脱落酸信号转导研究进展

脱落酸（ABA）对植物生长发育和适应环境胁迫等多方面有重要的调节作用,其信号转导机制非常引人注目,近年来这方面研究进展很快,本文利用现有文献,对脱落酶不敏感和超敏感性突变体,脱落酸的结合位点与受体,ABA信号转涉及的细胞第二信使（Ca^2 ,磷酸肌醇,cADPR,阴离子通道与H^ ), 蛋白质可逆磷酸化以及ABA诱导基因表达所必需的顺序作用元件（cis-acting elenment)和反式作用因子（trans-acting factor)等几方面的最新研究进展作了介绍。     

植物AREB／ABF转录因子及其参与的ABA信号转导

AREB（ABA responsive element binding protein）／ABF（ABRE binding factors）转录因子即ABA（脱落酸）应答元件结合蛋白,参与调控ABA相关基因的表达,提高植物对环境胁迫的适应能力。本文从AREBs的克隆与表达、在抗非生物胁迫中的作用以及参与的ABA信号转导等方面阐述现有的研究进展。     

植物MAPK级联途径参与调控ABA信号转导

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)级联途径信号通路在真核生物细胞信号的转换和放大过程中起重要作用。MAPK级联途径由三个成员组成,分别是MAPK、MAPKK及MAPKKK,此三个信号组分按照MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK的方式依次磷酸化将外源信号级联放大向下传递。大量研究表明,植物MAPK级联途径参与调控脱落酸(ABA)信号转导。因此,该文就ABA和MAPK的生物学功能、ABA信号转导中的磷酸化与去磷酸化以及MAPK级联途径与ABA信号转导之间的关系等方面的研究进展进行综述,以便进一步认识MAPK和ABA信号转导的分子机制。     

保卫细胞的ABA信号转导

植物激素脱落酸（ABA）调节植物体多种生理过程,尤其在一些逆境条件下,植物体中ABA大量合成,诱导气孔关闭,从而有效地调控植物体内的水分平衡,尽管人们对ABA诱导气孔关闭作用已得到共识,但有关信号转导的细节还很不清楚,该文简要介绍了研究气孔保卫细胞信号转导途径的相关技术以及与ABA信号转导直接相关的ABA受体,第二信使,蛋白质磷酸化和离子通道调节等方面的最新研究进展,并在前人研究工作的基础上,勾画出气孔保卫细胞ABA,H2O2的信号转导模式图。     

苔藓植物脱落酸研究进展

脱落酸(ABA)作为逆境信号,在植物抗逆特别是抗旱过程中起关键作用。苔藓植物是最早登陆的高等植物,探究其ABA的作用机理对于理解陆生植物的进化具有重要意义。本文主要描述ABA在苔藓植物中的功能和作用,并以小立碗藓(Physcomitrella patens)为例,总结了ABA合成和信号转导途径的研究进展,丰富了对ABA在早期陆生植物生存与进化过程中作用的认识。     

ABA信号转导途径中的MAPKs

脱落酸（ABA）是植物体内一种重要的激素分子,在调节植物生长发育和对环境适应的过程中发挥重要的信号作用。促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）是一种广泛存在于真核生物中的信号转导途径,由环境胁迫、细胞因子、植物激素、生长因子等诱导,是植物细胞信号转导过程中的主要级联途径之一。已知许多蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶参与了ABA信号途径,MAPKs作为ABA信号转导的下游组分发挥着重要的调节作用。本文就MAPK级联参与ABA信号转导途径的相关研究进展进行叙述,以便对MAPKs和ABA信号之间的交互作用（cross-talk）机制有更深入了解。     

保卫细胞的ABA信号转导

植物激素脱落酸(ABA)调节植物体多种生理过程,尤其在一些逆境条件下,植物体中ABA大量合成,诱导气孔关闭,从而有效地调控植物体内的水分平衡.尽管人们对ABA诱导气孔关闭作用已得到共识,但有关信号转导的细节还很不清楚.该文简要介绍了研究气孔保卫细胞信号转导途径的相关技术以及与ABA信号转导直接相关的ABA受体、第二信使、蛋白质磷酸化和离子通道调节等方面的最新妍究进展.并在前人研究工作的基础上,勾画出气孔保卫细胞ABA、H2O2的信号转导模式图.     

PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白介导植物ABA的信号转导

脱落酸(ABA)在各个植物生长发育阶段以及植物对生物与非生物胁迫的响应过程中都发挥着重要的作用。最近研究表明, 在ABA信号转导途径中有3种核心组份：ABA受体PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白、负调控因子2C类蛋白磷酸酶(PP2C)和正调控因子SNF1相关的蛋白激酶2(SnRK2), 它们共同组成了一个双重负调控系统-- PYR/PYL/RCAR-| PP2C-| SnRK2来调控ABA信号转导及其下游反应, 且3种核心组份在植物体内的结合方式受时空和生化等因素的影响, 通过特定组合形成的ABA信号转导复合体介导特定的ABA信号反应。文章就PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白介导的植物ABA信号识别与转导途径的分子基础及其调控机制, 以及PYR/PYL/RCAR-PP2C-SnRK2参与的ABA信号调控网络等研究进展做一概述, 并对该领域今后的研究进行了展望。     

保卫细胞中ABA信号调控机制研究进展

脱落酸(ABA)具有调节植物快速响应逆境的重要功能。植物细胞中ABA核心信号通路由ABA受体PYR1/PYLs/RCARs、A类碱性蛋白磷酸酶PP2Cs和Snf1相关蛋白激酶SnRK2s组成。活性氧(ROS)和Ca²⁺是保卫细胞中的重要第二信使,调控ABA诱导的气孔关闭。该文对保卫细胞中核心ABA信号蛋白的调控以及ROS和Ca²⁺介导的ABA信号转导等最新研究成果进行综述,旨在阐明保卫细胞中ABA信号调控机制。     

PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白介导植物ABA的信号转导

脱落酸(ABA)在各个植物生长发育阶段以及植物对生物与非生物胁迫的响应过程中都发挥着重要的作用。最近研究表明,在ABA信号转导途径中有3种核心组份:ABA受体PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白、负调控因子2C类蛋白磷酸酶(PP2C)和正调控因子SNF1相关的蛋白激酶2(SnRK2),它们共同组成了一个双重负调控系统——PYR/PYL/RCAR—|PP2C—|SnRK2来调控ABA信号转导及其下游反应,且3种核心组份在植物体内的结合方式受时空和生化等因素的影响,通过特定组合形成的ABA信号转导复合体介导特定的ABA信号反应。文章就PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白介导的植物ABA信号识别与转导途径的分子基础及其调控机制,以及PYR/PYL/RCAR—PP2C—SnRK2参与的ABA信号调控网络等研究进展做一概述,并对该领域今后的研究进行了展望。     

核素铯胁迫下接种摩西球囊霉对宿根高粱内源激素和光合的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了宿根高粱接种摩西球囊霉形成共生体后在核素铯污染胁迫下内源激素和光合生理的响应.结果表明： 铯胁迫促进了宿根高粱叶片脱落酸(ABA)的合成,降低了生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)以及玉米素核苷(ZR)的积累,从而导致了ABA/IAA和ABA/GA明显升高,接种摩西球囊霉减少了铯胁迫下IAA、GA以及ZR的降幅以及ABA的增幅,维持了ABA/IAA、ABA/GA和ABA/（IAA+GA+ZR）的稳定性;铯胁迫显著降低了植物净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、光呼吸(P_r)以及暗呼吸(D_r)等光合指标和呼吸指标,造成植物光合效率降低,接种摩西球囊霉缓解了铯胁迫给植物光合效率造成的负效应.说明在利用植物修复核素污染土壤时可引入摩西球囊霉等丛枝菌根真菌,以提高植物光合效率及同化产物,增强植物耐性,提高修复效率.     

昆虫取食和药剂熏蒸对马尾松针叶脱落酸和茉莉酸含量的影响

脱落酸(ABA)和茉莉酸(JA)在诱导植物产生抗逆性过程中具有重要作用.以马尾松为试验材料,用GC/MS检测了马尾松毛虫咬食、外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)熏蒸和萜烯混合物熏蒸处理4 h后,马尾松损伤针叶、相邻姊妹针叶(处理同一轮未受损伤枝条)、系统上枝针叶(处理枝上一轮枝条)和系统下枝针叶(处理枝下一轮枝条)中ABA和JA含量的变化.结果表明,虫害4 h后,马尾松损伤针叶、相邻姊妹针叶、系统上枝针叶和系统下枝针叶的ABA和JA含量均明显升高.用10 μmol·L^-1 MeJA熏蒸和10 μmol·L^-1萜烯混合物熏蒸健康植株后,各部位枝条针叶中ABA和JA含量明显升高.说明ABA和JA是马尾松苗木伤反应信号传导途径中的重要信号分子,参与了马尾松苗木系统抗性的形成过程.     

亚适宜温光下萘乙酸钠对番茄幼苗生长与生理特性的影响

以番茄“中杂105”为试材,研究亚适宜温光条件下根施10 mg·L^-1萘乙酸钠对番茄幼苗生长与生理特性的影响.结果表明： 亚适宜温光处理番茄幼苗生物量、壮苗指数、根系活力、光合速率、根系和叶片中全氮含量均显著下降,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性升高,过氧化氢酶活性降低,玉米素核苷含量显著下降,而脱落酸含量显著增加.亚适宜温光条件下,与对照相比,根施10 mg·L^-1萘乙酸钠可使番茄幼苗全株干质量、壮苗指数分别提高16.4%、22.9%,并使根、叶中全N含量及光合速率分别增加8.5%、28.5%、37.0%,提高根系活力和保护酶活性,增加吲哚乙酸和玉米素核苷含量,抑制脱落酸含量的增加.亚适宜温光处理下,根施10 mg·L^-1萘乙酸钠可以通过提高番茄幼苗根系活力、保护酶活性和光合速率,调控内源激素水平变化,促进番茄幼苗生长.     

模拟酸雨对青冈光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在重度酸雨(pH 2.5)、中度酸雨(pH 4.0)和弱酸性酸雨(pH 5.6)3个酸雨梯度下,研究地上酸雨、全淋酸雨、土壤酸雨3种处理方式对青冈幼苗叶绿素荧光和光合参数的影响,并以空白为对照.结果表明: 在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理显著阻碍青冈幼苗叶绿素合成,降低PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和实际光化学量子产量(Y),以及净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)等光合参数,提高光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,全淋酸雨处理下青冈幼苗受到抑制作用其次,而土壤酸雨处理对其有一定的促进作用;中度酸雨和弱酸性酸雨条件下,不同处理方式除暗呼吸速率(R_d)低于对照外,其余均高于对照,并且全淋酸雨＞土壤酸雨＞地上酸雨处理.可见,在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理对幼苗的抑制作用最强;中度和弱酸性酸雨条件下,全淋酸雨处理对于幼苗的促进作用最强.不同酸雨强度对青冈幼苗叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、实际光化学量子产量(Y)、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和最大净光合速率(A_max)影响显著,不同酸雨处理方式对幼苗SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n、T_r、A_max和光饱和点(LSP)影响显著,二者交互作用对SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n和A_max影响显著.     

Changes of free and conjugated abscisic acid and phaseic acid in xylem sap of drought-stressed sunflower plants

Abscisic acid (ABA), conjugated abscisic acid, phaseic acid (PA), and conjugated phaseic acid were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography (GC) in xylem sap of well-watered and drought-stressed sunflower plants. Conjugated ABA and conjugated PA were determined indirectly after chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. Conjugated ABA was found to be the predominant ABA metabolite in xylem sap. In xylem sap from well-watered plants at least five, and in sap from drought-stressed plants at least six alkaline hydrolysable ABA conjugates were found. One of them corresponds chromatographically (HPLC) with abscisic acid glucose ester (ABAGE). Under drought conditions the concentrations of ABA, alkaline hydrolysable ABA conjugates, -glucosidase hydrolysable ABA conjugates, PA, and conjugated PA increased. After rewatering the drought-stressed plants, the ABA and the conjugated ABA content decreased. The possible function of the ABA conjugates in the xylem sap as a source of free ABA is discussed.     

Modulation of carrier-mediated uptake of abscisic acid by methyl jasmonate in Phaseolus coccineus L

The effects of methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid on uptake of abscisic acid (ABA) by suspension-cultured runner-bean cells and subapical runner-bean root segments have been investigated. Increasing concentrations of methyl jasmonate inhibit ABA uptake by the cultured cells with a K _i of 22±3 M. This is not due to cytoplasmic acidification or to effects on metabolism of ABA, and is not additive with inhibition of radioactive ABA uptake by nonradioactive ABA. Uptake of indol-3-yl acetic acid (IAA) is unaffected by methyl jasmonate. The maximum effect of nonradioactive ABA in inhibiting uptake of radioactive ABA, previously shown to reflect saturation of an ABA carrier, is generally greater than the effect of maximally inhibitory concentrations of methyl jasmonate. Similar results were obtained with root segments, but longer incubation times were necessary to observe inhibitory effects of methyl jasmonate. Demethylation of methyl jasmonate to jasmonic acid does not appear to be required since similar concentrations of jasmonic acid had no observable direct effect on ABA uptake other than that attributable to cytoplasmic acidification. Histidine reagents, a proton ionophore and acidic external pH all affect in parallel the inhibition by methyl jasmonate and nonradioactive ABA of uptake of radioactive ABA by the cultured cells. There is no effect of ABA or nonradioactive methyl jasmonate on uptake of radioactive methyl jasmonate by the cultured cells. It is proposed that methyl jasmonate interacts with the ABA carrier. Various models for this interaction are discussed.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - DMO 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione - IAA indol-3-yl acetic acid     

Activity, but not Expression, of Soluble and Cell Wall-Bound Acid Invertases Is Induced by Abscisic Acid in Developing Apple Fruit

The present experiment, involving both the in vivo injection of abscislc acid （ABA） Into apple （Malus domestica Brohk.） fruits and the in vivo Incubation of fruit tissues in ABA-contalnlng medium, revealed that ABA activates both soluble and cell wall-bound acid invertases. Immunoblottlng and enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assays showed that this ABA-induced acid invertase activation is Independent of the amount of enzyme present. The acid Invertase activation induced by ABA is dependent on medium pH, time course, ABA dose, living tissue and developmental stage. Two isomers of cls-（＋）-ABA, （-）-ABA and trans- ABA, had no effect on acid invertases, showing that ABA-induced acid invertase activation is specific to physiologically active cis-（＋）ABA. Protein kinase inhlbltors K252a and H7 as well as acid phosphatase Increased the ABA-Induced effects. These data indicate that ABA specifically activates both soluble and cell wall-bound acid Invertases by a posttranslational mechanism probably Involving reversible protein phosphorylatlon, and this may be one of the mechanisms by which ABA Is Involved In regulating fruit development.     

Disrupting Abscisic Acid Homeostasis in Western White Pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus monticola</Emphasis> Dougl. Ex D. Don) Seeds Induces Dormancy Termination and Changes in Abscisic Acid Catabolites

To investigate the role of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and catabolism in dormant imbibed seeds of western white pine (Pinus monticola), ABA and selected catabolites were measured during a combined treatment of the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone, and gibberellic acid (GA). Fluridone in combination with GA effectively disrupted ABA homeostasis and replaced the approximately 90-day moist chilling period normally required to break dormancy in this species. Individually, both fluridone and GA treatments decreased ABA levels in the embryos and megagametophytes of white pine seeds compared to a water control; however, combined fluridone/GA treatment, the only treatment to terminate dormancy effectively, led to the greatest decline in ABA content. Fluridone treatments revealed that a high degree of ABA turnover/transport occurred in western white pine seeds during the initial stages of dormancy maintenance; at this time, ABA levels decreased by approximately two-thirds in both embryo and megagametophyte tissues. Gibberellic acid treatments, both alone and in combination with fluridone, suggested that GA acted transiently to disrupt ABA homeostasis by shifting the ratio between biosynthesis and catabolism to favor ABA catabolism or transport. Increases in phaseic acid (PA) and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) were observed during fluridone/GA treatments; however, increases in ABA metabolites did not account for the reduction in ABA observed; additional catabolism and/or transport of ABA and selected metabolites in all probability accounts for this discrepancy. Finally, levels of 7′ hydroxy-ABA (7′OH-ABA) were higher in dormant-imbibed seeds, suggesting that metabolism through this pathway is increased in seeds that maintain higher levels of ABA, perhaps as a means to further regulate ABA homeostasis.     

Effect of water stress on transport of [2-14C]abscisic acid in intact plants ofPhaseolus coccineus L.

Summary Eight- to 10-day-old plants ofPhaseolus coccineus, which grow on vermiculite with a water content of 12–17% of the water-holding capacity, stop growing completely, whereas water potential and relative water content are almost unaffected. [2-¹⁴C]Abscisic acid, which is applied to the midrib of a primary leaf, is transported especially to the roots and the apical bud, but not to the second primary leaf and the cotyledons. Water-stressed plants, however, export only negligible amounts of ABA from the donor leaf to the plant. Thus an accumulation of ABA occurs in the donor leaf. Consequently water stress can increase ABA concentration in leaves not only by stimulating ABA synthesis but also by inhibiting ABA transport. Recovery of growth and ABA transport after reirrigation is very weak. Water stress has no effect on ABA metabolism in bean plants.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - GA gibberellic acid - IAA indoleacetic acid - RWC relative water content in plants - TLC thin-layer chromatography     

Abscisic acid activates acid invertases in developing grape berry

Acid invertases play a key role in sugar metabolism, and the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) enhances sugar accumulation in crop sink organs, but information about the relationship between ABA and acid invertases has been limited. The present experiments were done with both in vivo pre-incubation of the grape ( Vitis vinifera  ×  V . labrusca L.) berry tissues in ABA-containing medium and in vivo infiltration of ABA into the intact berries. The results show that ABA activates both the soluble and cell wall-bound acid invertases during fruit development by enhancing their activities and amounts as assessed by immunoblotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This activation was pH, time course and ABA dose dependent. The serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors K252a, staurosporine and H7 and acid phosphatase increased the activation of ABA-induced acid invertase, but the tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor quercetin strongly suppressed the ABA-induced effects, suggesting that a complex reversible protein phosphorylation is involved in the ABA-induced activation of acid invertases. The effects of the protein kinase inhibitors were dependent on the in vivo state of the tissues but independent of the expression of acid invertases. Two ABA analogues, (–)-ABA and trans-ABA, had no effect on acid invertases, showing that the ABA-induced activation of acid invertases is specific to the physiologically active form of ABA. These data suggest that ABA may be involved in fruit development by activating acid invertases.