源头溪流CO2排放特征及其影响因素研究进展

源头溪流作为连接陆地与内陆河流的关键节点以及海-陆碳库交互的先锋界面,其水-气界面CO₂排放对全球碳循环具有重要贡献。梳理源头溪流CO₂的产排基本过程,明确其排放的时空特征及其主要影响因子有助于重新认识河流系统碳处理能力,是进一步明晰全球碳循环过程的重要内容。本研究探讨了源头溪流CO₂的基本来源及过程(内源产生,外源输入);从年际、季节、昼夜的多维时间尺度,以及全球、区域、流域、生境的多维空间尺度对溪流CO₂排放规律进行系统分析;进一步从气象因子、溪流结构特征、水文地貌因子、陆域环境因子和水体理化因子等方面总结了影响溪流CO₂排放通量时空变异格局的关键因素;同时,分析了当前溪流CO₂排放监测的主要方法及其适应条件,为溪流CO₂监测的精确性提供参考。本文构建了溪流与陆地的碳耦合过程理论框架,呼吁溪流CO₂排放在陆域碳平衡中具有不可忽视的贡献。最后,根据研究中存在的不足,提出未来的研究应着重关注以下几个方面：(1)不...     

呼吸末二氧化碳监测在临床中的应用

呼吸末二氧化碳监测是评估患者通气状态的重要指标,也是确保病人安全的重要参数之一。呼吸末二氧化碳分压与动脉血二氧化碳分压之间存在良好的相关关系,可以通过持续监测其动态观察动脉血二氧化碳分压,近年来呼吸末二氧化碳监测已经成为了临床工作中一项常规监测技术手段。在临床的实际工作中呼吸末二氧化碳监测不仅能够确定气管插管的位置,评估心肺复苏的预后,而且能够监测患者的通气功能状态,更好地指导工作中呼吸模式和呼吸机的参数的调整,为撤机提供准确的时机,并能及时发现机械故障和减少不必要的操作。本文重点对呼吸末二氧化碳监测的原理以及其在临床中的应用展开综述。     

化石燃料——二氧化碳排放的元凶

在燃烧过程中,化石燃料中的碳转变为二氧化碳进入大气,使大气中二氧化碳浓度增大。而二氧化碳作为一种温室气体具有吸热和隔热的功能。它在大气中增多的结果是形成一种无形的玻璃罩,使太阳辐射到地球上的热量无法向外层空间发散,其结果是地球表面变热起来,加重了温室效应。     

土地利用、溪流级别与溪流河水理化性质的关系

为研究土地利用对溪流水质的影响 ,对黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山境内阿什河流域的 1～ 5级溪流河水进行采样 ,同时记载森林覆盖度、邻近土地利用类型及地貌特征。对溪水样品的的 p H,浑浊度 ,NH 4- N、NO- 3- N和 PO3 3- P浓度进行分析测定。对不同溪流级别和土地利用类型的溪流河水进行分析。结果表明 :随着溪流级别的升高和土地利用类型由森林变为农田和村镇 ,溪流河水的 p H,浑浊度 ,NH 4- N、NO- 3- N和 PO3- 3- P浓度均显著升高。森林植被保存相对较好的 1、2级溪流水质最佳 ,但溪水中溶解无机磷和无机氮的浓度与美国温带地区相似的低级溪流相比 ,分别高 30倍和 1 0 0倍。河岸带破坏 ,土地利用的变化 ,放牧、樵采等频繁干扰造成的土壤侵蚀和养分流失输入是造成该流域溪流富营养化的主要原因     

五川源头溪流系统氮的迁移和转化

利用氮稳定同位素法、综合常规水样监测以及微环境培养方法探讨了五川农业溪流沿程氮的迁移转化过程.结果表明,溪流沿程NO3-N浓度变化范围为0.5～4.5 mg L-1,平均为1.26 mg L-1,且多数月份总体上呈逐渐升高的趋势,同时NO-3的δ15N存在降低趋势,两者呈线性负相关(R2>0.80),表现明显的硝化过程典型特征.各采样点的NO2-N、DO、DOC浓度与NO3-N也存在一定的线性相关关系,说明了硝化过程的发生和氮在不同形态之间的转化.溪流水体微环境培养实验证明了水体中的NH4-N和NO3-N浓度在培养期内并无明显变化,以上数据和相关关系充分表明了流域沿程地表径流氮素输入和溪流系统沉积物和水体界面的硝化过程共同作用可能是五川溪流沿程NO3-N与NH4-N浓度升高,而NO-3的δ15N值减小的主要原因.因此,在农业流域的污染源评价中,需要重新审视和调查河道系统内部氮的转化和贡献.     

太湖流域源头溪流氧化亚氮(N_2O)释放特征

采用密闭箱法研究太湖流域源头溪流N2O释放特征及其影响因素。结果显示:南苕溪N2O释放通量范围在-18.11—397.42μg.m-.2h-1,平均值为(30.37±10.87)μg.m-.2h-1。溪流N2O释放呈现明显的季节模式。冬季释放通量最低,仅为(9.69±7.10)μg.m-.2h-1,夏季释放通量较高,为(17.17±17.35)μg.m-.2h-1;而释放高峰发生于汛期,其N2O释放通量可达(125.97±90.77)μg.m-.2h-1。持续降雨带来的山洪爆发及大量径流输入是造成汛期N2O大量释放的主要原因。从上游源头区至下游农田与城区,N2O释放通量逐渐升高;流域污染梯度对N2O释放通量影响显著。统计分析表明:水体硝态氮负荷是控制流域N2O释放通量变化的主导因素,其他因素如磷含量、溶解氧、地势因素对通量也具有倾向性的显著影响。估算苕溪干流临安段N2O年释放通量可达到0.38 t/a。结果显示:河流人为污染负荷增加时可显著促进河流N2O的释放。     

青藏高原高寒草甸生长期CO2排放对气温升高的响应

采用高度分别为0.4 m(OTC-1)和0.8 m(OTC-2)的开顶式增温小室(open top champers,OTCs),对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统进行模拟增温处理,研究了高寒草甸生态系统的CO2排放强度及过程对气温升高的响应.结果表明:在平均气温分别提高1.25℃(OTC-1)和3.68℃(OTC-2)的条件下,对照及2种不同幅度增温处理高寒草甸生态系统CO2排放通量表现出明显的季节变化特征,并同时在植被生长旺盛期(7-8月)达到峰值,分别为2.31、2.35和6.38μmol·m-2·s-1;CO2排放通量在不同季节都表现出随增温幅度的升高而逐渐增大的趋势,表明随着气温升高,CO2排放通量逐渐增大;不同处理CO2排放通量与气温、5 cm土壤温度和5 cm土壤含水量之间表现出显著的相关关系,CO2排放通量与气温及5 cm土壤温度之间均符合指数关系,而与5 cm土壤含水量之间则符合二次多项式关系.     

长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构季节动态

源头溪流是河流生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要区域,对底栖动物的生物多样性维持具有重要意义。目前,针对我国源头溪流底栖动物群落结构的研究薄弱,对长白山源头溪流底栖动物季节动态的研究尚未见报道。采用野外原位定量取样的方法,力图阐释长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构的季节动态特征及其主要环境驱动因子。研究结果表明:(1)共计采集底栖动物90个分类单元,隶属于3纲9目38科。其中,水生昆虫85属,占绝对优势。底栖动物群落结构的季节动态明显,底栖动物密度及多样性在夏、秋季显著高于冬季和春季,并在冬季达到最低值。(2)底栖动物功能摄食类群以收集者占优势,其次为撕食者、捕食者和刮食者,滤食者相对丰度最低。不同功能摄食类群的季节动态不一致,但密度和物种丰富度整体表现为秋季最高。(3)水温、凋落叶分布和流速是长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构季节动态的主要环境驱动因子。本研究可为长白山源头溪流后续相关研究及长白山松花江水系生态修复提供基础数据支持及参考。     

溪流粗木质残体的生态学研究进展

粗木质残体（CWD）是森林或溪流生态系统中残存的超过一定直径大小的站杆、倒木、枝桠及根系等死木质物的总称,溪流CWD对于溪流生态系统的稳定,水生生物多样性,河槽形态及其变化过程有着重要的作用。对溪流CWD的产生和分类,溪流CWD对于溪流生态系统的稳定,水生生物多样性,河槽形态及其变化过程有着重要的作用。对溪流CWD的产生和分类,溪流CWD贮量,分布和动态,以及溪流CWD的功能和管理分别进行了总结,并指出应尽快在国内开展溪流CWD的研究和管理。     

长白山源头溪流河床凋落物的分布特征及季节动态

在北方寒冷区,凋落物于秋季大量输入溪流,是水生生物越冬生存的关键.河床凋落物的堆积和组成会直接影响凋落叶分解等关键生态过程,但目前国内关于北方地区溪流河床凋落物分布特征的研究匮乏.在长白山地区一条源头溪流,采用原位取样的方法,探究了溪流河床凋落物的分布特征及季节动态.结果表明:深潭型凋落物斑块的堆积面积和水深显著大于浅...     

土壤有机碳和外源添加碳对水稻土土体呼吸的影响

土体呼吸输出碳来源于土壤固有有机碳和外源添加碳,而以往关于不同施肥措施对水稻土碳排放的研究少有区分碳的来源。本试验利用一个长达30年的水稻土定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下变更部分施肥处理,得到继续施用高量有机肥(HOM)、施用常量有机肥30年后改施高量有机肥(N-H)、继续施用常量有机肥(NOM)、施用化肥30年后改施常量有机肥(C-N)、施用高量有机肥30年后改施化肥(H-C)、施用常量有机肥30年后改施化肥(N-C)、继续施用化肥(CF)等7种施肥处理。通过观测早稻生长期间原有施肥和改施肥处理土体CO2排放通量(FCO2),研究不同后续施肥对水稻土FCO2的影响,以期探讨土壤原始有机碳和外源添加碳对土壤FCO2的影响。结果表明:7种不同施肥处理土体CO2平均排放通量(F珔CO2)分别为85.34、69.10、51.27、49.15、14.89、12.92和11.59 mg C.m-2.h-1;对施用无机肥料和常量有机肥料的土体而言,土壤本身有机碳含量对F珔CO2无显著影响,但对施用高量有机肥的土体而言,土壤本身的高有机碳含量会增强F珔CO2;CO2排放通量(Y)与添加外源碳量(x)之间符合指数方程:Y=13.33e1.719 x(R2=0.967,n=21),施入的外源有机碳对土体FCO2产生极显著影响;当季外源添加碳以CO2-C矿化分解释放的碳占其总碳量的14%左右,且该分解率受土壤有机碳含量和有机物料添加量的影响较小。     

Linking forest fires to lake metabolism and carbon dioxide emissions in the boreal region of Northern Québec

Natural fires annually decimate up to 1% of the forested area in the boreal region of Québec, and represent a major structuring force in the region, creating a mosaic of watersheds characterized by large variations in vegetation structure and composition. Here, we investigate the possible connections between this fire‐induced watershed heterogeneity and lake metabolism and CO₂ dynamics. Plankton respiration, and water–air CO₂ fluxes were measured in the epilimnia of 50 lakes, selected to lie within distinct watershed types in terms of postfire terrestrial succession in the boreal region of Northern Québec. Plankton respiration varied widely among lakes (from 21 to 211 μg C L^?1 day^?1), was negatively related to lake area, and positively related to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). All lakes were supersaturated in CO₂ and the resulting carbon (C) flux to the atmosphere (150 to over 3000 mg C m² day^?1) was negatively related to lake area and positively to DOC concentration. CO₂ fluxes were positively related to integrated water column respiration, suggesting a biological component in this flux. Both respiration and CO₂ fluxes were strongly negatively related to years after the last fire in the basin, such that lakes in recently burnt basins had significantly higher C emissions, even after the influence of lake size was removed. No significant differences were found in nutrients, chlorophyll, and DOC between lakes in different basin types, suggesting that the fire‐induced watershed features influence other, more subtle aspects, such as the quality of the organic C reaching lakes. The fire‐induced enhancement of lake organic C mineralization and C emissions represents a long‐term impact that increases the overall C loss from the landscape as the result of fire, but which has never been included in current regional C budgets and future projections. The need to account for this additional fire‐induced C loss becomes critical in the face of predictions of increasing incidence of fire in the circumboreal landscape.     

The effect of land use on dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen uptake in streams

1. Agricultural and urban land use may increase dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in streams and saturate biotic nutrient demand, but less is known about their impacts on the cycling of organic nutrients. To assess these impacts we compared the uptake of DIN (as ammonium, NH₄⁺), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, as acetate), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON, as glycine) in 18 low‐gradient headwater streams in southwest Michigan draining forested, agricultural, or urban land‐use types. Over 3 years, we quantified uptake in two streams in each of the three land‐use types during three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). 2. We found significantly higher NH₄⁺ demand (expressed as uptake velocity, V_f) in urban compared to forested streams and NH₄⁺V_f was greater in spring compared to summer and autumn. Acetate V_f was significantly higher than NH₄⁺ and glycine V_f, but neither acetate nor glycine V_f were influenced by land‐use type or season. 3. We examined the interaction between NH₄⁺ and acetate demand by comparing simultaneous short‐term releases of both solutes to releases of each solute individually. Acetate V_f did not change during the simultaneous release with NH₄⁺, but NH₄⁺V_f was significantly higher with increased acetate. Thus, labile DOC V_f was not limited by the availability of NH₄⁺, but NH₄⁺V_f was limited by the availability of labile DOC. In contrast, neither glycine nor NH₄⁺V_f changed when released simultaneously indicating either that overall N‐uptake was saturated or that glycine and NH₄⁺ uptake were controlled by different factors. 4. Our results suggest that labile DOC and DON uptake can be equivalent to, or even higher than NH₄⁺ uptake, a solute known to be highly bioreactive, but unlike NH₄⁺ uptake, may not differ among land‐use types and seasons. Moreover, downstream export of nitrogen may be exacerbated by limitation of NH₄⁺ uptake by the availability of labile DOC in headwater streams from the agricultural Midwestern United States. Further research is needed to identify the factors that influence cycling of DOC and DON in streams.     

Effect of catchment characteristics on aquatic carbon export from a boreal catchment and its importance in regional carbon cycling

Inland waters transport and emit into the atmosphere large amounts of carbon (C), which originates from terrestrial ecosystems. The effect of land cover and land‐use practises on C export from terrestrial ecosystems to inland waters is not fully understood, especially in heterogeneous landscapes under human influence. We sampled for dissolved C species in five tributaries with well‐determined subcatchments (total size 174.5 km²), as well as in various points of two of the subcatchments draining to a boreal lake in southern Finland over a full year. Our aim was to find out how land cover and land‐use affect C export from the catchments, as well as CH₄ and CO₂ concentrations of the streams, and if the origin of C in stream water can be determined from proxies for quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM). We further estimated the gas evasion from stream surfaces and the role of aquatic fluxes in regional C cycling. The export rate of C from the terrestrial system through an aquatic conduit was 19.3 g C m^?2(catchment) yr^?1, which corresponds to 19% of the estimated terrestrial net ecosystem exchange of the catchment. Most of the C load to the recipient lake consisted of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 6.1 ± 1.0 g C m^?2 yr^?1); the share of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was much smaller (1.0 ± 0.2 g C m^?2 yr^?1). CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from stream and ditch surfaces were 7.0 ± 2.4 g C m^?2 yr^?1 and 0.1 ± 0.04 g C m^?2 yr^?1, respectively, C emissions being thus equal with C load to the lake. The proportion of peatland in the catchment and the drainage density of peatland increased DOC in streams, whereas the proportion of agricultural land in the catchment decreased it. The opposite was true for DIC. Drained peatlands were an important CH₄ source for streams.     

森林生态系统可溶性碳和颗粒碳通量

可溶性碳(Dissolved carbon,DC)和颗粒碳(particulate carbon,PC)通量作为森林生态系统碳收支的重要组分,在森林固碳功能的评价和模型预测中具有重要意义,但常因认识不足、测定困难等而在森林碳汇研究中被忽略。综述了森林生态系统DC和PC的组成、作用、相关生态过程及其影响因子,并展望了该领域应该优先考虑的研究问题。森林生态系统DC和PC主要包括可溶性有机碳、可溶性无机碳和颗粒有机碳,主要来源于生态系统的净初级生产量。DC和PC是森林土壤的活性碳库,主要以大气沉降、穿透雨和凋落物的形式输入森林土壤系统,并通过土壤呼吸、侧向运输及渗透流失的方式输出生态系统。从局域尺度看,DC和PC通量受根系分泌、细根分解、微生物周转等生物过程的影响较大;从区域尺度看,它们受土壤和植被特性、生态过程耦联关系、气候因子以及全球变化的综合影响。该领域应该优先考虑:(1)探索不同时空尺度下森林生态系统DC和PC通量的控制因子及其耦联关系,揭示其中的驱动机理;(2)探索DC和PC与其它森林生态系统碳组分的相互关系及转化,阐明DC和PC通量与其它养分之间潜在的生态化学计量关系;(3)探索全球变化,特别是人类活动(如森林经营)和极端干扰事件(如林火、旱涝、冰冻、冻融交替等)对森林生态系统DC和PC通量的影响。     

老爷岭多年冻土小流域春季冻融期径流溶解性有机碳变化特征

溶解性有机碳（DOC）的输移过程是流域碳循环中重要的组成部分,对全球碳循环产生重要影响。以大兴安岭多年冻土区的典型森林小流域-老爷岭流域为研究对象,获得2021年4月9日到6月30日冻融期降雨量、气温、土温等气象数据及逐日径流量、径流DOC浓度,计算了冻融循环期（4月9日-28日）和融化期（4月29日-6月30日）流域径流DOC的输出通量,揭示了径流DOC浓度及输出通量的影响因素。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,老爷岭流域径流DOC浓度变化范围为3.88-33.75 mg/L,流域上游的径流DOC浓度变化趋势与下游基本一致,DOC浓度随着温度的升高呈现下降趋势,4月份平均径流DOC浓度明显高于5、6月份。（2）研究时段内流域径流DOC总输出通量为3215.48 kg/km²,其中5月径流DOC输出通量高于4、6月份。径流量与径流DOC输出通量存在显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,是流域DOC输出通量的主导因素。（3）研究时段内流域DOC浓度与平均气温呈极显著负相关（R²=0.5048,P<0.001）;降水样品中的DOC浓度变化范围为1.06-9.42 mg/L,显著低于径流DOC浓度;土壤中DOC含量变化趋势与径流DOC变化趋势一致,0-10 cm、10-20 cm土壤平均DOC浓度范围为77.57-133.99 mg/L。（4）冻融循环期平均日径流DOC浓度（24.02 mg/L）显著（P<0.05）高于融化期（14.64 mg/L）,而融化期平均日DOC输出通量（48.02 kg/km²）是冻融循环期（9.52 kg/km²）的5倍。研究结果揭示了大兴安岭多年冻土小流域春季冻融期径流DOC的输移特征及其影响因素,对理解多年冻土区碳循环有重要意义。     

Ebullitive methane emissions from oxygenated wetland streams

Stream and river carbon dioxide emissions are an important component of the global carbon cycle. Methane emissions from streams could also contribute to regional or global greenhouse gas cycling, but there are relatively few data regarding stream and river methane emissions. Furthermore, the available data do not typically include the ebullitive (bubble‐mediated) pathway, instead focusing on emission of dissolved methane by diffusion or convection. Here, we show the importance of ebullitive methane emissions from small streams in the regional greenhouse gas balance of a lake and wetland‐dominated landscape in temperate North America and identify the origin of the methane emitted from these well‐oxygenated streams. Stream methane flux densities from this landscape tended to exceed those of nearby wetland diffusive fluxes as well as average global wetland ebullitive fluxes. Total stream ebullitive methane flux at the regional scale (103 Mg C yr^?1; over 6400 km²) was of the same magnitude as diffusive methane flux previously documented at the same scale. Organic‐rich stream sediments had the highest rates of bubble release and higher enrichment of methane in bubbles, but glacial sand sediments also exhibited high bubble emissions relative to other studied environments. Our results from a database of groundwater chemistry support the hypothesis that methane in bubbles is produced in anoxic near‐stream sediment porewaters, and not in deeper, oxygenated groundwaters. Methane interacts with other key elemental cycles such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, which has implications for ecosystem changes such as drought and increased nutrient loading. Our results support the contention that streams, particularly those draining wetland landscapes of the northern hemisphere, are an important component of the global methane cycle.     

Benthic organic carbon influences denitrification in streams with high nitrate concentration

1. Anthropogenic activities have increased reactive nitrogen availability, and now many streams carry large nitrate loads to coastal ecosystems. Denitrification is potentially an important nitrogen sink, but few studies have investigated the influence of benthic organic carbon on denitrification in nitrate‐rich streams. 2. Using the acetylene‐block assay, we measured denitrification rates associated with benthic substrata having different proportions of organic matter in agricultural streams in two states in the mid‐west of the U.S.A., Illinois and Michigan. 3. In Illinois, benthic organic matter varied little between seasons (5.9–7.0% of stream sediment), but nitrate concentrations were high in summer (>10 mg N L⁻¹) and low (<0.5 mg N L⁻¹) in autumn. Across all seasons and streams, the rate of denitrification ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 μg N g⁻¹ DM h⁻¹ and was positively related to stream‐water nitrate concentration. Within each stream, denitrification was positively related to benthic organic matter only when nitrate concentration exceeded published half‐saturation constants. 4. In Michigan, streams had high nitrate concentrations and diverse benthic substrata which varied from 0.7 to 72.7% organic matter. Denitrification rate ranged from 0.12 to 11.06 μg N g⁻¹ DM h⁻¹ and was positively related to the proportion of organic matter in each substratum. 5. Taken together, these results indicate that benthic organic carbon may play an important role in stream nitrogen cycling by stimulating denitrification when nitrate concentrations are high.     

土壤溶解性有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用

土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)是有机碳库的活跃组分,在陆地生态系统碳循环中发挥重要作用.本文从碳循环重要性着手,综述了土壤DOC在土壤碳固持与温室气体排放中的作用;结合我国的现实情况(如土壤酸化、气候变暖等),探讨了土壤DOC的相关影响因素如土壤性质、环境因素、人为活动对土壤DOC的影响及作用机制,对进一步理解土壤DOC在陆地生态系统碳循环与温室气体减排中的作用具有重要意义.     

Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from pelletized and nonpelletized poultry litter incorporated into soil

While several studies have shown that the addition of animal manures to soil can increase N₂O and CO₂ emissions, limited information is available on the effect that manure physical characteristics can have on these emissions. This study compared N₂O and CO₂ emissions from poultry litter incorporated as pellets (5.5 mm OD, 7 mm long) or fine particles (<0.83 mm) into Cecil soil samples. The soil-litter mixture was packed in acrylic plastic cylinders and adjusted to 55 or 90 % water-filled porosity (WFP). The cylinders were placed inside jars that were sealed and placed in an incubator at 25°C for 35 d, with periodic air samplings conducted for N₂O and CO₂ analyses. At 55% WFP, cumulative emission of CO₂ was similar for both litter types, but cumulative emission of N₂O was slightly higher for pelletized (6.8 % of applied N) than for fine-particle litter (5.5 %). In contrast, at 90 % WFP, cumulative emission of N₂O was larger for fine-particle litter (3.4 % of applied N) than for pelletized litter (1.5 %). These results indicate that the effect of poultry litter physical characteristics on N₂O emissions from incorporated applications can be expected to vary depending on the soil water regime.