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1.
Anaerobic oxidation of alkanes by newly isolated denitrifying bacteria 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
The capacity of denitrifying bacteria for anaerobic utilization of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) was investigated with
n-alkanes of various chain lengths and with crude oil in enrichment cultures containing nitrate as electron acceptor. Three
distinct types of denitrifying bacteria were isolated in pure culture. A strain (HxN1) with oval-shaped, nonmotile cells originated
from a denitrifying enrichment culture with crude oil and was isolated with n-hexane (C6H14). Another strain (OcN1) with slender, rod-shaped, motile cells was isolated from an enrichment culture with n-octane (C8H18). A third strain (HdN1) with oval, somewhat pleomorphic, partly motile cells originated from an enrichment culture with aliphatic
mineral oil and was isolated with n-hexadecane (C16H34). Cells of hexane-utilizing strain HxN1 grew homogeneously in the growth medium and did not adhere to the alkane phase, in
contrast to the two other strains. Quantification of substrate consumption and cell growth revealed the capacity for complete
oxidation of alkanes under strictly anoxic conditions, with nitrate being reduced to dinitrogen.
Received: 3 August / Accepted: 6 October 1999 相似文献
2.
Various electron donors were found to stimulate C2H2 reduction (N2 fixation) by isolated heterocysts from Anabaena variabilis and Anabaena cylindrica. Intermediates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle as well as unphosphorylated sugars like glucose, fructose and erythrose were among these electron donors. The transfer of electrons from donors like H2, NADH, glyoxylate and glycollate was strictly light-dependent, whereas others like NADPH or pyruvate plus coenzyme A supported C2H2 reduction also in the dark. In all cases, the overall activity was enhanced by light. The stimulation by light was more distinct with heterocysts from A. variabilis than with heterocysts from A. cylindrica.The present communication establishes that pyruvate supports C2H2 reduction by heterocysts from either A. variabilis or A. cylindrica with rates comparable to those with other electron donors. Pyruvate could, however, support C2H2 reduction only in the presence of coenzyme A, and the concentrations of both coenzyme A and pyruvate were crucial. A pyruvate-dependent reduction of ferredoxin by extracts from heterocysts was recorded spectrophotometrically. Glyoxylate, which is an inhibitor of thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent decarboxylations, inhibited pyruvate-dependent C2H2 reduction. This result supports the conclusion that pyruvate is metabolised by pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase in heterocysts. High concentrations of pyruvate and other electron donors inhibited C2H2 reduction which suggests that nitrogenase activity in heterocysts may be controlled by the availability of electron donors.Dedicated to Professor Norbert Pfennig, Konstanz, on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
3.
The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) from biological nitrogen removal (BNR) operations via nitrification and denitrification is gaining increased prominence. While many factors relevant to the operation of denitrifying reactors can influence N2O and NO emissions from them, the role of different organic carbon sources on these emissions has not been systematically addressed or interpreted. The overall goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of three factors, organic carbon limitation, nitrite concentrations, and dissolved oxygen concentrations on gaseous N2O and NO emissions from two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), operated, respectively, with methanol and ethanol as electron donors. During undisturbed ultimate‐state operation, emissions of both N2O and NO from either reactor were minimal and in the range of <0.2% of influent nitrate‐N load. Subsequently, the two reactors were challenged with transient organic carbon limitation and nitrite pulses, both of which had little impact on N2O or NO emissions for either electron donor. In contrast, transient exposure to oxygen led to increased production of N2O (up to 7.1% of influent nitrate‐N load) from ethanol grown cultures, owing to their higher kinetics and potentially lower susceptibility to oxygen inhibition. A similar increase in N2O production was not observed from methanol grown cultures. These results suggest that for dissolved oxygen, but not for carbon limitation or nitrite exposure, N2O emission from heterotrophic denitrification reactors can vary as a function of the electron donor used. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 106: 390–398. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
4.
Sulfate-Dependent Interspecies H2 Transfer between Methanosarcina barkeri and Desulfovibrio vulgaris during Coculture Metabolism of Acetate or Methanol 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
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We compared the metabolism of methanol and acetate when Methanosarcina barkeri was grown in the presence and absence of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. The sulfate reducer was not able to utilize methanol or acetate as the electron donor for energy metabolism in pure culture, but was able to grow in coculture. Pure cultures of M. barkeri produced up to 10 μmol of H2 per liter in the culture headspace during growth on acetate or methanol. In coculture with D. vulgaris, the gaseous H2 concentration was ≤2 μmol/liter. The fractions of 14CO2 produced from [14C]methanol and 2-[14C]acetate increased from 0.26 and 0.16, respectively, in pure culture to 0.59 and 0.33, respectively, in coculture. Under these conditions, approximately 42% of the available electron equivalents derived from methanol or acetate were transferred and were utilized by D. vulgaris to reduce approximately 33 μmol of sulfate per 100 μmol of substrate consumed. As a direct consequence, methane formation in cocultures was two-thirds that observed in pure cultures. The addition of 5.0 mM sodium molybdate or exogenous H2 decreased the effects of D. vulgaris on the metabolism of M. barkeri. An analysis of growth and carbon and electron flow patterns demonstrated that sulfate-dependent interspecies H2 transfer from M. barkeri to D. vulgaris resulted in less methane production, increased CO2 formation, and sulfide formation from substrates not directly utilized by the sulfate reducer as electron donors for energy metabolism and growth. 相似文献
5.
6.
Carlos M. Figueroa Regina Feil Hirofumi Ishihara Mutsumi Watanabe Katharina Kölling Ursula Krause Melanie Höhne Beatrice Encke William C. Plaxton Samuel C. Zeeman Zhi Li Waltraud X. Schulze Rainer Hoefgen Mark Stitt John E. Lunn 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2016,85(3):410-423
Trehalose 6–phosphate (Tre6P) is an essential signal metabolite in plants, linking growth and development to carbon metabolism. The sucrose–Tre6P nexus model postulates that Tre6P acts as both a signal and negative feedback regulator of sucrose levels. To test this model, short‐term metabolic responses to induced increases in Tre6P levels were investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the Escherichia coli Tre6P synthase gene (otsA) under the control of an ethanol‐inducible promoter. Increased Tre6P levels led to a transient decrease in sucrose content, post‐translational activation of nitrate reductase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and increased levels of organic and amino acids. Radio‐isotope (14CO2) and stable isotope (13CO2) labelling experiments showed no change in the rates of photoassimilate export in plants with elevated Tre6P, but increased labelling of organic acids. We conclude that high Tre6P levels decrease sucrose levels by stimulating nitrate assimilation and anaplerotic synthesis of organic acids, thereby diverting photoassimilates away from sucrose to generate carbon skeletons and fixed nitrogen for amino acid synthesis. These results are consistent with the sucrose–Tre6P nexus model, and implicate Tre6P in coordinating carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plants. 相似文献
7.
Rainer Roggenkamp 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1988,213(2-3):535-540
Summary A selection by glucosamine for mutants of Hansenula polymorpha insensitive to glucose repression of methanol assimilation is described. Constitutive synthesis of enzymes is established in standard batch cultures of glucosegrown cells. Upon prolonged glucose metabolism the phenotype is masked by catabolite inactivation and degradation of enzymes. Addition of the substrate methanol remarkably improves constitutive synthesis by preventing catabolite inactivation and delaying degradation. Regular peroxisomes of reduced number are formed in mutant cells under repressed conditions. No constitutive synthesis is detectable using ethanol as a carbon source. In addition, this alcohol is detrimental to growth of the mutants, indicating that H. polymorpha is constrained to repress synthesis of enzymes involved in the C1-metabolism when ethanol is present as a substrate. 相似文献
8.
Short‐term ammonium supply induces cellular defence to prevent oxidative stress in Arabidopsis leaves
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Anna Podgórska Maria Burian Anna M. Rychter Allan G. Rasmusson Bożena Szal 《Physiologia plantarum》2017,160(1):65-83
Plants can assimilate nitrogen from soil pools of both ammonium and nitrate, and the relative levels of these two nitrogen sources are highly variable in soil. Long‐term ammonium nutrition is known to cause damage to Arabidopsis that has been linked to mitochondrial oxidative stress. Using hydroponic cultures, we analysed the consequences of rapid shifts between nitrate and ammonium nutrition. This did not induce growth retardation, showing that Arabidopsis can compensate for the changes in redox metabolism associated with the variations in nitrogen redox status. During the first 3 h of ammonium treatment, we observed distinct transient shifts in reactive oxygen species (ROS), low‐mass antioxidants, ROS‐scavenging enzymes, and mitochondrial alternative electron transport pathways, indicating rapid but temporally separated changes in chloroplastic, mitochondrial and cytosolic ROS metabolism. The fast induction of antioxidant defences significantly lowered intracellular H2O2 levels, and thus protected Arabidopsis leaves from oxidative stress. On the other hand elevated extracellular ROS production in response to ammonium supply may be involved in signalling. The response pattern displays an intricate plasticity of Arabidopsis redox metabolism to minimise stress in responses to nutrient changes. 相似文献
9.
【背景】异于同型产乙酸菌通常利用Wood-Ljungdahl途径将2分子CO2还原为1分子乙酰辅酶A,Clostridium bovifaecis缺失Wood-Ljungdahl途径甲基支路第1步将CO2还原为甲酸的甲酸脱氢酶,需甲酸存在时将1分子甲酸和1分子CO2还原为乙酰辅酶A发生葡萄糖的同型产乙酸型发酵。已有报道显示,硝酸盐也可作为同型产乙酸菌的电子受体,而且对不同同型产乙酸菌的代谢影响有所不同,然而硝酸盐对这种独特的甲酸脱氢酶缺失型Wood-Ljungdahl途径固碳的影响尚不清楚。【目的】探究硝酸盐对C.bovifaecis甲酸脱氢酶缺失型Wood-Ljungdahl途径固碳的影响。【方法】硝酸盐浓度分别为10 mmol/L和30 mmol/L时,以未添加硝酸盐为对照实验,研究C.bovifaecis在葡萄糖+甲酸+CO2为基质条件下的细菌生长、底物消耗和产物生成情况。【结果】10 mmol/L和30 mmol/L硝酸盐存在时,主要产物乙醇浓度分别为5.80 mmol/L和1.66 mmo... 相似文献
10.
11.
Gilbert A Silvestre V Segebarth N Tcherkez G Guillou C Robins RJ Akoka S Remaud GS 《Plant, cell & environment》2011,34(7):1104-1112
Efforts to understand the cause of 12C versus 13C isotope fractionation in plants during photosynthesis and post‐photosynthetic metabolism are frustrated by the lack of data on the intramolecular 13C‐distribution in metabolites and its variation with environmental conditions. We have exploited isotopic carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectrometry to measure the positional isotope composition (δ13Ci, ‰) in ethanol samples from different origins: European wines, liquors and sugars from C3, C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. In C3‐ethanol samples, the methylene group was always 13C‐enriched (~2‰) relative to the methyl group. In wines, this pattern was correlated with both air temperature and δ18O of wine water, indicating that water vapour deficit may be a critical defining factor. Furthermore, in C4‐ethanol, the reverse relationship was observed (methylene‐C relatively 13C‐depleted), supporting the concept that photorespiration is the key metabolic process leading to the 13C distribution in C3‐ethanol. By contrast, in CAM‐ethanol, the isotopic pattern was similar to but stronger than C3‐ethanol, with a relative 13C‐enrichment in the methylene‐C of up to 13‰. Plausible causes of this 13C‐pattern are briefly discussed. As the intramolecular δ13Ci‐values in ethanol reflect that in source glucose, our data point out the crucial impact on the ratio of metabolic pathways sustaining glucose synthesis. 相似文献
12.
Effi Eisenmann Joachim Beuerle Klaus Sulger Peter M. H. Kroneck Wolfram Schumacher 《Archives of microbiology》1995,164(3):180-185
Sulfurospirillum deleyianum grew in batch culture under anoxic conditions with sulfide (up to 5 mM) as electron donor, nitrate as electron acceptor,
and acetate as carbon source. Nitrate was reduced to ammonia via nitrite, a quantitatively liberated intermediate. Four moles
of sulfide were oxidized to elemental sulfur per mole nitrate converted to ammonia. The molar growth yield per mole sulfide
consumed, Ym, was 1.5 ± 0.2 g mol–1 for the reduction of nitrate to ammonia. By this type of metabolism, S. deleyianum connected the biogeochemical cycles of sulfur and nitrogen. The sulfur reductase activity in S. deleyianum was inducible, as the activity depended on the presence of sulfide or elemental sulfur during cultivation with nitrate or
fumarate as electron acceptor. Hydrogenase activity was always high, indicating that the enzyme is constitutively expressed.
The ammonia-forming nitrite reductase was an inducible enzyme, expressed when cells were cultivated with nitrate, nitrite,
or elemental sulfur, but repressed after cultivation with fumarate.
Received: 13 March 1995 / Accepted: 29 May 1995 相似文献
13.
An attempt was made to calculate growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane on the basis of known biochemical pathways of C1 metabolism. Since 3-phosphoglycerate is a key intermediate in the assimilation pathways of C1 compounds, the calculations were based on the assumption that the synthesis of cell material from C1 substrates can be regarded as a two step process. When YATP on 3-phosphoglycerate was taken as 10.5, a maximal cell yield of organisms of the composition C4H8O2N on methanol was found to be 0.73 g cells/g substrate. For growth on methane a value of 0.91 g cells/g substrate was calculated when a mixed function oxidase was implicated in methane oxidation. These yields were calculated on the basis of the ribulose phosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation as the major pathway of C1 assimilation. Yields calculated on the basis of the serine pathway were on an average 20% lower. The calculations disclosed that for growth on methane, at least for Methylococcus capsulatus, a reversed electron transport system is required when methane is oxidized by a mixed function oxidase. The theoretical cell yields on methanol and methane have been compared with experimentally obtained yields and the validity of the estimations of growth yields on the basis of the present calculations is discussed. 相似文献
14.
15.
A. H. Stouthamer 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》1977,43(3-4):351-367
The amount of ATP required for the formation of microbial cells growing in a minimal medium with various nitrogen sources
was calculated. In a glucose-mineral salts medium 28.8 g cells can be formed per mole ATP with ammonia and 23.1 for growth
with nitrate. For growth with molecular nitrogen 11.1; 8.7; 7.1 and 6.0 g cells can be formed per mole ATP for ATP/N2 ratios of 12, 18, 24 and 30 respectively. A method is given for the calculation of Ysub, YO2 and Yc0
2 values for aerobic growth with glucose, succinate or methanol and various nitrogen sources. In this method use is made of
the elementary composition of the cells and of mass balance equations. As an assimilation equation: C6H12O7 + 1.4 HNO3 + 6.85 “H2” → C6H10.84N1.4O3.07 + 8.13 H2O is given for growth ofParacoccus denitrificans with gluconate and nitrate. From this equation and the molar growth yield for gluconate the oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide
evolution and the YO2 value can be calculated. A very good agreement between the calculated values and the experimental values was obtained. For
the calculation of the ATP production it is essential to know the number of phosphorylation sites in the respiratory chain.
Calculations are given for 2 (sites I + II) and 3 phosphorylation sites. The molar growth yields for growth with nitrate and
nitrogen are much smaller than that for growth with ammonia. The YO2 values for growth with glucose and nitrate are higher (with 2 sites) or somewhat smaller (with 3 sites) than for growth with
ammonia. The YO2 values for growth with nitrogen are always very low. The calculations show that especially YO2 is very dependent on the number of phosphorylation sites. For growth with methanol YCO
2 is strongly dependent on the nature of the assimilation pathway for methanol and on the nitrogen source. The molar growth
yields for growth with glucose, succinate or methanol and nitrogen are about the same as when nitrate is the nitrogen source
for organisms with 3 phosphorylation sites. The theoretical efficiency of nitrogen fixation in grow-ing cells is much lower
(dependent on the ATP/N2 ratio) than that in nongrowing cells. 相似文献
16.
Sorokin DY Zhilina TN Lysenko AM Tourova TP Spiridonova EM 《Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions》2006,10(3):213-220
Four new isolates were obtained from denitrifying enrichments with various electron donors using sediment samples from hypersaline soda lakes. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization results, they were all identified as members of the Gammaproteobacteria closely associated with the Alkalispirillum–Alkalilimnicola group. Two isolates were obtained from samples enriched with nitrate as electron acceptor and H2 or polysulfide as electron donors, and another two strains were obtained with N2O as the electron acceptor and sulfide or acetate as electron donors. All four new isolates, together with the type strains of the genera Alkalispirillum and Alkalilimnicola originally described as obligate aerobes, were capable of anaerobic growth with acetate using either nitrate or N2O as electron acceptors. Their denitrification pathway, however, was disrupted at the level of nitrite. RuBisCO form I gene was detected and sequenced in the new isolates and in Alkalilimnicola halodurans but not in Alkalispirillum mobile. These data, together with the evidence of Oremland et al. (Appl Environ Microbiol 68:4795–4802, 2002) on the potential of Alkalilimnicola sp. MLHE-1 for autotrophic growth with arsenite as electron donor and nitrate as electron acceptor, demonstrate much higher metabolic diversity of this specific group of haloalkaliphilic Gammaproteobacteria than was originally anticipated. 相似文献
17.
Agrobacterium radiobacter produces an extracellular polysaccharide from various carbon sources. The exopolysaccharide is produced from ethanol also
in a minimal medium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. On cultivation in a medium without CaCO3 only a minute amount of ethanol is converted to the exopolysaccharide. Both ethanol and nitrate in higher concentrations
inhibit the growth rate. In a medium with CaCO3 the proportion of ethanol converted to the polysaccharide is about ten-fold higher and the inhibitory effect of ethanol and
nitrate on the growth rate is analogous to that found in the medium without CaCO3-Comparison of results of mass and electron balance with a kinetic model shows that the parameters obtained in cultivations
with CaCO3 are less reliable. The balances point to the possibility of formation of other extracellular products. 相似文献
18.
A. A. Sibirny V. I. Titorenko G. E. Teslyar V. I. Petrushko M. M. Kucher 《Archives of microbiology》1991,156(6):455-462
In the wild-type strain of methylotrophic yeast Pichia pinus diauxic growth is observed during cultivation in medium containing a mixture of methanol and ethanol: firstly, slow phase of ethanol utilization is revealed and, secondly, a fast phase of methanol consumption is shown. Diauxic growth is observed also in ecr1 mutant, impaired in ethanol-induced catabolite repression of methylotrophic metabolism enzymes, but the order of utilization of the alcohols is inverted in this mutant. Such succession of alcohols utilization in both strains correlates well with the sequence of synthesis of microbody enzymes which catalyze key reactions of C1- and C2-metabolism. On the contrary, simultaneous utilization of methanol and ethanol from the mixture, as well as synchronous synthesis of both peroxisomal and glyoxisomal enzymes is observed in adh1 mutant which has reduced alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The strong differences between the wild-type strain and adh1 mutant were observed also in the kinetics of specific activity changes for C1-metabolizing enzymes, localized in cytosol. In the wild-type strain during growth on methanol and ethanol mixture such changes correlate with the sequence of alcohol utilization. At the same time, in adh1 mutant the activities of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase during the growth on the alcohols mixture are as high as during growth on methanol only, but the activity of dihydroxyacetone kinase is as low as under the growth on ethanol and is lower than on methanol. 相似文献
19.
Two strains of Methanosarcina (M. Barkeri strain MS, isolated from sewage sludge, and strain UBS, isolated from lake sediments) were found to have similar cellular properties and to have DNA base compositions of 44 mol percent guanosine plus cytosine. Strain MS was selected for further studies of its one-carbon metabolism. M. barkeri grew autotrophically via H2 oxidation/CO2 reduction. The optimum temperature for growth and methanogenesis was 37°C. H2 oxidation proceeded via an F420-dependent NADP+-linked hydrogenase. A maximum specific activity of hydrogenase in cell-free extracts, using methyl viologen as electron acceptor, was 6.0 mol min · mg protein at 37°C and the optimum pH (9.0). M. barkeri also fermented methanol andmethylamine as sole energy sources for growth. Cell yields during growth on H2/CO2 and on methanol were 6.4 and 7.2 mg cell dry weight per mmol CH4 formed, respectively. During mixotrophic growth on H2/CO2 plus methanol, most methane was derived from methanol rather than from CO2. Similar activities of hydrogenase were observed in cell-free extracts from H2/CO2-grown and methanol-grown cells. Methanol oxidation apparently proceeded via carrierbound intermediates, as no methylotrophy-type of methanol dehydrogenase activity was observed in cell-free extracts. During growth on methanol/CO2, up to 48% of the cell carbon was derived from methanol indicating that equivalent amounts of cell carbon were derived from CO2 and from an organic intermediate more reduced than CO2. Cell-free extracts lacked activity for key cell carbon synthesis enzymes of the Calvin cycle, serine path, or hexulose path.Abbreviations CAPS
cycloaminopropane sulfonic acid
- CH3-SCoM
methyl coenzyme M
- DCPIP
2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
- DEAE
diethylaminoethyl
- dimethyl POPOP
1,4-bis-2-(4-mothyl-5-phenyloxazolyl)-benzene
- DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
- dpm
dismtegrations per min
- DTT
dithiothreitol
- EDTA
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- F420
factor 420
- G+C
guanosine plus cytosine
- NAD+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADP+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- PBBW
phosphate buffered basal Weimer
- PMS
phenazine methosulfate
- PPO
2,5-diphenyloxazole
- rRNA
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
- RuBP
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
- Tris
tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane
- max
maximum specific growth rate 相似文献
20.
n-Hexadecane added as electron donor and carbon source to an anaerobic enrichment culture from an oil production plant or to anoxic marine sediment samples allowed dissimilatory sulfate reduction to sulfide. The enrichment from the oil field was purified via serial dilutions in liquid medium under a hexadecane phase and in agar medium with caprylate. A pure culture of a sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain Hxd3, with relatively tiny cells (0.4–0.5 by 0.8–2 m) was isolated that grew anaerobically on hexadecane without addition of further organic substrates. Most of the cells were found to adhere to the hydrocarbon phase. It was verified that neither organic impurities in hexadecane nor residual oxygen were responsible for growth. Strain Hxd3 was grown with n-hexadecane of high purity (99.5%) in anoxic glass ampoules sealed by fusion. Of 0.4 ml hexadecane added per l (1.4 mmol per l), 90% was degraded with concomitant reduction of sulfate. Controls with pasteurized cells or a common Desulfovibrio species neither consumed hexadecane nor reduced sulfate. Incubation of cell-free medium with low reducing capacity and a redox indicator showed that the ampoules were completely oxygen-tight. Measured degradation balances and enzyme activities suggested a complete oxidation of the alkane to CO2 via the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway. However, the first step in anaerobic alkane oxidation is unknown. On hexadecane, strain Hxd3 produced as much as 15 to 20 mM H2S, but growth was rather slow; with 5% inoculum, cultures were fully grown after 5 to 7 weeks. The new sulfate reducer grew on alkanes from C12 to C20, 1-hexadecene, 1-hexadecanol, 2-hexadecanol, palmitate and stearate. Best growth occurred on stearate (doubling time around 26 h). Growth on soluble fatty acids such as caprylate was very poor. Alkanes with chains shorter than C12, lactate, ethanol or H2 were not used. Strain Hxd3 is the first anaerobe shown to grow definitely on saturated hydrocarbons.Abbreviations CO dehydrogenase
carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
- DTE
1,4-dithioerythritol
- Tris
tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane
Dedicated to Dr. Ralph S. Wolfe on occasion of his 70th birthday 相似文献