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1.
Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) is the most toxic among the mycotoxins and causes detrimental health effects on human and animals. Selenium (Se) plays an important role in chemopreventive, antioxidant, anticarcinogen, and detoxification and involved in cell cycle regulation. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms of selenium involved in inhibition of G 2/M cell cycle arrest of broiler’s jejunum. A total of 240 one-day-old healthy Cobb broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed with basal diet (control group), 0.6 mg/kg AFB 1 (AFB 1 group), 0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group), and 0.6 mg/kg AFB 1 + 0.4 mg/kg Se (AFB 1 + Se group) for 21 days, respectively. The histological observation and morphological analysis revealed that 0.4 mg/kg Se prevented the AFB 1-associated lesions of jejunum including the shedding of the apical region of villi, the decreased villus height, and villus height/crypt ratio. The cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that 0.4 mg/kg Se ameliorated the AFB 1-induced G 2/M phase arrest in jejunal cells. Moreover, the expressions of ATM, Chk2, p53, Mdm2, p21, PCNA, Cdc25, cyclin B, and Cdc2 analyzed by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR demonstrated that 0.4 mg/kg Se restored these parameters to be close to those in the control group. In conclusion, Se promoted cell cycle recovery from the AFB 1-induced G 2/M phase arrest by the molecular regulation of ATM pathway in the jejunum of broilers. The outcomes from the present study may lead to a better understanding of the nature of selenium’s essentiality and its protective roles against AFB 1. 相似文献
2.
The current study demonstrated curcumin intervention against AFB 1-indeuced hepatotoxicity. The hallmarks of autophagy and inflammation were assessed by transmission electron microscopy, RT-PCR and western blot. Besides, normal cellular morphology, autophagosomes were found in control and curcumin control group. In contrast, fragmented and swollen mitochondria, irregular shaped nuclei and fat droplets were visible but autophagosomes disappear in AFB 1-treated group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of autophagy-related genes indicated that AFB 1 significantly inhibited autophagy and induced inflammation. In addition, Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein level was significantly (p?<?0.05) reduced in AFB 1-fed group. Intriguingly, dietary curcumin supplementation modulated autophagy through the activation of beclin-1, ATG5, Dynein, LC3a, LC3b-I/II and downregulation of p53 & mTOR expression level. Curcumin significantly ameliorated AFB 1-induced inflammation. Moreover, curcumin treatment significantly (p?<?0.05) elevated AFB 1-induced decrease in Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein expression level. In summary, curcumin activated autophagy and ameliorated inflammation involving Nrf2 signaling pathway which may become a new targeted therapy to prevent AFB 1-induced hepatotoxicity. 相似文献
3.
To date, all studies of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) transformation in soil or in purified mineral systems have identified aflatoxins B 2 (AFB 2) and G 2 (AFG 2) as the primary transformation products. However, identification in these studies was made using thin layer chromatography which has relatively low resolution, and these studies did not identify a viable mechanism by which such transformations would occur. Further, the use of methanol as the solvent delivery vehicle in these studies may have contributed to formation of artifactual transformation products. In this study, we investigated the role of the solvent vehicle in the transformation of AFB 1 in soil. To do this, we spiked soils with AFB 1 dissolved in water (93:7, water/methanol) or methanol and used HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS to identify the transformation products. Contrasting previous published reports, we did not detect AFB 2 or AFG 2. In an aqueous-soil environment, we identified aflatoxin B 2a (AFB 2a) as the single major transformation product. We propose that AFB 2a is formed from hydrolysis of AFB 1 with the soil acting as an acid catalyst. Alternatively, when methanol was used, we identified methoxy aflatoxin species likely formed via acid-catalyzed addition of methanol to AFB 1. These results suggest that where soil moisture is adequate, AFB 1 is hydrolyzed to AFB 2a and that reactive organic solvents should be avoided when replicating natural conditions to study the fate of AFB 1 in soil. 相似文献
4.
Two wild-type laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster, Florida-9 (sensitive to aflatoxin (AF) B 1-induced toxicity) and Lausanne-S (resistant to AFB 1-induced toxicity) were tested to determine relative degress of sensitivity to growth from the egg stage on media containing 0.2, 0.6, 2.0, and 4.0 ppm AFB 1, AFG 1, AFB 2, or sterigmatocystin (ST). Data indicate that strain Florida-9 is quite sensitive to AFG 1 toxicity at both the egg-pupa and egg-adult stages of development while Lausanne-S is quite resistant to such toxic effects. For Lausanne-S, AFB 1 > AFG 1 in relative toxicity, while for Florida-9, AFG 1 > AFB 1. The latter is noteworthy since vertebrate studies consistently show that AFB 1 is a significantly stronger carcinogen and mutagen than AFG 1. Possible explanations are discussed. Neither strain tested displayed toxic responses to the presence of AFB 2 or ST in the culture media; however, the 4.0-ppm Lausanne-S treatment displayed a significantly lower adult mortality rate than the control, indicating that Lausanne-S flies may benefit from the presence of ST in the culture medium. 相似文献
5.
It is well documented that liver is the primary target organ of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and curcumin proved to be effective against AFB1-induced liver injury. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effects of curcumin against AFB1-induced apoptosis through the molecular regulation of p53, caspase-3, Bax, caspase-9, Bcl-2 and cytochrome-C associated with mitochondrial pathway. Liver antioxidant levels were measured. The hallmarks of apoptosis were analysed by methyl green-pyronin-Y staining, transmission electron microscopy, RT-PCR and western blot. Results revealed that dietary curcumin ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Methyl green-pyronin-Y staining and transmission electron microscopy showed that AFB1 induced apoptosis and caused abnormal changes in liver cells morphology such as condensation of chromatin material, reduces cell volume and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, mRNA and protein expression results manifested that apoptosis associated genes showed up-regulation in AFB1 fed group. However, the supplementation of dietary curcumin (dose-dependently) alleviated the increased expression of the apoptosis associated genes at mRNA and protein level, and restored the hepatocytes normal morphology. The study provides an insight and a better understanding of the preventive mechanism of curcumin against AFB1-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes and provide scientific basis for the therapeutic uses of curcumin. 相似文献
6.
This study was aimed to assess the protective effect of sodium selenite on the ileum mucosal immunologic injury induced by AFB 1. One hundred eighty-one-day-old healthy male Avian broilers were divided into four groups of three replicates and 15 birds per replicate and fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 (AFB 1 group), 0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group), and 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1?+?0.4 mg/kg Se (AFB 1?+?Se group) respectively. The numbers of IgA + cells of ileum were determined by immunohistochemistry as well as the contents of sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM in the mucosa of ileum by ELISA. Compared with those in the control group, the numbers of IgA + cells as well as the sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were decreased in the AFB 1 group. However, compared with those in the AFB 1 group, the numbers of IgA + cells as well as the sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were increased in the AFB 1?+?Se group, and these data had no difference between AFB 1?+?Se group and control group. It was concluded that 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 could reduce the humoral immune function of the ileum mucosa, but 0.4 mg/kg supplemented dietary selenium could protect the mucosal humoral immune function from AFB 1-induced impairment. 相似文献
7.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) exposure and sodium selenite supplementation on the histology, cell proliferation and cell cycle of jejunum in broilers. A total of 240 1-day-old male AA broilers were divided into four groups of 60 each, fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 (AFB 1 group), 0.4 mg/kg supplement Se (Se group), and 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1?+?0.4 mg/kg supplement Se (AFB 1 + Se group) for 21 days, respectively. Compared with the control group, decreased jejunal villus height, villus height/crypt ratio, and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, and G 2/M phase arrest and shedded epithelial cells on the tip of jejunal villus were observed in AFB 1 groups at 7 and 14 days of age. However, the villus/crypt ratio, PCNA-positive cells and cell percentage of G 0/G 1, S, and G 2/M phases had no significant differences between AFB 1 group and control group at 21 days. Simultaneous supplementation with sodium selenite restored these parameters to be close to those in control group. In conclusion, 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 in the diet inhibits the development of broiler’s jejunum by reducing cellular proliferation and inducing G 2/M arrest during only the first 2 weeks after hatching. Supplementation of dietary sodium selenite at the concentration of 0.4 mg/kg Se had protective action against these toxic effects of AFB 1. 相似文献
8.
The aim of this work was to assess the protective effect of sodium selenite on the ileum mucosal immunologic toxicity induced by aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1). One hundred and eighty one-day-old healthy male avian broilers were divided into four groups of three replicates and 15 birds per replicate and fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 (AFB 1 group), 0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group), and 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1?+?0.4 mg/kg Se (AFB 1+Se group), respectively. The ileac T-cell subsets were determined by the methods of flow cytometry (FCM), and the mRNA contents of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared with those in control group, the percentages of CD 3 +, CD 3 +CD 4 +, CD 3 +CD 8 + intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and LPLs, the CD4 +/CD8 + ratio of IELs, and the mRNA contents of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased in AFB 1 group. However, compared with those in AFB 1 group, these parameters of AFB 1+Se group were increased to be close to those in control group. It was concluded that 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 could reduce the cellular immune function of the ileum mucosa, but 0.4 mg/kg supplemented dietary selenium showed protective effects on AFB 1-induced immunologic injury. 相似文献
9.
Two wild-type laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster were used in this study: strain Flordia-9, which is sensitive to aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1)-induced toxicity, and strain Lausanne-S, which is resistant. Eggs of these strains were deposited on medium containing either low or high doses of dietary AFG 1, AFB 2, or sterigmatocystin (ST) and allowed to develop into second instar larvae. After this pretreatment, the larvae were transferred onto medium containing either high or low doses of dietary AFB 1 (post-treatment) and allowed to complete development and eclose as adults. Viability and development data were analyzed to determine the effects of the various pretreatments on the level of AFB 1-induced toxicity in the post-treatments. In no case did any of the pretreatments reduce the toxic effects of AFB 1 post-treatment responses. However, for strain Florida-9, all high-dose pretreatments resulted in enhanced post-treatment toxicity, and all low-dose pretreatments also enhanced toxicity of high-dose post-treatments. For strain Lausanne-S, high-dose AFB 2 pretreatment significantly enhanced toxicity of both high- and low-dose post-treatments. These results indicate that, in strain Florida-9, pretreatment with relatively less toxic mycotoxins (ST and AFB 2) has an enhancing effect on AFB 1-induced toxicity, whereas in strain Lausanne-S, a similar but smaller enhancing effect is seen only with AFB 2 pretratment. 相似文献
10.
In this study, serum aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1)-lysine was determined in order to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) in pigs fed AFB 1. Twenty-four 49-day-old crossbred barrows were maintained in individual cages and allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. A completely randomized design was used with six animals assigned to each of four dietary treatments for 21 days as follows: (A) basal diet (BD), (B) BD supplemented with 0.5 % HSCAS, (C) BD supplemented with 1.1 mg/kg AFB 1, and (D) BD supplemented with 0.5 % HSCAS and 1.1 mg/kg AFB 1. HSCAS was able to alleviate the toxic effects of AFB 1 on pigs and reduce ( P < 0.05) the levels of serum AFB 1-lysine. Cumulative reductions of adduct yield values, calculated through the equation [(pg AFB 1-lysine/mg albumin) / (μg AFB 1/kg body weight)], were 53.0, 62.8, and 72.1 after 7, 14, and 21 days of oral exposure, respectively. AFB 1-lysine has potential as an AFB 1-specific biomarker for diagnostic purposes and for evaluating the efficacy of chemoprotective interventions in pigs. 相似文献
11.
In this study, aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) toxicity toward the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826) was evaluated in contact paper test systems containing distilled water and ethanol or 20 to 400 μg/ml of AFB 1 over 72 h of exposure. The results indicated that AFB 1 could induce significant damage to earthworms (coiling, curling, excessive mucus secretion, clitellum swelling) at greater than 75 μg/ml. Moreover, AFB 1 had harmful effects on E. fetida (degenerative changes such as bulging of the clitella regions) at levels higher than 150 μg/ml. The calculated LD 50 was 168.5 μg/ml. These findings confirm that E. fetida and standardized methods based on this organism (OECD 207 1984) are applicable and useful in mycotoxin related toxicity studies. 相似文献
13.
Methods to determine zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AF) and their metabolites in pig urine were developed
as biomarkers for pig exposure to the mycotoxins in feed. Urine samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase to cleave conjugates,
extracted and cleaned-up with solid phase and immunoaffinity columns, followed by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection.
Good recoveries (83–130%), low variation (2–10%), and low detection limits (0.3–9.9 ng/ml) were obtained. The results of controlled
AFB 1 feeding trials found no difference in urine concentrations of AFB 1 or AFM 1 from pigs fed three different levels (127, 227, 327 μg/kg) of AFB 1 in diets. The excretion of AFB 1 and AFM 1 in urine was on average 30% of the oral dose and the ratio AFB 1 to AFM 1 was around 23%. The analysis of 15 Vietnamese pig urine samples indicate a relatively high exposure of ZEA, DON and AF, which
were found as toxin or metabolites in 47, 73, and 80% of the urine samples, respectively. 相似文献
14.
Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) was detected in 57% of the nuts and nut products marketed in Penang, Malaysia using the liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectrometry. The contamination levels ranged from 0.40 to 222 μg/kg and 17 out of 128 samples (13.3%) contained AFB 1 above the European Commission permitted level (2 μg/kg). Estimated dietary exposure of AFB 1 in nuts and nut products were 0.36 ng per kg body weight and day and 8.89 ng per kg body weight and day, representing the
low and high-level of exposure, respectively. Dose-response modelling resulted in benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL 10) values of 0.305 ng per kg body weight and day, with the best fitted from the log-logistic model. The derived margin of exposure
(MoE) values ranged from 34 to 847 suggested that AFB 1 would be of public health concern and might reasonably be considered as a high priority for risk management actions. 相似文献
15.
This study assessed the aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) intake of the Thai population through consumption of contaminated brown and color rice. A total of 240 rice samples from two harvesting periods were collected in June/July 2012 (period I) and in December 2012/January 2013 (period II) and analyzed for AFB 1 by HPLC with fluorescence detection (limit of detection (LOD)?=?0.093 ng/g). Exposure assessment was based on AFB 1 levels in rice and food intake data for rice according to Thai National Consumption. Frequency and levels of AFB 1 were higher in period I (59 %, <LOD?=?26.61 μg kg ?1) than in period II (10 %, <LOD?=?3.51 μg kg ?1). Only one sample exceeded the Thai standard limit for total aflatoxin of 20 μg kg ?1, but 12 out of 240 rice samples exceeded the European Union maximum level for AFB 1 of 2 μg kg ?1. The data showed that the quality and safety of Thai rice largely comply with the requirement for both exports and domestic consumption. According to the Thai National Consumption data, the estimated AFB 1 intake via rice consumption in period I and period II was 0.80 and 0.12 μg kg ?1 bw day ?1, respectively. The potential risk for cancer, based on the recommendation of the JECFA, was estimated to be 0.011 person/year/100,000 people at a mean consumption. Although the risk via consumption of Thai rice seems to be low, the maximum levels of AFB 1 in this staple food suggest that careful monitoring and surveillance of AFB 1 contamination in rice is essential to ensure the safety of rice. 相似文献
16.
This study aimed to investigate the potential neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) and the preventive effects of saffron. Male Balb-c mice received AFB 1 (0.6 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 4 days), saffron infusion (90 mg styles/200 mL, ad libitum access for 2 weeks) or saffron infusion plus AFB 1 (saffron treatment as previously plus 0.6 mg AFB 1/kg/day intraperitoneally for the last 4 days). Control mice were intraperitoneally injected with DMSO:saline (1:1, v/v) during AFB 1 treatment. Learning/memory was assessed by passive avoidance task. The activity of acetylcholinesterase [AChE, salt-(SS)/detergent-soluble(DS) isoforms], butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, SS/DS isoforms), monoamine oxidase (MAO-A, MAO-B), the levels of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), were determined in whole brain (minus cerebellum) and cerebellum. We demonstrate for the first time that AFB 1 administration impaired the memory of adult mice and decreased significantly whole brain AChE and BuChE activity, cerebellar AChE activity and cerebral GSH content. Moreover, MAO isoforms activity in whole brain, MAO-B activity in cerebellum and MDA levels of both tissues were significantly higher after AFB 1 treatment. Pre-treatment with saffron prevented memory decline, activation of MAO-A and MAO-B in whole brain and cerebellum, respectively, and lipid peroxidation triggered by AFB 1. Interestingly, the activity of AChE isoforms in whole brain, DS-AChE in cerebellum and GSH levels of both tissues were further significantly decreased in saffron?+AFB 1-treated mice compared with AFB 1 group. Our findings support the neuroprotective efficacy of saffron against AFB 1 in adult mice. 相似文献
17.
The consumption of fermented foods contaminated with aflatoxin B 1 is linked to aflatoxicosis. Aflatoxicosis is a serious problem in developing countries with environmental conditions appropriate for the biosynthesis of AFB 1 by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. In Africa, especially in Ghana and Nigeria, there is a very high risk of liver cancer which is caused by the consumption of AFB 1-intoxicated, traditionally fermented maize and sorghum products. It is suggested that one way to diminish this health risk might be the reduction of the AFB 1 concentration in foods by bacteria. Especially bacteria used for food fermentation processes are of great importance, with a special emphasis on lactic acid bacteria which are involved in traditionally fermented African foods based on maize and sorghum.Most publications dealing with aflatoxin degradation by microorganisms describe a phosphate buffer test system for the performance of degradation experiments. In contrast to that, a test system based on physiological active bacterial and yeast cells has been developed, to assess food fermentation organisms for their ability to reduce the AFB 1 concentration in vitro. The aflatoxin B 1 concentration in test samples was quatitatively determined by HPLC.The assessment of lactic acid bacteria originating from different German and other European culture collections only showed a very slight reduction of the AFB 1 concentration from 3% to 12%. Screening experiments in which other bacterial genera and lactic acid bacteria, isolated from different African foods have been assessed, in most cases showed the same results. However, some bacterial strains, e.g. strains of the genus Bacillus derived from European culture collections and strains of the genus Lactobacillus isolated from African foods, caused a release of AFB 1 which was chemically bound before to components of the test medium and which therefore could not be extracted with chloroform.A process quite similar to that may happen during food fermentations. Different experiments showed that e.g. cellulose can bind AFB 1 very effectively. Cellulose and different other food components are well known to absorb AFB 1. During fermentation the cellulose and other AFB 1-absorbing components may be degraded and the AFB 1 will be released again.The only bacterial strain known as yet which is able to reduce the AFB 1 concentration in vitro and in different food comodities is Nocardia corynebacteroides (former Flavobacterium aurantiacum). Nevertheless the mechanism of this AFB 1 reduction is actually not well understood, it still has to be investigated. In the meantime several other bacterial strains, presumably from the taxonomic group of the Actinomycetes could be proved to be effective reducers of the AFB 1 concentration in our in vitro test system. Because as yet no food relevant microorganism could be found, which is able to degrade AFB 1, these new strains in general offer the possibility for a genetic modification of food relevant microorganisms. This seems to be the way to come to starter cultures which are able to degrade AFB 1 during food fermentations. 相似文献
18.
In Zambia, groundnut products (milled groundnut powder, groundnut kernels) are mostly sold in under-regulated markets. Coupled with the lack of quality enforcement in such markets, consumers may be at risk to aflatoxin exposure. However, the level of aflatoxin contamination in these products is not known. Compared to groundnut kernels, milled groundnut powder obscures visual indicators of aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts such as moldiness, discoloration, insect damage or kernel damage. A survey was therefore conducted from 2012 to 2014, to estimate and compare aflatoxin levels in these products ( n = 202), purchased from markets in important groundnut growing districts and in urban areas. Samples of whole groundnut kernels ( n = 163) and milled groundnut powder ( n = 39) were analysed for aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results showed substantial AFB 1 contamination levels in both types of groundnut products with maximum AFB 1 levels of 11,100 μg/kg (groundnut kernels) and 3000 μg/kg (milled groundnut powder). However, paired t test analysis showed that AFB 1 contamination levels in milled groundnut powder were not always significantly higher ( P > 0.05) than those in groundnut kernels. Even for products from the same vendor, AFB 1 levels were not consistently higher in milled groundnut powder than in whole groundnut kernels. This suggests that vendors do not systematically sort out whole groundnut kernels of visually poor quality for milling. However, the overall contamination levels of groundnut products with AFB 1 were found to be alarmingly high in all years and locations. Therefore, solutions are needed to reduce aflatoxin levels in such under-regulated markets. 相似文献
19.
This study aimed to establish the combined effect of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1) on wild Litopenaeus vannamei hepatopancreas alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity compared with that of farmed shrimp. AP activity in hepatopancreas extract was confirmed by several specific inhibitor assays. AP activity of wild shrimp was higher than that of farmed shrimp ( p?<?0.05). However, AP activity from both wild and farmed shrimp was inhibited when incubated with AFB 1 and FB 1. The greatest inhibition occurred when AP was incubated with a mixture of AFB 1 and FB 1. The IC 50 for AFB 1 on AP activity of wild and farmed shrimp hepatopancreases was 0.790 and 0.398 μg/mL, respectively. The IC 50 of FB 1 was 0.87 μg/mL for wild shrimp and 0.69 μg/mL for farmed shrimp. These results suggest that, at the mycotoxins concentrations used in the study, AP from farmed L. vannamei was sensitive to the presence of both mycotoxins; however, AP is more sensitive to the combination of AFB 1?+?FB 1 suggesting a possible synergistic or potentiating inhibitory effect. 相似文献
20.
To investigate the influence of selenium on body weights and the immune organ indexes in ducklings administrated with aflatoxin
B 1 (AFB 1), 90 7-day-old ducklings were randomly divided into three groups (groups I–III). Group I was used as a blank control. Group
II was administered with AFB 1 (0.1 mg/kg body weight). Group III was administered with AFB 1 (0.1 mg/kg body weight) plus sodium selenite (1 mg/kg body weight). All treatments were given once daily for 21 days. It
showed that the ducklings’ bursa of fabricius, thymus indexes, and body weights in group II significantly decreased when compared
with group I ( P < 0.01). Furthermore, the spleen indexes significantly decreased ( P < 0.01). However, the ducklings’ bursa of fabricius and thymus indexes, body weights in group III ducklings significantly
increased when compared with group II ( P < 0.01). In addition, the spleen indexes significantly decreased ( P < 0.01). These results revealed that AFB 1 significantly affect ducklings’ growth and immune organs development. However, selenium significantly ameliorated the negative
effects induced by AFB 1. 相似文献
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