The phosphoinositides exist in multiple metabolic pools in rabbit platelets.

The labelling of the phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid in washed rabbit platelets incubated with [32P]phosphate or [3H]glycerol was studied in the presence of isotope and after unincorporated isotope had been removed. With both isotopes the increase in the specific radioactivity of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) lagged behind that of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) but the specific radioactivity remained higher after unincorporated isotope had been removed. This result was consistent with the presence of a second pool of PIP2, which interconverted slowly with the pool of PIP2 which was in direct equilibrium with PIP, proposed to explain the increase in specific radioactivity of PIP2 which accompanies the decrease in amount of PIP2 at 10 s in ADP-stimulated platelets. In platelets labelled with [3H]glycerol, the specific radioactivity of PIP2 became higher than that of PIP and the specific radioactivity of PIP became higher than that of phosphatidylinositol (PI). These results were interpreted to indicate that there were two pools of PIP; of these the pool with the higher specific radioactivity was the precursor of PIP2. Similarly, two pools of PI were proposed. The presence of pools of the phosphoinositides with different specific radioactivities necessitates the measurement of chemical amount of these compounds when studying the effect of stimulation of the platelets, since changes in labelling may not accurately reflect changes in the amount of the phosphoinositides.     

Glycerol-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate (Gro-PIP) is an inhibitor of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C

The deacylated forms of the phosphoinositides were used to determine whether the guinea pig uterus phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC I, Mr 60,000) required fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions for the hydrolysis of the sn-3 phosphodiester bond. L-alpha-Glycerophospho-D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate (Gro-PIP), but not glycerol 3-phosphate (Gro-3-P), L-alpha-glycerophospho-D-myo-inositol (Gro-PI), or L-alpha-glycerophospho-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (Gro-PIP2), inhibited PI-PLC I in a concentration-dependent manner. Assays performed with 10 microM [3H]phosphatidylinositol ([3H]PI), 10 microM [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate ([3H]PIP) or 10 microM [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate ([3H]PIP2) as substrates, with increasing [Gro-PIP] revealed an IC50 = 380 microM. Kinetic studies with increasing [3H]PI substrate concentrations in the presence of 100 microM and 300 microM Gro-PIP demonstrated that Gro-PIP exhibited competitive inhibition; Kis = 40 microM. Ca2+ concentrations over the range 1.1 microM to 1 mM did not effect inhibition, suggesting that Gro-PIP inhibition of [3H]PI hydrolysis was calcium-independent. To determine whether Gro-PIP was a substrate, 20 microM and 500 microM [3H]Gro-PIP were incubated with PI-PLC I. Anion-exchange HPLC analysis revealed no [3H]IP2 product formation, indicating that [3H]Gro-PIP was not hydrolyzed. Assays performed with [3H]PI and [3H]PIP substrates in the presence of 500 microM [3H]Gro-PIP revealed approx. 75% less [3H]inositol 1-phosphate ([3H]IP1) and [3H]inositol 1,4-bisphosphate ([3H]IP2) product formation, respectively, indicating that [3H]Gro-PIP inhibited the hydrolysis of the substrates by PI-PLC I. These data suggest that Gro-PIP does not serve as a substrate, and that it inhibits PI-PLC I by competitive inhibition in a Ca2(+)-independent fashion.     

On the source of the vasopressin-induced increases in diacylglycerol in hepatocytes

In hepatocytes pre-labelled with [3H]glycerol, vasopressin increased by 20% the amount of radioactivity present in diacylglycerols. The effect of vasopressin was partially dependent on Ca2+. The magnitude of the increase in [3H]diacylglycerol was 5-times the sum of the radioactivity present in phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. No stimulation by vasopressin of the initial rate of incorporation of radioactivity into diacylglycerols was observed in cells incubated in the presence of 10 mM [3H]glycerol. Treatment of hepatocytes labelled with either [3H]ethanolamine or [3H]choline with vasopressin, ionophore A23187 or phospholipase C increased the amount of radioactivity present in trichloroacetic acid extracts of the cells. The effect of vasopressin was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. It is concluded that in hepatocytes vasopressin increases diacylglycerols by a process which does not principally involve the conversion of phosphoinositides to diacylglycerol or the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol from glycerol 3-phosphate, but does involve the Ca2+-dependent conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol.     

Changes in [3H]inositol-labelled phosphoinositides of pig platelets in response to thrombin

Pig platelet phosphoinositides have been labelled with [³H]inositol and then treated with thrombin in the absence of Ca²⁺. There was a loss of labelled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate between 30 and 60 s after the addition of thrombin but the general picture was of increased labelling over a 4-min period. Labelling of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate showed no period of loss but there was an early loss of phosphatidylinositol and no increased labelling during the 4-min incubation. The small amount of lysophosphatidyl[³H]inositol in the platelets was not affected by thrombin treatment. Thrombin caused loss of [¹⁴C]arachidonate-labelled phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol.     

Calcium-activated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate in guinea-pig synaptosomes

1. Addition of the bivalent ionophore A23187 to synaptosomes isolated from guinea-pig brain cortex and labelled with [(32)P]phosphate in vitro or in vivo caused a marked loss of radioactivity from phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4-phosphate (diphosphoinositide) and phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (triphosphoinositide) and stimulated labelling of phosphatidate. No change occurred in the labelling of other phospholipids. 2. In conditions that minimized changes in internal Mg(2+) concentrations, the effect of ionophore A23187 on labelling of synaptosomal di- and tri-phosphoinositide was dependent on Ca(2+) and was apparent at Ca(2+) concentrations in the medium as low as 10(-5)m. 3. An increase in internal Mg(2+) concentration stimulated incorporation of [(32)P]phosphate into di- and tri-phosphoinositide, whereas lowering internal Mg(2+) decreased labelling. 4. Increased labelling of phosphatidate was independent of medium Mg(2+) concentration and apparently only partly dependent on medium Ca(2+) concentration. 5. The loss of label from di- and tri-phosphoinositide caused by ionophore A23187 was accompanied by losses in the amounts of both lipids. 6. Addition of excess of EGTA to synaptosomes treated with ionophore A23187 in the presence of Ca(2+) caused a rapid resynthesis of di- and tri-phosphoinositide and a further stimulation of phosphatidate labelling. 7. Addition of ionophore A23187 to synaptosomes labelled in vivo with [(3)H]inositol caused a significant loss of label from di- and tri-phosphoinositide, but not from phosphatidylinositol. There was a considerable rise in labelling of inositol diphosphate, a small increase in that of inositol phosphate, but no significant production of inositol triphosphate. 8. (32)P-labelled di- and tri-phosphoinositides appeared to be located in the synaptosomal plasma membrane. 9. The results indicate that increased Ca(2+) influx into synaptosomes markedly activates triphosphoinositide phosphatase and diphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, but has little or no effect on phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase.     

Activation of phospholipase C associated with isolated rabbit platelet membranes by guanosine 5''-[gamma-thio]triphosphate and by thrombin in the presence of GTP.

Rabbit platelets were labelled with [3H]inositol and a membrane fraction was isolated in the presence of ATP, MgCl2 and EGTA. Incubation of samples for 10 min with 0.1 microM-Ca2+free released [3H]inositol phosphates equivalent to about 2.0% of the membrane [3H]phosphoinositides. Addition of 10 microM-guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]) caused an additional formation of [3H]inositol phosphates equivalent to 6.6% of the [3H]phosphoinositides. A half-maximal effect was observed with 0.4 microM-GTP[S]. The [3H]inositol phosphates that accumulated consisted of 10% [3H]inositol monophosphate, 88% [3H]inositol bisphosphate ([3H]IP2) and 2% [3H]inositol trisphosphate ([3H]IP3). Omission of ATP and MgCl2 led to depletion of membrane [3H]polyphosphoinositides and marked decreases in the formation of [3H]inositol phosphates. Thrombin (2 units/ml) or GTP (4-100 microM) alone weakly stimulated [3H]IP2 formation, but together they acted synergistically to exert an effect comparable with that of 10 microM-GTP[S]. The action of thrombin was also potentiated by 0.1 microM-GTP[S]. Guanosine 5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate not only inhibited the effects of GTP[S], GTP and GTP with thrombin, but also blocked the action of thrombin alone, suggesting that this depended on residual GTP. Incubation with either GTP[S] or thrombin and GTP decreased membrane [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate ([H]PIP) and prevented an increase in [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate ([3H]PIP2) observed in controls. Addition of unlabelled IP3 to trap [3H]IP3 before it was degraded to [3H]IP2 showed that only about 20% of the additional [3H]inositol phosphates that accumulated with GTP[S] or thrombin and GTP were derived from the action of phospholipase C on [3H]PIP2. The results provide further evidence that guanine-nucleotide-binding protein mediates signal transduction between the thrombin receptor and phospholipase C, and suggest that PIP may be a major substrate of this enzyme in the platelet.     

The decrease in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in ADP-stimulated washed rabbit platelets is not primarily due to phospholipase C activation.

Addition of 10 micron-ADP to washed rabbit platelets caused platelet shape change and aggregation without release of the contents of the amine-storage granules, and caused a transient decrease (8.8% at 10 s) in the amount of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). By 20 s the decrease in PIP2 was no longer apparent, but by 60 s the amount of PIP2 was again decreased. Addition of thrombin (1 unit/ml), which causes platelet shape change, aggregation and the release of the contents of the amine-storage granules, caused a decrease in the amount of PIP2 (8.0% at 10 s); at 60 s the amount of PIP2 was not significantly different from that in controls. In platelets prelabelled with [3H]glycerol, the specific radioactivity of PIP2 was increased at 10 s in ADP-stimulated platelets, and unchanged in thrombin-stimulated platelets. In platelets prelabelled with [3H]inositol and incubated with 20 mM-Li+ to inhibit the degradation of the inositol phosphates to inositol, there was no increase in the labelling of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) upon stimulation with ADP. In contrast, stimulation with thrombin caused a significant increase in the labelling of IP3 at 10 s. These differences in the changes in polyphosphoinositide metabolism in ADP- and thrombin-stimulated platelets are consistent with the hypothesis that the decrease in PIP2 in ADP-stimulated platelets may be due not to degradation of PIP2 by phospholipase C, but rather to a shift in the equilibrium between PIP2 and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP). Increases in the labelling of phosphatidic acid at 10 s and of inositol bisphosphate and inositol phosphate after 20 s are consistent with phospholipase C being stimulated through some other mechanism that leads to the degradation of PIP and phosphatidylinositol; one possibility is that ADP causes an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+.     

Turkey erythrocyte membranes as a model for regulation of phospholipase C by guanine nucleotides

Phosphoinositides of human, rabbit, rat, and turkey erythrocytes were radiolabeled by incubation of intact cells with [32P]Pi. Guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) and NaF, which are known activators of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins, caused a large increase in [32P]inositol phosphate release from plasma membranes derived from turkey erythrocytes, but had no effect on inositol phosphate formation by plasma membranes prepared from the mammalian erythrocytes. High performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that inositol bisphosphate, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate all increased by 20-30-fold during a 10-min incubation of turkey erythrocyte membranes with GTP gamma S. The increase in inositol phosphate formation was accompanied by a similar decrease in radioactivity in phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). GTP gamma S increased inositol phosphate formation with a K0.5 of 600 nM; guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)trisphosphate was 50-75% as efficacious as GTP gamma S and expressed a K0.5 of 36 microM. Although GTP alone had little effect on inositol phosphate formation, it blocked GTP gamma S-stimulated inositol phosphate formation, as did guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate). Turkey erythrocytes were also shown to express phosphatidylinositol synthetase activity in that incubation of cells with [3H] inositol resulted in incorporation of radiolabel into phosphatidylinositol, PIP, and PIP2. Incubation of membranes derived from [3H]inositol-labeled erythrocytes with GTP gamma S resulted in large increases in [3H] inositol phosphate formation and corresponding decreases in radiolabel in PIP and PIP2. The data suggest that, in contrast to mammalian erythrocytes, the turkey erythrocyte expresses a guanine nucleotide-binding protein that regulates phospholipase C, and as such, should provide a useful model system for furthering our understanding of hormonal regulation of this enzyme.     

Inositol trisphosphate formation and calcium mobilization in Swiss 3T3 cells in response to platelet-derived growth factor.

Swiss 3T3 cells incubated for 60 h with [3H]inositol incorporated radioactivity into phosphatidylinositol (PI) and the two polyphosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). On stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) there were significant increases in the levels of inositol 1-phosphate (IP1), inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (IP2) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). The effect of PDGF and IP3 on Ca2+ mobilization was studied in both intact cells and in 'leaky' cells that had been permeabilized with saponin. In intact cells, PDGF stimulated the efflux of 45Ca2+, whereas IP3 had no effect. Conversely, IP3 stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux from 'leaky' cells, which were insensitive to PDGF. 'Leaky' cells, which accumulated 45Ca2+ to a steady state within 20 min, were found to release approx. 40% of the label within 1 min after addition of 10 microM-IP3. This stimulation of 45Ca2+ release by IP3 was reversible and was also dose-dependent, with a half-maximal effect at approx. 0.3 microM. It seems likely that an important action of PDGF on Swiss 3T3 cells is to stimulate the hydrolysis of PIP2 to form IP3 and diacylglycerol, both of which may function as second messengers. Our results indicate that IP3 mobilizes intracellular Ca2+, and we propose that diacylglycerol may act through C-kinase to activate the Na+/H+ antiport. By generating two second messengers, PDGF can simultaneously elevate the intracellular level of Ca2+ and alkalinize the cytoplasm by lowering the level of H+.     

Effect of high K+ exposure on phosphoinositide metabolism in frog skeletal muscle.

Using [3H]myo-inositol labeled frog skeletal muscles, we have studied the effect of high K+ exposure on phosphoinositide metabolism. After 12 hours labeling, 80mM K+ exposure induced a time-dependent change. The labeling associated with phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) gradually increased and decreased, respectively. The labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) first decreased, and then recovered. An accumulation of the labeling in inositol phosphates was shown. In shortening the labeling to 30 min, 15 min high K+ exposure was found to only increase the labeling in all fractions. Taken together, these results show that high K+ exposure can activate the turnover of phosphoinositides, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the metabolism of phosphoinositides may regulate excitation- contraction (e-c) coupling.     

Kinetic Analysis of A23187-Mediated Polyphosphoinositide Breakdown in Rat Cortical Synaptosomes Suggests that Inositol Bisphosphate Does Not Arise Primarily by Degradation of Inositol Trisphosphate

The kinetics of polyphosphoinositide breakdown and inositol phosphate formation have been studied in rat cortical synaptosomes labelled in vitro with myo-[2-3H]inositol. Intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ concentrations have been varied by the use of Ca-EGTA buffers or by adding the ionophore A23187 in the presence and absence of 1 mM Ca2+. The former studies have revealed that, at very low (20 nM) intrasynaptosomal free Ca2+ levels, inositol bisphosphate, but not inositol monophosphate levels are reduced. Addition of A23187 in the absence of added Ca2+ gives rise to greatly enhanced inositol bisphosphate accumulation, which is further enhanced if 1 mM Ca2+ is present in the extrasynaptosomal medium. At all time points examined (down to 2 s after adding ionophore), the ratio of inositol trisphosphate/inositol bisphosphate accumulation does not exceed 0.2, and calculations based on inositol bis- and trisphosphate breakdown rates in synaptosomal lysates suggest that only a minority of the inositol bisphosphate arises from degradation of inositol trisphosphate. Addition of ionophore in the presence (but not in the absence) of 1 mM Ca2+ leads to rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) and ATP and slower breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdInsP). The rates of loss of PtdinsP2 and ATP are very highly correlated, suggesting that polyphosphoinositide resynthesis may be limited by ATP availability at high Ca2+ levels. Analysis of 32P-labelled synaptosomes also reveals that A23187 produces Ca2+-dependent losses of PtdInsP2, PtdInsP, ATP, and GTP radioactivity and a marked increase in the radioactivity of a compound distinct from nucleotides or any of the lipid breakdown products tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The de novo phospholipid effect of insulin is associated with increases in diacylglycerol, but not inositol phosphates or cytosolic Ca2+.

We have previously reported that insulin increases the synthesis de novo of phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in BC3H-1 myocytes and/or rat adipose tissue. Here we have further characterized these effects of insulin and examined whether there are concomitant changes in inositol phosphate generation and Ca2+ mobilization. We found that insulin provoked very rapid increases in PI content (20% within 15 s in myocytes) and, after a slight lag, PIP and PIP2 content in both BC3H-1 myocytes and rat fat pads (measured by increases in 32P or 3H content after prelabelling phospholipids to constant specific radioactivity by prior incubation with 32Pi or [3H]inositol). Insulin also increased 32Pi incorporation into these phospholipids when 32Pi was added either simultaneously with insulin or 1 h after insulin. Thus, the insulin-induced increase in phospholipid content appeared to be due to an increase in phospholipid synthesis, which was maintained for at least 2 h. Insulin increased DAG content in BC3H-1 myocytes and adipose tissue, but failed to increase the levels of inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol bisphosphate (IP2) or inositol trisphosphate (IP3). The failure to observe an increase in IP3 (a postulated 'second messenger' which mobilizes intracellular Ca2+) was paralleled by a failure to observe an insulin-induced increase in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ in BC3H-1 myocytes as measured by Quin 2 fluorescence. Like insulin, the phorbol diester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) increased the transport of 2-deoxyglucose and aminoisobutyric acid in BC3H-1 myocytes. These effects of insulin and TPA appeared to be independent of extracellular Ca2+. We conclude that the phospholipid synthesis de novo effect of insulin is provoked very rapidly, and is attended by increases in DAG but not IP3 or Ca2+ mobilization. The insulin-induced increase in DAG does not appear to be a consequence of phospholipase C acting upon the expanded PI + PIP + PIP2 pool, but may be derived directly from PA. Our findings suggest the possibility that DAG (through protein kinase C activation) may function as an important intracellular 'messenger' for controlling metabolic processes during insulin action.     

Altered signal transduction in erbB-transformed cells. Implication of enhanced inositol phospholipid metabolism in erbB-induced transformation

To clarify the signal transduction mechanism of the erbB gene (virus oncogene) products leading to cell growth and transformation, the alteration of signal transduction induced by enhanced inositol phospholipid metabolism was studied in chick embryo fibroblast cells (CEF cells) transformed by gag-fused erbB gene-carrying virus (GEV cells). The incorporations of 32P into phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate were markedly increased in GEV cells. In GEV cells, the activities of lipid kinases such as phosphatidylinositol (PI), PIP, and diacylglycerol (DG) kinases were also increased. The activities of other important enzymes involved in inositol phospholipid metabolism, such as CDP-DG:myo-inositol transferase and phospholipase C, were not changed in GEV cells. Increased inositol phospholipid metabolism might lead to the production of second messengers, such as 1,2-DG and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Indeed, the 1,2-DG content was also increased in GEV cells. Moreover, the activity of protein kinase C (the Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme), which should be stimulated by 1,2-DG, was elevated in GEV cells; the protein kinase C activity in the membrane fraction of GEV cells was especially high. When CEF cells were treated with tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, protein kinase C activator, plus Ca2+ ionophore, [3H]thymidine incorporation was markedly stimulated, and maximal stimulation was observed with 1 nM Ca2+ ionophore A23187 plus 100 nM TPA. On the other hand, when GEV cells were treated with TPA plus Ca2+ ionophore A23187, [3H]thymidine incorporation was consistently inhibited. Next, studies were made to determine whether the erbB gene product itself had kinase activity on PI, PIP, and DG after membranes were mildly solubilized with Triton X-100 to prevent inactivation of these kinases. Immunoprecipitates of a GEV cell lysate with antisera that reacted with the erbB gene product had PI kinase activity, whereas no activity was detected in those of lysates of uninfected CEF cells. However, the activity was very weak compared with the total cellular activity. No difference in the PIP and DG kinase activities of immunoprecipitates of cell lysates of uninfected CEF cells and GEV cells was observed. These results suggest that the erbB gene product enhances inositol phospholipid metabolism and subsequent signal transduction, but that the erbB gene product is not involved directly in lipid kinases, although it is closely associated with lipid kinase.     

Uptake and phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol by rat liver nuclei. Role of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein

The incorporation of phosphatidyl[2-3H]inositol ([3H]PI) from vesicles or microsomal membranes into rat liver nuclei is greatly stimulated by phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PI-TP). The nuclei are able to phosphorylate [3H]PI, with the production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP). Recovery of tritiated inositol trisphosphate, inositol phosphate, glycerophosphoinositol and inositol, suggests that in isolated nuclei a large set of enzymes of the PI cycle is present, similar to the enzymes involved in the plasma membrane PI cycle. Incubation with [gamma-32P]ATP shows that isolated nuclei are able to phosphorylate endogenous PI to PIP and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). In the presence of exogenous PI and detergent the synthesis of PIP is increased, indicating that in nuclei the PI pool is suboptimal for the PI-kinase activity. The present study suggests that PI-TP may be involved in providing substrates for PI metabolism at the nuclear level.     

Characterization of agonist-stimulated incorporation of myo-[3H]inositol into inositol phospholipids and [3H]inositol phosphate formation in tracheal smooth muscle.

The effects of the muscarinic agonist carbachol, histamine and bradykinin on incorporation of [3H]inositol into the phosphoinositides and the formation of [3H]InsPs were examined in bovine tracheal smooth-muscle (BTSM) slices labelled with [3H]inositol. These agonists result in substantial and dose-related increases in the incorporation of [3H]inositol into the phospholipids. Carbachol and histamine stimulated the incorporation of [3H]inositol into the phospholipids to the same degree, despite histamine being only 35% as effective as carbachol on [3H]InsP accumulation. Histamine and carbachol, at maximal concentrations, were non-additive with respect to both the stimulated incorporation of [3H]inositol and [3H]InsP formation. For carbachol this effect on incorporation was found to occur to a similar extent in PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 as well as PtdIns. The initial effect of carbachol on [3H]inositol incorporation was rapid (maximal by 10 min); however, with prolonged stimulation large secondary declines in PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 labelling were observed, with depletion of the much larger PtdIns pool only evident in the presence of Li+. Lowering buffer [Ca2+] increased the incorporation of [3H]inositol under basal conditions, but did not attenuate the subsequent agonist-stimulated incorporation effect. The large changes in specific radioactivity of the phosphoinositides, and consequently the [3H]InsP products, after carbachol stimulation resulted in the apparent failure of atropine to reverse the [3H]InsP response completely. Labelling muscle slices with [3H]inositol in the presence of carbachol or labelling for longer periods (greater than 6 h) prevented subsequent carbachol-stimulated effects on incorporation without significantly altering the dose-response relationship for carbachol-stimulated [3H]InsP formation and resulted in steady-state labelling conditions confirmed by the ability of atropine to reverse fully the [3H]InsP response to carbachol. This study demonstrates the profound effects of a number of agonists on [3H]inositol incorporation into the phospho- and polyphosphoinositides in BTSM with important consequent changes in the specific radioactivity of these lipids and the resulting [3H]InsP products. In addition, a selective depletion of PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 over PtdIns has been demonstrated with prolonged muscarinic-receptor stimulation.     

Stimulation of phosphoinositides breakdown by the heat stable E. coli enterotoxin in rat intestinal epithelial cells

Rat intestinal epithelial cells were labelled with [32P]Pi and extracted, and the phospholipids were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. 32P-incorporation in phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-phosphate (PIP2) were measured in control and heat stable enterotoxin (ST)-treated cells. ST was found to induce rapid degradation of PIP and PIP2. The degradation of inositol lipids was accompanied by an increase of water soluble inositol phosphate (IP1, IP2, IP3) compounds. There was a two-fold increase of radioactivity in IP2 and IP3 but no significant change was observed in IP1. Phospholipase C activity was increased tenfold with substrate PIP2 in ST-pretreated cells. The present study indicates that ST triggers another second messenger system by increasing the PIP2 hydrolysis with the enzyme phospholipase C.     

The effects of lithium on platelet phosphoinositide metabolism.

The effects on phosphoinositide metabolism of preincubation of platelets for 90 min with 10 mM-Li+ were studied. Measurements were made of [32P]phosphate-labelled phosphoinositides and of [3H]inositol-labelled inositol mono-, bis- and tris-phosphate (InsP, InsP2 and InsP3). Li+ had no effect on the basal radioactivity in the phosphoinositides or in InsP2 or InsP3, but it caused a 1.8-fold increase in the basal radioactivity in InsP. Li+ caused a 4-, 3- and 2-fold enhanced thrombin-induced accumulation of label in InsP, InsP2 and InsP3 respectively. Although the elevated labelling of InsP2 and InsP3 returned to near-basal values within 30-60 min, the high labelling of InsP did not decline over a period of 60 min after addition of thrombin to Li+-treated platelets, consistent with inhibition of InsP phosphatase by Li+. The effect of Li+ was not due to a shift in the thrombin dose-response relationship; increasing concentrations of thrombin enhanced the initial rate of production of radiolabelled inositol phosphates, whereas Li+ affected either a secondary production or the rate of their removal. The only observed effect of Li+ on phosphoinositide metabolism was a thrombin-induced decrease (P less than 0.05) in labelled phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in Li+-treated platelets; this suggests an effect on phospholipase C. Li+ enhanced (P less than 0.05) the thrombin-induced increase in labelled lysophosphatidylinositol, suggesting an effect on phospholipase A2. It is concluded that Li+ inhibits InsP phosphatase and has other effects on phosphoinositide metabolism in activated platelets. The observed effects occur too slowly to be the mechanism by which Li+ potentiates agonist-induced platelet activation.     

Insulin provokes co-ordinated increases in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol phosphates and the phosphatidylinositol-glycan in BC3H-1 myocytes.

BC3H-1 myocytes were cultured in the presence of [3H]inositol or [3H]glucosamine during their entire growth cycle to ensure that all lipids containing inositol and glucosamine were labelled to isotopic equilibrium or maximal specific radioactivity. After such labelling, a lipid (or group of lipids), which was labelled with both inositol and glucosamine, was observed to migrate between phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol (PI) in two different t.l.c. systems. Insulin provoked rapid, sizeable, increases in the inositol-labelling of this lipid (presumably a PI-glycan), and these increases were similar to those observed in PI and PI phosphates. Our results indicate that insulin provokes co-ordinated increases in the net synthesis de novo of PI and its derivatives, PI phosphates and the PI-glycan, in BC3H-1 myocytes. This increase in synthesis of PI may serve as the mechanism for replenishing the PI-glycan during stimulation of its hydrolysis by insulin. Moreover, increases in the content of the PI-glycan may contribute to increases in the generation of head-group 'mediators' during insulin action.     

Carbachol induces a rapid and sustained hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositide in bovine tracheal smooth muscle measurements of the mass of polyphosphoinositides, 1,2-diacylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid

The effects of carbachol on polyphosphoinositides and 1,2-diacylglycerol metabolism were investigated in bovine tracheal smooth muscle by measuring both lipid mass and the turnover of [3H]inositol-labeled phosphoinositides. Carbachol induces a rapid reduction in the mass of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate and a rapid increase in the mass of 1,2-diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. These changes in lipid mass are sustained for at least 60 min. The level of phosphatidylinositol shows a delayed and progressive decrease during a 60-min period of carbachol stimulation. The addition of atropine reverses these responses completely. Carbachol stimulates a rapid loss in [3H]inositol radioactivity from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate associated with production of [3H]inositol trisphosphate. The carbachol-induced change in the mass of phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid is not affected by removal of extracellular Ca2+ and does not appear to be secondary to an increase in intracellular Ca2+. These results indicate that carbachol causes phospholipase C-mediated polyphosphoinositide breakdown, resulting in the production of inositol trisphosphate and a sustained increase in the actual content of 1,2-diacylglycerol. These results strongly suggest that carbachol-induced contraction is mediated by the hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides with the resulting generation of two messengers: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol.     

In Vivo Electrical Stimulation of the Sympathetic Nerve of the Eye Increases Inositol Phosphate Production and Prostaglandin Release in the Rabbit Iris Muscle

The effects of in vivo electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerve of the eye on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis in rabbit iris and release of arachidonate and prostaglandin (PG) E2 into aqueous humor were investigated. myo-[3H]Inositol or [1-14C]arachidonate was injected intracamerally into each eye 3 h before electrical stimulation of one of the sympathetic trunks. Tissue phosphoinositides were determined by TLC, and 3H-labeled inositol phosphates were analyzed by either ion-exchange chromatography or HPLC. The aqueous humor was analyzed for 14C-labeled arachidonate and PGE2 by radiochromatography and for unlabeled PGE2 by radioimmunoassay. The results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (a) The rates of in vivo incorporation of myo-[3H]inositol into phosphoinositides and accumulation of 3H-labeled inositol phosphates in the iris muscle increased with time and then leveled off between 3 and 5 h. (b) Distribution of 3H radioactivity in inositol phosphates, as determined by HPLC, showed that of the total radioactivity in inositol phosphates, 53.6% was recovered in myo-inositol 1-phosphate, 36% in myo-inositol bisphosphate, 0.95% in myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (1,3,4-IP3), and 2.6% in 1,4,5-IP3. (c) Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerve resulted in a significant loss of 3H radioactivity from PIP2 and a concomitant increase of that in IP3, an observation indicating that PIP2 is the physiological substrate for alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in this tissue. (d) Release of IP3 and liberation of arachidonate for PGE2 synthesis are dependent on the duration of stimulation and the intensity (voltage) of stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)