskii, Laredo and histolytica strains HM1, HM3, HM38 and HK9. Among these species extensive common reactivities were observed by immunoblot. Eight E. histolytica antigenic markers were revealed after blocking common specificities with antigens of other Entamoeba species. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) defined two protein markers of E. histolytica, M, 29 and 25 kDa. The four strains of E. histolytica, which varied in virulence as determined by the development of liver abscesses in hamsters, showed the same antigenic patterns with the mAb and with polyclonal antibodies.     

曲霉高效基因编辑技术研究进展

曲霉Aspergillus spp.是自然界中分布极为广泛的一大类真菌,在工业上如黑曲霉等已经被人们广泛利用于食品添加剂等生产。因此,曲霉在工业、农业、医药领域均发挥着重要的作用。然而,有些曲霉如黄曲霉能够分泌致癌物黄曲霉毒素从而污染农产品;在临床上还有一类以烟曲霉为主的引起侵袭性真菌感染的条件致病曲霉菌。因此,曲霉就像一把双刃剑影响着人们的生活。曲霉菌丝具有发达的隔膜形成多细胞菌丝体并能在分生孢子梗上产生大量的分生孢子进行无性繁殖。研究曲霉的基因编辑技术对于控制医学和农业上有害曲霉的增殖和促进工业上有益曲霉的生长和代谢都具有非常重要的意义。长期以来,同源重组和随机整合一直是被用于研究曲霉基因功能的传统基因编辑方法,然而其操作费时费力且效率低、难以达到预期的要求。随着第三代基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9即成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关系统CRISPR/Cas9（Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9）建立以来,CRISPR/Cas9以编辑高效、操作简便等优势被广泛应用到不同物种中。目前,世界上多个研究团队已经建立了有效地用于不同曲霉物种的CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑体系。本文概述了有关曲霉基因编辑的历史和进展,以期为尚未建立完整遗传编辑体系的其他曲霉物种或者丝状真菌引入高效CRISPR-Cas9体系提供帮助。     

Sequences of the cDNAs encoding canine parathyroid hormone-related protein and parathyroid hormone

The cDNA clones encoding canine parathyroid-hormone-related protein (cPTHrP) and parathyroid hormone (cPTH) have been isolated and sequenced. The predicted amino-acid sequences of the mature canine homologs have a high degree of homology to human PTHrP (hPTHrP) and PTH (hPTH), especially in the biologically active regions. The cPTHrP cDNA is unique, since it has homology to exon lA of hPTHrP which suggests that dogs utilize a promoter similar to PI of hPTHrP which has not been demonstrated in other species.     

Species relationships in Bulnesia as shown by seed protein electrophoresis

The seed proteins of seven species of Bulnesia were studied by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Some of the bands are characteristic and constant “markers” of each species; these allow the unequivocal identification of their electrophoregrams. In total 84 different bands were identified. These were treated numerically by cluster analysis. There were no constant differences between geographic races of B. arborea from Colombia and Venezuela. The electrophoregram of B. carrapo shows differences with that of B. arborea giving support to the idea that both taxa are separate allopatric species. The species pair B. foliosa-B. schickendantzii present the most similar electrophoregrams; this determines a short taxonomic distance between them in the phenogram. The Prim network shows the supposedly more primitive species (B. arborea, B. carrapo and B. bonariensis) well separated from the more advanced group (B. schickendantzii, B. foliosa and B. retama). B. sarmientoi, however, appears as rather distant and unrelated from all other taxa. In general, the results from protein electrophoresis agree with results from a previous numerical study based on 43 morphological characters.     

Reproductive Biology of Phrynichus dhofarensis Weygoldt, Pohl & Polak, 2002 (Chelicerata, Amblypygi, Phrynichidae)

The Phrynichus deflersi species group is a well-defined group inhabiting the Arabian deserts and adjacent areas. The relationship of this group to other species of Phrynichus (the P. ceylonicus group) is obscure. The study of mating behaviour and spermatophore morphology of a member of the Phrynichus deflersi species group allows comparison with other species of Phrynichus and with Euphrynichus and evidence concerning the interrelationships of these three groups. Features of morphology, mating behaviour and spermatophore morphology of Phrynichus dhofarensis suggest that the P. deflersi species group and the P. ceylonicus species group are sister groups and that both (the genus Phrynichus) comprise the sister group of Euphrynichus. This conclusion remains tentative given that only two members of the P. ceylonicus species group and one of the P. deflersi species group have been studied. Mating success is quite variable, suggesting sexual selection.     

壳斗科植物叶绿体基因组结构及变异分析

利用生物信息学方法比较壳斗科6个属14个物种的叶绿体基因组间差异,以近缘物种榛为外类群构建系统进化树,揭示壳斗科叶绿体基因组的结构特征及变异规律。结果显示,14种壳斗科植物的叶绿体基因组均为双链环状分子结构,大小在160 kB左右,差异较小,最大仅差1 366 bp;基因顺序基本一致,而基因数量有所差异,infA、petG、rpl22、ycf1、ycf15等多个基因在部分物种中发生丢失;主要有32个蛋白编码基因长度发生变异,其原因是内含子的丢失、内含子或者编码区的长度改变,华南锥基因长度变异较大;4个IR边界相对保守,但锥栗、Castanea pumila、华南锥3个物种由于边界扩张导致rps19基因部分序列进入到IR区;以榛为外类群构建的系统发育树,各进化支支持率较高,分辨率较好。研究结果表明,叶绿体基因组可以用于分析关系较近与进化较快物种的系统发生问题,为系统发育和进化研究提供依据。     

13种野生灵芝菌丝体中胞内三萜与多糖含量的比较

为探究不同野生灵芝的主要活性成分以及对野生灵芝的开发利用价值,对13种野生灵芝菌株在同一条件下进行液体发酵,采用化学分析的方法,比较菌丝体胞内三萜和多糖的含量差异。结果显示,13种灵芝菌株的三萜和多糖含量有很大差异,其中无柄紫灵芝Ganoderma mastoporum、亮盖灵芝G. lucidum和树舌灵芝G. applanatum的三萜含量较高;树舌灵芝G. applanatum、紫芝G. sinense和褐灵芝G. brownii的多糖含量较高。目前国内广泛栽培灵芝G. lingzhi的野生菌株发酵产物中的三萜和多糖含量并不是最高的,研究结果表明不同种类的野生灵芝还有进一步挖掘的潜在价值。     

Burkholderia phenoliruptrix sp. nov., to accommodate the 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and halophenol-degrading strain AC1100

Strain AC1100 is well-known for its ability to degrade a variety of recalcitrant xenobiotics, including 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. We performed a polyphasic-taxonomic study to determine its taxonomic position. The G+C content of strain AC1100 was 62.6 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain AC1100 belonged to the b-Proteobacteria and was most closely related to Burkholderia fungorum (98.3% similarity). DNA-DNA hybridisations, comparison of protein profiles, cellular fatty acid analysis and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain AC1100 from other Burkholderia species. Our data show that strain AC1100 represents a novel species for which the name Burkholderia phenoliruptrix sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AC1100^T (= LMG 22037^T = CCUG 48558^T).     

Allozymic variation and natural hybridization in sculpins, Cottus confuses and Cottus cognatus

Genetic variation at 33 enzymic and other protein loci was examined for 16 populations of Cottus confusus and six populations of C. cognatus from the Flathead River system in north-western Montana. Expression of alternate alleles at six loci permits complete separation of the two species. Allozymic variation in Cottus from one locality indicates the existence of a narrow zone of hybridization between the two species. Hybridization occurs in a disturbed habitat where hypolimnion release of water from a dam maintained for power generation has resulted in altered thermal regimes and habitat structure.     

耳念珠菌耐药机制研究进展

耳念珠菌感染及其耐药问题已愈演愈烈,其临床耐药机制的研究已刻不容缓。本文整理了国内外耳念珠菌临床菌株对三大类抗真菌药物的耐药情况,并从外排泵异常表达、靶标蛋白突变、生物被膜和基因组可塑性4个方面总结了耳念珠菌已报道的或潜在的耐药机制,并与其他念珠菌耐药机制进行了对比。     

Iron protein content of Thiocapsa pfennigii, a purple sulfur bacterium of atypical chlorophyll composition

Four out of five soluble electron transport iron proteins of Thiocapsa pfennigii plus the particulate cytochromes have been found to be analogous to those of Chromatium vinosum strain D. In addition to ferredoxin, high potential iron-sulfur protein. cytochrome c′, and cytochrome c-552(550), T. pfennigii contains a cytochrome c-552(545) not previously isolated from photosynthetic bacteria. It is concluded that T. pfennigii is more closely related to C. vinosum than to Rhodopseudomonas viridis, the only other known bacterial species having bacteriochlorophyll b.     

白及丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)基因的序列分析

丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶（SHMT）是植物细胞光合作用和一碳代谢的关键酶之一,研究SHMT基因的序列信息对揭示其蛋白结构与功能具有重要指导意义。从白及转录组数据库中分离得到SHMT基因（NCBI登录号：MG544187）,运用生物信息学软件对该基因进行序列分析。结果显示：该基因长度为1 953 bp,编码的蛋白质长度为471aa、分子量为51.861 06 kD、理论等电点为7.17,SHMT二级结构主要由无规则卷曲结构和α螺旋结构组成,核苷酸和氨基酸序列与铁皮石斛SHMT相似性最高,达93%,结构域分析发现该蛋白具有高度保守结构域,三级结构预测为四聚体结构,跨膜区及信号肽分析发现该蛋白无跨膜区及信号肽,亚细胞定位分析发现该蛋白主要位于细胞质、叶绿体亚细胞器位置。本分析结果为白及SHMT的应用研究提供了基础数据,也为植物SHMT基因的分子研究提供了理论依据及基础资料。     

Biochemical systematics and evolutionary genetics of the common shiner species group

Electrophoretic analyses were performed on blood proteins of the five members of the Notropiscornutus species group. The protein systems included two plasma esterases, transferrin, a pre-albumin and hemoglobin. Plasma protein polymorphism within and between taxa was common. Hemoglobin appeared to be a more consistent and conservative character for assessing phylogenetic relationships. As deduced by both biochemical and morphological evidence, N. cerasinus is the most primitive member of the species group. Uniqueness for several biochemical characters suggests that the striped shiner should be afforded full species recognition as N. isolepis but additional study is needed concerning its relationship with N. cornutus chrysocephalus. The closest biochemical similarity was between the forms interpreted here as subspecies N. cornutus cornutus and N. c. chrysocephalus. N. albeolus clearly evolved from N. c. cornutus but early hybridization with N. cerasinus resulted in limited introgression from that species.