群落均匀度分形分析

修正了Frontier和Ricotta等关于有效物种丰富度指数A与物种丰富度指数S之间幂律关系的定义．探讨了A与S之间分形关系的生态学意义．认为分形维数D是群落均匀度测度值在物种数S不断增加的过程中．向其逼近的一个理论值;提出了利用双对数坐标上建立的A与S拟合直线的方程．对群落均匀度的4种变化趋势进行描述的方法。以广东黑石顶自然保护区森林演替系列为例．研究了针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林样带上．随着样带观察长度的逐渐增加群落均匀度的变化情况。结果表明．230m长的混交林样带只存在一个线性无标度区间．群落均匀度随样带长度的不断增加而逐渐降低．向分形维数D=0．810趋近。170m长的常绿阔叶林样带存在两个线性无标度区问．在0～25m的尺度域内．随着样带长度的逐渐增加均匀度不断降低．向分形维数D=0．525逼近;在30～170m的尺度域内．随着样带观察长度的增加．群落均匀度也逐渐增加．向分形维数D=0．920趋近。     

渭河丰、枯水期底栖动物群落特征及综合健康评价

以渭河为研究范例,分别于丰水期(2011年10月)和枯水期(2012年4月)对渭河全流域范围内45个样点的底栖动物群落进行跟踪调查,并在此基础上应用丰、枯水期底栖动物生物完整性评价指数(B-IBI)对渭河流域水生态系统进行综合健康评价。结果表明,渭河流域底栖动物群落结构具有明显的空间异质性,枯水期底栖动物群落结构单一,物种数量、生物量和香农多样性明显少于丰水期,但单位密度差异不显著。综合健康评价结果表明,渭河上游、洛河中上游地区的健康状况较好,而渭河中下游、泾河全流域及洛河下游地区的健康状况较差。相关分析显示,渭河全流域范围内丰水期和枯水期底栖动物群落的B-IBI得分呈现明显的正相关性,表明在不同水文过程时期,渭河全流域大尺度范围内底栖动物群落的生物完整性特征较为一致。在河流丰、枯水期,底栖动物群落结构的变化趋势并对比分析了渭河流域不同区域水生态系统健康水平差异的原因。     

Patterns in the distribution of freshwater fishes in rivers of Central Western Ghats, India and their associations with environmental gradients

The community ecology of freshwater fishes in four river systems (Sharavati, Aghanashini, Bedti and Kali) of the central Western Ghats (India) has been studied for the first time. Patterns of fish species distributions were analysed and important stream and environmental parameters determining the species richness and composition of this region were identified. Upstream--downstream trends in species richness and diversity as well as changes in stream characteristics were studied using univariate correlation analyses. Preliminary analyses on changes in species composition and feeding guilds showed the presence of a gradual species turnover along the stream gradient. There were associated changes in the major feeding guild compositions, with a higher proportion of insectivore and algivore/herbivore composition in the upper reaches shifting to a predominance of omnivores and carnivores downstream. Pearsons product--moment correlation analyses along with stepwise multiple regression analyses identified stream depth and altitude as the important parameters determining species richness. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed to study species associations with environmental parameters. The analysis showed a strong species environmental correlation to the CCA axes, a high significance for the CCA axis 1 as well as for the overall test. The plots of the species and site scores on the CCA axes showed a clear segregation of species based on their relations with environmental and stream properties. This study is an important step in our understanding of the community structure of fish species of these rivers and would be helpful in future efforts on the conservation of aquatic communities and their habitats.     

园林昆虫群落时间结构及动态研究

调查了４种不同园林植物类型内昆虫群落在１年中的组成及数量变化,应用主分量分析方法及最优分割方法分析了昆虫群落在时间过程中的主导因素和时间格局。结果表明,构成复杂的植物类型内,昆虫群落构成亦复杂,在时间过程中,昆虫群落结构变化波动小,具有明显的主导因素和时间格局;在单纯的植物类型中,昆虫群落组成简单,随时间变化,群落剧烈波动,且主导因素及时间格局分化不明显。     

Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities: sampling effort and species detection

A number of recent review articles on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community diversity have highlighted the unprecedented increase in the number of publications on this ecologically important but neglected area. The general features of these species-rich, highly dynamic and complex communities have been comprehensively covered but one aspect crucial to our assessment of diversity, namely the sampling of ECM communities has received less attention. This is a complex issue with two principal components, the physical sampling strategy employed and the life cycle traits of the ECM fungi being examined. Combined, these two components provide the image that we perceive as ECM diversity. This contribution will focus primarily on the former of these components using a recent study from a pine forest in central Sweden to highlight some sampling problems and also to discuss some features common to ECM communities. The two commonly used elements of diversity, species richness and community evenness, present rather different problems in the assessment of ECM diversity. The applicability of using current measures of abundance (number or percentage of root tips colonised) to determine community evenness is discussed in relation to our lack of knowledge on the size of individual genets of ECM fungi. The inherent structure of most ECM communities, with a few common species and a large number of rare species, severely limits our ability to accurately assess species richness. A discussion of theoretical detection limits is included that demonstrates the importance of the sampling effort (no. of samples or tips) involved in assessing species richness. Species area abundance plots are also discussed in this context. It is suggested that sampling strategy (bulk samples versus multiple collections of single tips) may have important consequences when sampling from communities where root tip densities differ. Finally, the need for studies of the spatial distribution of ECM on roots in relation to small-scale soil heterogeneity and of the temporal aspects of ECM community dynamics is raised.     

高榕隐头果内小蜂群落的动态变化

高榕隐头果内的小蜂群落是我国目前所知榕小蜂群落中最为丰富多样的群落。通过600个果内78063号小蜂标本的分类、统计,在高榕果内共有25种榕小蜂,隶属于7科、14属,其中两种为传粉小蜂,23种为非传传粉小蜂。在榕小蜂群落中,传粉小蜂优势度较为明显,除1月份为18.42%外,其余月份均达51.62%以上,有时甚至达100%。在单个榕果内,小蜂的种类和数量呈现较大变幅,有1~8种,普遍寄生2~4种;榕小蜂数量从1~561只/果不等,寄生100~200只/果较多。1年中不同小蜂出现的相对频度差异也较大,E up ristina sp.和Sy coscap ter sp.2每月都出现,有的非传粉小蜂仅于特定月份出现,并且数量极少。榕小蜂的丰富度随着月份而变化,变幅3~19种,并于1月、4月和8月出现3个高峰。自然群落中,传粉小蜂与非传粉小蜂的数量变化呈显著负相关;多样性指数与传粉小蜂比例呈显著负相关,与非传粉小蜂比例呈显著正相关,而且都具较高的拟合优度。通过3个不同生境样地的多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度比较,结果表明:在人为干扰较严重的样地内,3项指标都较低,除均匀度指标未达显著外,多样性指数和丰富度均达显著水平。但生境对传粉小蜂和非传粉小蜂的影响却不相同,非传粉小蜂会随生境的恶化而迅速消亡,而传粉小蜂的种群则急速膨大,占领全部生境。反之,随着生境的改善,传粉小蜂的种群数量将有所下降,而非传粉小蜂的种类和数量将增加。     

Influence of Salinity Concentration on Aquatic Insect Community Structure: A Mesocosm Experiment in the Dead Sea Basin Region

Salinity varies considerably among temporary pools in the Dead Sea Basin, Israel. We experimentally assessed the effects of four salinity levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 g NaCl per liter) on the aquatic insect community in this basin in an artificial pool experiment. Each salinity level was randomly assigned to six pools (total=24 pools). Salinity did not affect total insect abundance but strongly affected abundance and distributions of different species, and consequently, community structure. Of 13 taxa colonizing the pools, 12 were Diptera including 10 mosquito species. Five taxa were sufficiently common to assess abundance in relation to salinity. Polypedilum nubiferum Skuse (Diptera: Chironomidae) was largely salinity intolerant being abundant only in the freshwater. Ephydra flavipes Macquart (Diptera: Ephydridae) was most abundant at the highest salinity level and was rare in freshwater. Ochlerotatus caspius Pallas (Diptera: Culicidae) abundance tended to be highest at 10 g/l and lowest at 30 g/l although the differences were not statistically significant. Anopheles multicolor Cambouliu (Diptera: Culicidae) was relatively euryhaline although numbers dropped significantly at the highest salinity. Cleon dipterum Linnaeus (Baetidae: Ephemeroptera) was also euryhaline and showed no significant differences in abundance across salinities. For the mosquito species, we also estimated survival to pupation. Survival to pupation was significantly lower for O. caspius in freshwater, but was not statistically significantly different across salinities for A.␣multicolor. Species diversity was highest at the two lowest salinities tested and then dropped with increasing salinity. Evenness was not significantly different across salinities. Community similarity generally decreased with increasing salinity differences though dissimilarity was greatest when comparing freshwater to other salinities. Thus, regional diversity is likely increased when there is a range of salinities among pools.     

Community diversity and invasion resistance: An experimental test in a grassland ecosystem and a review of comparable studies

The relationship between community diversity and invasion resistance in a grassland was examined using experimental plant assemblages that varied in species richness and composition. The assemblages were weeded for three seasons to remove unsown species and we used the number of weeded seedlings, their total biomass and the number of species removed as indicators of community resistance and susceptibility to invasion. In general, we found a positive relationship between invasion resistance and increasing community diversity. Similar patterns of establishment were observed at the end of the fourth field season after several months without weeding. Increased invasion resistance with higher diversity appears to come through reduced levels of several above- and belowground resources, although these did not fully explain the effects of species richness in the studys analyses. Experimental increases and reductions of litter biomass within the studys experimental plant assemblages did not modify these patterns significantly. A review of comparable studies of invasion across directly manipulated diversity gradients revealed similar patterns. Positive effects of species diversity on invasion resistance were found in experimental manipulations of plant diversity conducted in the field and in the glasshouse, from studies with aquatic microcosms and in a marine system. Although some exceptions to this pattern were found in both terrestrial plant systems and aquatic microcosms, it was concluded that in biodiversity manipulation experiments more diverse communities are generally more resistant to invasion.     

梵争山和张家界地区蜘蛛群落结构及多样性研究

1990年8月对梵净山和张家界两个自然保护区内蜘蛛群落进行调查,结果表明:自然保护区内蜘蛛资源极为丰富,经初步鉴定,计有蜘蛛27科85属180种,其中主要成分依次为肖蛸、园蛛、狼蛛、球蛛和皿蛛等。蜘蛛发生量折合每亩为17,585—54,000头。八个不同生境类型蜘蛛群落的种类数和密度存在明显差异;各种蜘蛛分布群在群落内的比例随栖息地结构变化而改变,因而也导致蜘蛛群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,Simpson优势度和均等度等参数的变化。     

子午岭马栏林区主要森林群落的稳定性分析

选用构成群落稳定性指标体系的10项相关指标,采用Godron稳定性测定方法、主成分分析法以及Shan-non-Weiner物种多样性指数研究了子午岭马栏林区主要森林群落的稳定性状况及其与环境和群落生态特征间的关系。结果显示:(1)群落物种的总体多样性是白桦林>天然油松林>辽东栎林;而群落稳定性则表现为辽东栎林>天然油松林>白桦林;(2)各群落中影响主成分的主要因素均包含物种多样性因子和生活史阶段因子。表明物种多样性指数虽然是群落稳定性的重要影响因子,但由于存在其它因子的相互作用,不能单纯以群落物种多样性指数判断某具体群落的稳定性,必须在此基础上结合群落优势种群的年龄结构才能比较真实地评价群落的稳定性状态。     

转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog方法对两种转基因棉花及其亲本非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物的单一碳源利用水平进行了比较分析,探讨转基因棉花种植对其根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明：与非转基因亲本相比,在苗期、蕾期、吐絮期、衰老期转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力、Shannon功能多样性指数和均匀度指数的影响均不显著,而在花铃期根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力和Shannon功能多样性指数显著降低.主成分分析表明,花铃期转基因棉花与非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物碳源利用在两主成分轴上的分异较大,碳源利用模式差异显著.     

基于多元比例分析研究4种潜蝇姬小蜂(膜翅目：姬小蜂科)的形态特征差异——附2中国新纪录种

潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus属膜翅目Hymenoptera姬小蜂科Eulophidae,其分布广泛,种类多样,是潜叶蝇的优势寄生性昆虫;潜叶蝇是危害水稻和蔬菜等经济作物的重要害虫。同形潜蝇姬小蜂D.isaea(Walker, 1838)和波氏潜蝇姬小蜂D.poppoea Walker, 1848,安纳潜蝇姬小蜂D.anadolucus Doganlar, 1982,卡布潜蝇姬小蜂D.chabrias(Walker, 1844)的外形相似,需进一步挖掘4种小蜂在形态结构上的种间差异,为其在形态分类及系统发育研究提供更为详细的基础资料。本研究采用非参数检验和多元比例(multivariate ratio analysis, MRA)对40头标本的25个形态特征的测量数据进行分析,研究4种小蜂种间形态差异,筛选出了多个具有分类学意义的特征。非参数检验结果表明,在25个形态特征中,4种小蜂种间差异显著;主成分分析结果发现,前翅(fw.l),后翅(hw.l, hw.w)和体长(b.l)是主成分1和2的代表指标;线性判别分析结果显示b.l∶c.l、hw.w∶ptl.l、hw.w∶mst.l和ppd...     

基于主成分特征投影法建立利用16S rRNA基因序列进行物种分类方法的研究

提出一种有别于系统发育树的根据16S rRNA基因序列进行物种分类的新方法。首先将基因的碱基字母形式转换成数字形式,构建多维向量。然后根据主成分分析方法将该向量向数据分布最大方向投影,将原数据用几个“主成分”线性表出,而不丢失原数据的信息,采用主成分的显示功能作出三维主成分特征投影视图,达到分类的目的。在双歧杆菌和肠球菌的分类识别中得到较好的应用。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南部植物多样性及群落分类

采用分层取样的方法,以1000m2/样地为最小观测面积,对古尔班通古特沙漠南部61样地植物多样性进行了调查。发现92个物种,隶属于22科71属,单种科、单种属多,区系优势现象明显。草本植物占总物种数的81.5%,短命植物占43.5%,对物种丰富度和盖度的空间变化起决定作用。属的区系成分分析表明地中海、西亚至中亚分布型成分占大多数,具有典型的地中海旱生植物区系分布特征。总物种数,草本物种数,短命植物物种数与纬度显著负相关,与经度和海拔显著正相关。从南到北,总盖度、草本盖度和短命植物的盖度显著下降,灌木的盖度则增加,从西到东,总盖度、草本盖度和短命植物的盖度显著增加,而灌木的盖度则减少。采用多元回归树(Multivariate regression trees,MRT)方法,根据纬度、土壤pH值和海拔,将61样地分为4个群落。结合降水在古尔班通古特沙漠由西到东,由南到北梯度变化所导致的物种多样性的变化,推测如果未来降水持续增加,古尔班通古特沙漠草本植物的优势将更加明显。