Molecular fluctuation in living cells

The concept of molecular fluctuation in living cells is introduced. Many apparently different experi-mental facts in living cells, including the velocity non-uniformity of organelle movement, the saltatory movement of transport vesicles in axoplasmic transport, the chromosome oscillation during metaphase in mitosis and the pauses in the chromosome movement during anaphase are explained using a unified viewpoint. A method of determination of average number of the attached motor protein molecules from the experimental data is also proposed.     

家猪减数分裂粗线期二价体与有丝分裂中期染色体的比较研究

以性成熟公猪睾丸和外周血为材料,采用长低渗、高氯仿卡诺固定液固定和外周血细胞培养制备减数分裂粗线期二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体,通过对二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体分裂指数和长度的比较研究,发现二价体的分裂指数和长度分别是有丝分裂中期染色体的5倍和3.42倍(1.87～5.98);同时以12号染色体为例, 比较了二价体上的染色粒结构带与有丝分裂中期染色体G-带,表明染色粒结构带比中期染色体G-带带纹丰富,而与早中期G-带带纹吻合。 Abstract:Meiotic pachytene bivalents were obtained from porcine testes using prolonged hypotonic treatment combined with high chloroform Carnory's fixative solution. Mitotic metaphase chromosomes were prepared from blood cell culture. Comparative studies on division index and length of pachytene bivalents and mitosis metaphase chromosomes showed that those of the former are 5 times higher and 3.42(1.87～5.98) times longer than the latter, respectively. Chromomere maps of bivalents are more abundant than mitotic metaphase G-bands, while they are correspondent with mitotic early-metaphase G-bands. The result was found by using the chromosome 12 as a sample.     

Assembly and disassembly of mammalian chromosome pellicle

By means of indirect double immunofluorescent staining,the coordination of PI antigen and perichromonucleolin(PCN),the constituent of nuclear periphery and nucleolus respectively,in the assembly and disassembly of chromosome pellicle during mitosis was studied.It was found that in 3T3 cells,during mitosis PI antigen began to coat the condensing chromosome surface earlier than PCN did.However,both of them completed their coating on chromosome at approximately the same stage of mitosis,prometaphase metaphase,The dissociation of mitosis,Prometaphase metaphase.The dissociation of PI antigen from chromosome pellicle to participate the formation of nuclear periphery took place also ahead of that of PCN,At early telophase PI antigen had been extensively involved in the formation of nuclear periphery,while PCN remained in association with the surface of decondensing chromosomes.At late telophase,when PI antigen was localized in an fairly well formed nuclear periphery,PCN was in a stage of forming prenucleolar bodies.     

应用染色体涂染技术分析两例染色体结构异常 Analysis of the Structure of Abnormal Karyotypes by Using Chromosome Painting

为了确定两例细胞遗传学提示染色体结构异常的核型,应用通过显微切割技 术构建的人类18号和7号染色体探针池,分别对这两例病例的中期分裂相进行染色体涂染,结合显带染色体,确定两者核型分别为46,XY,t(3;18) (q12;q21)和46,XX,dir ins(1;7)(p3104;q34q36)。染色体涂染技术是染色体显带技术的重要补充和发展,为染色体结构异常提供了一种直观、准确的检测手段,在遗传咨询和产前诊断方面有重要作用。 Abstract:In this study,chromosome painting technique was performed to analyse the abnormal karyotypes of two carriers.Chromosome 18 and 7 specific libraries,which were generated by chromosome microdissection technique,were used as probe pools to hybridize the carriers metaphase chromosomes respectively.Unlabled human genomic DNA was used to inhibit the hybridization of sequences in the library that bind to mutiple chromosomes.Structure abnormality was detected clearly in metaphase.Combined with the banding chromosomes,we concluded that their karytypes were 46,XY,t(3;18)(q12;q21)and 46,XX,dir ins(1;7)(p3104;q34q36).Chromosome painting,as a direct and concise method in analysing chromosome structure abnormality,is an important complement and development of chromosome banding technique,and has important application in genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.     

蝗虫染色体分带技术的研究

本文对采自长沙岳麓山的中华稻蝗〔Oxya chinensis (Thunberg)〕和采自杭州的小稻蝗〔Oxya hyla intricata (Stal) 〕进行了染色体C带、R带、N带和A带的处理研究。结果表明,C带显示结构异染色质,其位置在不同分裂相中较为稳定;R带即G带的反带,带纹较C带丰富,在粗线期最为明显,本文观察到不同的温育条件可影响R带产生的效果;N带和Ag带可相互参照比较,从而为NOR的准确定位提供依据;A带即荧光带,本文对其显带程序作了一定的改进。 Abstract:In this paperOxya chinensis (Thunberg) collected from the Yuelu Mountains in Changsha, Hunan Province andOxya hyla intricata (Stal) collected from Hangzhou, Zhejiang province were analysed by chromosomal C-banding、R-banding、N-banding、Ag-banding and A-banding. The results showed that the constitutive heterochromatin was stained in C-banding, and it relatively stable; R-banding was the reverse of G-banding, its bands were relatively obvious at the pachytene and abundent, it may be because of the selective extracts that cause the bands evident, the different effects were surveyed under the various incubation conditions; Both N-banding and Ag-banding can stain the nucleolar organizer and the two were compared in this paper; The A-banding was a little improved in the light of the banding process.     

蝗虫染色体分带技术的研究

本文对采自长沙岳麓山的中华稻蝗〔Oxya chinensis (Thunberg)〕和采自杭州的小稻蝗〔Oxya hyla intricata (Stal) 〕进行了染色体C带、R带、N带和A带的处理研究。结果表明,C带显示结构异染色质,其位置在不同分裂相中较为稳定;R带即G带的反带,带纹较C带丰富,在粗线期最为明显,本文观察到不同的温育条件可影响R带产生的效果;N带和Ag带可相互参照比较,从而为NOR的准确定位提供依据;A带即荧光带,本文对其显带程序作了一定的改进。 Abstract:In this paperOxya chinensis (Thunberg) collected from the Yuelu Mountains in Changsha, Hunan Province andOxya hyla intricata (Stal) collected from Hangzhou, Zhejiang province were analysed by chromosomal C-banding、R-banding、N-banding、Ag-banding and A-banding. The results showed that the constitutive heterochromatin was stained in C-banding, and it relatively stable; R-banding was the reverse of G-banding, its bands were relatively obvious at the pachytene and abundent, it may be because of the selective extracts that cause the bands evident, the different effects were surveyed under the various incubation conditions; Both N-banding and Ag-banding can stain the nucleolar organizer and the two were compared in this paper; The A-banding was a little improved in the light of the banding process.     

泽蛙、日本林蛙、饰纹姬蛙不同地理居群的核型多样性

本文研究了温州地区的泽蛙、日本林蛙、饰纹姬蛙的核型,并分析了9个地理居群泽蛙的核型、4个地理居群日本林蛙的核型和3个地理居群饰纹姬蛙的核型。结果表明,不同地理居群的同种蛙均有相同的染色体数和核型模式。泽蛙、日本林蛙都为 2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;饰纹姬蛙 2n=24,NF=48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等都有所不同,说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。故保护蛙品种资源多样性,不仅要从整个群体上考虑,而且要针对每个品种（或类群）进行保护。 Abstract：The karyotypes of Rana limmocharis boie,Rana j.Japonica,and Microhyla ornata from Wenzhou were studied.The karyotypes of nine populations of Rana limmocharis boie,four populations of Rana j.Japonica and three populations of Microhyla ornata from different geographical regions were compared.The results demonstrated that the same species of different geographical populations have the same amount of chromosome and karyotypic formulae. Rana limmocharis boie and Rana j.Japonica have 2n=26,NF=52 and 5＋8 karyotypic formulae.Microhyla ornata has 2n=24,NF=48 and 6＋6 karyotypic formulae.But some dissimilarities were found among them.First,the number and sequence of submetacentric chromosome were different among them,and then the secondary contriction （SC）or satellite （Sat）were also different.It was showed that the chromosomes of same species of different geographical population have diversities.Conservation of frog genetic diversity must be considered of not only the genetic diversity conservation of the total frog population but also that of every frog breed.     

A Bio-Inspired Biped Water Running Robot Incorporating the Watt-I Planar Linkage Mechanism

In this paper, a biped water running robot is developed by mimicking the water-running pattern of basilisk lizards. The dynamic mechanism of the robot was studied based on Watt-I planar linkages, and the movement trajectory of the double bar Assur Group was deduced to simulate the water-running foot trajectories of the basilisk lizard. A Central Pattern Generator （CPG）-based fuzzy control method was proposed to control the robot for realizing balance control and gait adjustment. The effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified on the prototype of a water running robot （weight： 320 g）. When the biped robot is running on water, the average force generated by the propulsion mechanism is 1.3 N, and the robot body tilt angle is 5~. The experiment results show that the propulsion mechanism is effective in realizing the basilisk lizards-like water running patterns, and the CPG-based fuzzy control method is effective in keeping the balance of the robot.     

家燕与金腰燕染色体的比较研究

本文对家燕和金腰燕的核型、C带和Ag-NORs带进行了比较研究。结果表明,两者的核型基本一致。核型公式:2n=80=2M+4ST+zMwSM+2M+2ST+2SM+8 T+2M+56mT/D。但两者在染色体的相对长度、W染色体大小、G带带型、A g-NORs的数目和分布均存在着差异。文中在家燕No.1、7、W染色体和金腰燕No.1、 6、7染色体的形态划分,金腰燕W染色体的确定及其染色体数目等方面,均与卞小庄、李庆伟的结果不同。 Abstract:A comparative study on karyotype and C-band and Ag-NORs of house swallow and red-rumped swallow has been made.The result shows that the karyotype of them are similar,and their karyotypical formulae is 2n=80=2M+4ST+zMwSM+2M+2ST+8T+2M+56mT/D.But they are different in the relative length of chromosomes,the size of W chromosome,C-band patterns and the number and distribution of Ag-NORs.The chromosomes,the size of W chromosome,C-band patterns and the number and distribution of Ag-NORs.THE result in this paper is different from that of Mr.Bian and Mr.Li in the types of No.1,7,W chromosomes of house swallow and No.1,6,7 chromosomes of red-rumped swallow and the determination of W chromosome and diploid number of red-rumped swallow.     

大麦G—显带核型的研究

本文报道了 ASG 法处理的三个栽培大麦(Hordeum Vulgare)品种 G-带的核型研究。结果表明无论是早中期或中期染色体都显示出了密切邻近的、多重的 G-带带纹。在有丝分裂过程中染色体愈浓缩带纹数目愈少。同源染色体之间带纹分布的位置、染色深浅以及带纹数目都基本一致,可以较为准确地进行配对。同一分裂时期不同染色体的 G-带带纹各具一定的特点,可以作为鉴别的标记。讨论了显带技术和中期染色体的 G-带等问题。     

水稻染色体G—带的研究

用改良的ASG法首次在籼稻(O.sativa subsp.indica)品种珍汕97和粳稻(O.subsp.iaponica)品种秀岭的有丝分裂染色体上显示了G-带,并作了相应的G-带核型分析。就同一材料来说,随着有丝分裂时期的推进,染色体上带纹数目逐渐减少。籼、粳亚种间相对应的同源染色体上G-带带纹特征彼此相似。讨论了水稻G-带带型与染色体不同区域分化的关系;G-带带型与籼、粳稻分歧的关系;以及G-显带的方法。     

玉米染色体G-带ASG法显带的研究

两个自交系的根尖染邑体经ASG法处理显出了G-带。王米G-带沿整个染色体长轴分布,是一些密切邻近的多重带纹。无论有丝分裂的晚前期、早中期或中期染色体都有这类带纹。每一对同源染色体的两成员G-带带型基本相似,不同染色体或同一染色体的不同区域带纹具有一定的差异。ASG处理前用α-溴萘或放线菌素D预处理都可显出G-带。本文讨论了玉米G-带与哺乳动物G-带的相似点以及用ASG法进行玉米G-带显带应注意的技术问题。     

Studies on G-Banding Karyotype in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

G-banding karyotypes of three cultivars in barley were analyzed. Multiple closely adjacent G-bands were able to be observed in each early metaphase or metaphase chromosome treatted by an ASG method. The more concentrated the chromosome, the less was the number of G-bands during mitosis. The position of band distribution, staining degree and band numbers between homologous chromosomes were basically identical. Chromosome pairing for karyotype analysis could be carried out more accurately. G-banding patterns of different chromosome pairs were not the same, they could be used as the markers to distinguish one from another chromosome pair. During the same mitotic stage the banding patterns including number, relative position and staining degree of the bands between different cultivars were basically the same, but they had differences in the size and staining degree of some bands near centromeres. G-banding technique and G-banding of metaphase chromosomes were discussed.     

Effects of acetic acid-alcohol,trypsin, histone 1 and histone fragments on Giemsa staining patterns in chromosomes

Summary In an effort to minimize subjective bias, a classification scheme was devised to assess Giemsa staining patterns obtained with experiments involving acetic acid-alcohol and exogenously applied histone 1 and polypeptides. A single rinse of metaphase preparations with acetic acid-alcohol quantitatively reduced Giemsa dye binding. Acid-alcohol irrversibly changed the conformation of HI and its ability to interfere with trypsin G-banding. Our results suggest that, in addition to protein extraction, acid-alcohol may alter the conformation of acid-insoluble components of metaphase chromosomes. The carboxy-terminal polypeptide (residues 73–212) from NBS cleavage of H1 was an effective inhibitor of Giemsa staining and trypsin G-banding. However, this polypeptide which is preferential for supercoiled DNA was much less efficient in inhibiting Giemsa staining of trypsinized metaphase chromosomes. The molecular consequences of these experiments are discussed.     

Why plant chromosomes do not show G-bands

Summary Giemsa techniques have refused to reveal G-banding patterns in plant chromosomes. Whatever has been differentially stained so far in plant chromosomes by various techniques represents constitutive heterochromatin (redefined in this paper). Patterns of this type must not be confused with the G-banding patterns of higher vertebrates which reveal an additional chromosome segmentation beyond that due to constitutive heterochromatin. The absence of G-bands in plants is explained as follows: 1) Plant chromosomes in metaphase contain much more DNA than G-banding vertebrate chromosomes of comparable length. At such a high degree of contraction vertebrate chromosomes too would not show G-bands, simply for optical reasons. 2) The striking correspondence of pachytene chromomeres and mitotic G-bands in higher vertebrates suggests that pachytene chromomeres are G-band equivalents, and that this may also be the case in plants. G-banded vertebrate chromosomes are on the average only 2.3 times shorter in mitosis than in pachytene; the chromomeric pattern therefore still can be shown. In contrast, plant chromosomes are approximately 10 times shorter at mitotic metaphase; their pachytene-like arrangement of chromomeres is therefore no longer demonstrable.     

Early and late replicative chromosomal banding patterns of Gallus domesticus.

Early and late replicating chromosomal banding patterns of Gallus domesticus were investigated by cell synchronization and incorporation of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine during early and late DNA synthesis. The early replicating chromosomal banding patterns observed, as revealed by either acridine orange or Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide staining, were similar to the structural G-banding patterns obtained by trypsin digestion and Giemsa staining. Late replicating chromosomal banding showed extensive reverse band complementarity to the G-banding pattern. Cell synchronization increased the number of prometaphase and metaphase plates available for analysis. G-banding obtained by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide staining was investigated due to the fact that it is compatible with chromosomal in situ hybridization procedures that use nonisotopically-labeled DNA probes. Standard replicative G-banded and R-banded idiograms, as obtained after cell synchronization, are proposed.     

The human complement after trypsin pretreatment as compared to the Paris standard.

A composite G-banding diagram after trypsin pretreatment of metaphase chromosomes from 5 different individuals (2 males and 3 females) is presented and compared with the Paris diagram. The patterns obtained by the present technique were very similar to those previously reported. It was found that the darkly staining bands were much more consistent in appearance than the lightly staining bands and that there was little individual variation.     

Mechanisms of chromosome banding. II. Evidence that histones are not involved

C-and G-banding in mouse metaphase chromosomes is unaffected by exposure of the chromosomes to 0.2 N HCl for 4 h. Electrophoretic studies indicate that this is adequate to completely remove the histones from fixed and dried chromatin thus indicating that histones are not involved in C- or G-banding.     

Detection of Klinefelter syndrome by G-banding analysis combined with primed in situ labeling technique

Primed in situ labeling (PRINS) technique is an alternative to in situ hybridization for rapid chromosome screening. We employed triple-color PRINS technique to detect chromosomal abnormalities in Klinefelter syndrome patients diagnosed by G-banding karyotype analysis. Among 1034 infertile male patients, 134 were found to be cytogenetically abnormal, including 70 with chromosomal number abnormalities and 64 with chromosomal structure abnormalities. Among these cytogenetically abnormal patients, 56 were diagnosed as having Klinefelter syndrome. PRINS technique was used on cultured lymphocyte metaphase cells of the Klinefelter syndrome patients; the same result was obtained with G-banding karyotype analysis. PRINS proved to be a rapid and reliable method to detect numerical chromosome abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes in metaphase.