糖调节蛋白78抗四氯化碳诱导的人HepG2细胞脂肪合成

为研究糖调节蛋白78（glucose regulated protein 78, GRP78）对肝细胞脂肪变性的影响,采用四氯化碳（carbon tetrachloride, CCl₄）刺激人肝癌HepG₂细胞,油红O染色证实,CCl₄作用HepG₂细胞后,细胞浆中脂肪颗粒明显增加,同时固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, SREBP-1)蛋白水平和3羟3甲基戊二酸单酰CoA还原酶（HMGCoA还原酶）mRNA水平分别为对照组的1.55倍和1.70倍.构建人GRP78启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体pGL3/hGRP78P转染人肝癌HepG₂细胞后,结果发现,CCl₄促进GRP78基因转录,转录活性为诱导前的1.92倍. 构建人GRP78 RNAi沉默质粒pSuper/GRP78转染人肝癌HepG₂细胞后,该质粒能特异性沉默内源性GRP78;内源性GRP78沉默后的人肝癌HepG₂细胞经CCl₄诱导, HMGCoA还原酶mRNA和SREBP-1蛋白的表达较对照组进一步升高,分别为对照组的1.48倍和2.38倍;人肝癌HepG₂细胞GRP78的体外过表达能降低CCl₄介导的HMGCoA还原酶mRNA和SREBP-1蛋白诱导表达,分别为对照组的78.5％和51.5％;油红O染色进一步证实,GRP78过表达可明显减少脂肪颗粒在HepG2细胞浆中的集聚.综上表明,GRP78可抑制CCl₄的SREBP-1和HMGCoA还原酶的诱导表达以及HepG₂细胞脂肪变性,提示GRP78的表达增加在肝细胞脂肪变性损伤过程中具有潜在的保护作用.     

An anti-PCSK9 antibody reduces LDL-cholesterol on top of a statin and suppresses hepatocyte SREBP-regulated genes

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a promising therapeutic target for treating coronary heart disease. We report a novel antibody 1B20 that binds to PCSK9 with sub-nanomolar affinity and antagonizes PCSK9 function in-vitro. In CETP/LDLR-hemi mice two successive doses of 1B20, administered 14 days apart at 3 or 10 mpk, induced dose dependent reductions in LDL-cholesterol (≥ 25% for 7-14 days) that correlated well with the extent of PCSK9 occupancy by the antibody. In addition, 1B20 induces increases in total plasma antibody-bound PCSK9 levels and decreases in liver mRNA levels of SREBP-regulated genes PCSK9 and LDLR, with a time course that parallels decreases in plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Consistent with this observation in mice, in statin-responsive human primary hepatocytes, 1B20 lowers PCSK9 and LDLR mRNA levels and raises serum steady-state levels of antibody-bound PCSK9. In addition, mRNA levels of several SREBP regulated genes involved in cholesterol and fatty-acid synthesis including ACSS2, FDPS, IDI1, MVD, HMGCR, and CYP51A1 were decreased significantly with antibody treatment of primary human hepatocytes. In rhesus monkeys, subcutaneous (SC) dosing of 1B20 dose-dependently induces robust LDL-C lowering (maximal ~70%), which is correlated with increases in target engagement and total antibody-bound PCSK9 levels. Importantly, a combination of 1B20 and Simvastatin in dyslipidemic rhesus monkeys reduced LDL-C more than either agent alone, consistent with a mechanism of action that predicts additive effects of anti-PCSK9 agents with statins. Our results suggest that antibodies targeting PCSK9 could provide patients powerful LDL lowering efficacy on top of statins, and lower cardiovascular risk.     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白1及其靶基因网络

固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, SREBP-1)是重要的核转录因子之一, 能调控内源性胆固醇、脂肪酸、甘油三酯和磷脂合成所需酶的表达, 以维持血脂动态平衡。研究表明, SREBP-1及其靶基因网络的异常可引起胰岛素抵抗、Ⅱ型糖尿病、心功能紊乱、血管并发症和肝脂肪变等一系列代谢性疾病。近年高通量组学技术的发展极大扩展了对SREBP-1靶基因及其转录调控模式的了解。文章对SREBP-1蛋白结构、活化过程、DNA结合位点及其调控的靶基因等方面的研究进展进行了综述, 并着重介绍了基于组学数据的转录调控网络的构建, 这将有助于更好的认识SREBP-1在脂类代谢中的作用, 为深入探讨脂质代谢性疾病的治疗提供新线索。     

过表达apoA-I可缓解BEL-7402细胞中衣霉素诱导的内质网应激

内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ER stress）对非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）的发生发展具有十分重要的作用。本实验室前期结果证实,载脂蛋白A1（apolipoprotein A-I,apoA-I）可以通过减少肝细胞脂质堆积来减轻蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饲料造成的非酒精性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH),但相关机制仍不十分清楚。为探索apoA I对内质网应激的影响,本研究采用衣霉素处理人肝癌BEL-7402细胞。Western印迹结果证实,衣霉素确实可以诱导BEL-7402细胞内质网应激,并具有时间和剂量依赖性。通过将apoA-I表达载体及其对照载体转染到BEL-7402细胞,再加入衣霉素处理,结果显示,与对照组相比,过表达apoA-I的细胞内质网应激标志分子表达明显减轻,同时与脂质合成相关的固醇调节元件结合蛋白1、脂肪酸合成酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1蛋白质水平明显降低。脂质检测结果表明,细胞内甘油三酯和游离胆固醇水平也明显降低（P<0.05）。上述结果表明,apoA-I能够减轻衣霉素引起的内质网应激,可能机制是通过调控固醇调节元件结合蛋白1减少肝细胞的脂质堆积。     

Combination of honokiol and magnolol inhibits hepatic steatosis through AMPK-SREBP-1?c pathway

Honokiol and magnolol, as pharmacological biphenolic compounds of Magnolia officinalis, have been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 c (SREBP-1 c) plays an important role in the development and processing of steatosis in the liver. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a combination of honokiol and magnolol on SREBP-1 c-dependent lipogenesis in hepatocytes as well as in mice with fatty liver due to consumption of high-fat diet (HFD). Liver X receptor α (LXRα) agonists induced activation of SREBP-1 c and expression of lipogenic genes, which were blocked by co-treatment of honokiol and magnolol (HM). Moreover, a combination of HM potently increased mRNA of fatty acid oxidation genes. HM induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an inhibitory kinase of the LXRα-SREBP-1 c pathway. The role of AMPK activation induced by HM was confirmed using an inhibitor of AMPK, Compound C, which reversed the ability of HM to both inhibit SREBP-1 c induction as well as induce genes for fatty acid oxidation. In mice, HM administration for four weeks ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and liver dysfunction, as indicated by plasma parameters and Oil Red O staining. Taken together, our results demonstrated that a combination of HM has beneficial effects on inhibition of fatty liver and SREBP-1 c-mediated hepatic lipogenesis, and these events may be mediated by AMPK activation.