厚朴叶和皮不同提取部位的药理作用比较研究

通过小鼠最大耐受量测定法进行厚朴叶的急性毒性研究,采用小鼠浓氨水引咳法、炭末推进法对厚朴叶和皮不同溶剂部位提取物的镇咳和胃肠推进作用进行了比较研究。结果显示厚朴叶小鼠最大耐受量为112g/kg,为厚朴成人每日用量的747倍,且7日内均未出现中毒和死亡现象。厚朴叶石油醚提取部位低剂量组、厚朴皮乙醚提取部位低剂量组和石油醚提取部位能明显延长氨水致小鼠咳嗽潜伏期或减少咳嗽的频率。同时,厚朴叶乙醚提取部位低剂量组能明显提高炭末在小肠中的推进率,厚朴皮乙醚提取部位低剂量组能显著减少炭末在胃中的残留率。以上结果表明:在实验剂量范围内,厚朴叶几无毒性;其低剂量的石油醚和乙醚提取部位有较强的镇咳和胃肠推进效果。提示其药用价值有深入研究的必要。     

土荆芥提取物对玉米象的触杀与熏蒸活性

测定了土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioidesL.)4种溶剂(100%乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和石油醚)提取物对玉米象Sitophilusz eamais Motschulsky的触杀和,蒸活性。4种溶剂提取物在6.494mg/cm2浓度下对玉米象的触杀效果:48h后100%乙醇提取物和石油醚提取物的校正死亡率均达100%;丙酮提取物次之,为92.31%;乙酸乙酯提取物最低,为64.10%,但72h后达94.17%。4种溶剂提取物对玉米象的,蒸活性:72h后0.50mg/mL浓度处理下校正死亡率为98.73%～100%。     

小桐子提取物除草活性的生物测定

为全面了解小桐子(Jatropha curcas L. )提取物的除草活性,以萝卜(Raphanus sativus L. )、苋(Amaranthus tricolor L. )、苏丹草[Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf]和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L. )为实验材料,对小桐子果壳和枝叶的水、乙醇(体积分数95%)、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚粗提物的除草活性进行了生物测定,并从中筛选出抑制作用最强的水粗提物进行进一步的活性组分分离及其除草活性的生物测定.测定结果显示,小桐子果壳和枝叶的6种溶剂提取物(10 g·L~(-1))对供试的4种植物幼苗的根长和茎高均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中水粗提物和乙醇(体积分数95%)粗提物的抑制作用较强,且水粗提物对供试的4种植物幼苗的根长和茎高的抑制作用均在75%以上,显著高于其他溶剂粗提物(P<0.05);石油醚粗提物的抑制作用最小,均在10%以下.小桐子果壳和枝叶水粗提物的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取物(10 g·L~(-1))对萝卜和苏丹草幼苗的根长和茎高均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中水、正丁醇和乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑制作用显著高于氯仿和石油醚萃取物,抑制率均在70%以上;水萃取物的抑制作用最强,抑制率均在80%以上;石油醚萃取物的抑制作用最小,抑制率均在10%以下.研究结果表明,小桐子果壳和枝叶的水粗提物具有一定的除草活性,其有效成分为极性较大的组分.     

Antinociceptive activity of petroleum ether fraction from the MeOH extracts of Paederia scandens in mice

The petroleum ether fraction of MeOH extract from Paederia scandens was evaluated on anti-nociceptive activity in mice using chemical and thermal models of nociception. Given orally, the petroleum ether fraction (PEF) at doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg produced significant inhibitions on chemical nociception induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid and subplantar formalin or capsaicin injections and on thermal nociception in the tail-flick test and in the hot plate test. More significant inhibition of nociception was observed at dose of 80 mg/kg of the petroleum ether fraction. In the pentobarbital sodium-induced sleeping time test and the open-field test, the petroleum ether fraction neither significantly enhanced the pentobarbital sodium-induced sleeping time nor impaired the motor performance, indicating that the observed anti-nociception was unlikely due to sedation or motor abnormality. Moreover, the petroleum ether fraction-induced anti-nociception in both capsaicin and formalin tests was insensitive to naloxone, but was significantly antagonized by glibenclamide. These results suggested that the petroleum ether fraction produced anti-nociception possibly related to glibenclamide-sensitive K⁺-ATP channels, which merited further studies regarding the precise site and mechanism of action. The major constituents of the petroleum ether fraction (PEF) determined by GC/MS analysis, are linoleic acid, the sterols and vitamin E. Therefore it can be suggested that they exert synergetic effects and are together responsible for the antinociceptive activity of the PEF-fraction.     

Anti-Ulcerogenic Effect of Methanolic Extracts from Enicosanthellum pulchrum (King) Heusden against Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Lesion in Animal Models

A natural source of medicine, Enicosanthellum pulchrum is a tropical plant which belongs to the family Annonaceae. In this study, methanol extract from the leaves and stems of this species was evaluated for its gastroprotective potential against mucosal lesions induced by ethanol in rats. Seven groups of rats were assigned, groups 1 and 2 were given Tween 20 (10% v/v) orally. Group 3 was administered omeprazole 20 mg/kg (10% Tween 20) whilst the remaining groups received the leaf and stem extracts at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. After an additional hour, the rats in groups 2–7 received ethanol (95% v/v; 8 mL/kg) orally while group 1 received Tween 20 (10% v/v) instead. Rats were sacrificed after 1 h and their stomachs subjected to further studies. Macroscopically and histologically, group 2 rats showed extremely severe disruption of the gastric mucosa compared to rats pre-treated with the E. pulchrum extracts based on the ulcer index, where remarkable protection was noticed. Meanwhile, a significant percentage of inhibition was shown with the stem extract at 62% (150 mg/kg) and 65% (300 mg/kg), whilst the percentage with the leaf extract at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg was 63% and 75%, respectively. An increase in mucus content, nitric oxide, glutathione, prostaglandin E2, superoxide dismutase, protein and catalase, and a decrease in malondialdehyde level compared to group 2 were also obtained. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of groups 4–7 exhibited down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Hsp70 proteins. The methanol extract from the leaves and the stems showed notable gastroprotective potential against ethanol.     

Control of storage rot of cassava tuber caused by Rhizopus oryzae using some plant extracts

Abstract

The potency of Piper nigrum seed and leaf, Aframomum meleguata seed and Ageratum conyzoides leaf extracts in the control of cassava tuber rot caused by Rhizopus oryzae was investigated. Water, ethanol and petroleum ether were used as extracting solvents. These extracts were fungitoxic both in vitro and in vivo against the test pathogen. P. nigrum seed extracts were the best followed by those of A. meleguata seed, A. conyzoides leaf and then P. nigrum leaf. The extracts were more effective in controlling rot development in unwounded than wounded tubers especially when they were applied before inoculation with the test pathogen. Ethanol extracts gave the highest growth inhibition in vivo followed by water and the petroleum ether extract whereas water extracts showed marked superiority over the extracting solvents in checking rot development in cassava tuber. Water and ethanol extracts of P. nigrum seed and leaf, A. meleguata seed and A. conyzoides leaf could be used as pesticide of plant origin in the control of R. oryzae causing cassava tuber rot in storage.     

木蹄层孔菌子实体提取物对H22荷瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤活性的影响

研究了木蹄层孔菌子实体的石油醚提取物、氯仿提取物、甲醇提取物对体内抑制肿瘤活性及对免疫功能的影响。建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,观察木蹄层孔菌不同提取物对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤效果,通过抑瘤率、免疫器官指数及生存时间的影响来评价不同提取物的活性。结果表明：木蹄层孔菌子实体的石油醚提取物、氯仿提取物、甲醇提取物均有一定的抑制肿瘤作用,其中石油醚提取物下层沉淀的抑制作用最显著,当质量分数为100 mg/kg时抑瘤率高达56.29%,接近阳性药的抑瘤率58.78%,可使小鼠的体质量、脾指数和胸腺指数增加,延长H22荷瘤小鼠的生存时间。木蹄层孔菌石油醚提取物下层沉淀在一定的剂量范围内,能较好地抑制小鼠肿瘤的生长,提高机体的免疫功能。     

Anxiolytic effects of Equisetum arvense Linn. extracts in mice

The petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CH), ethanol (ETH) and water extracts of E. arvense stems were evaluated for anti-anxiety activity in mice using elevated plus maze model. Ketamine induced hypnosis and actophotometer was used to evaluate sedative effect with various extracts in mice. The results were compared with standard drug diazepam. The ethanolic extract of E. arvense (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased the time-spent and the percentage of the open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze model which was comparable to diazepam. Ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg) prolonged the ketamine-induced total sleeping time and decreased the locomotor activity in mice. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract of E. arvense seems to possess anxiolytic effect with lower sedative activity than that of diazepam. The results could be attributed to the flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract.     

Antinociceptive activity of Sesbania sesban (Linn) wood extracts, a preliminary study

The wood of the plant Sesbania sesban, is reported to have antinociceptive activity. To validate its folk use in the treatment of pain, wood was extracted successively with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water to produce respective extracts. The extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg, ip) were screened for antinociceptive activity using hot plate test and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant and dose-dependent activity in both the tests. In order to find out the involvement of opioid receptors, effect of naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc) on the action of extracts was checked in hot plate test. Petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant and dose dependant antinociceptive activity. The antinociceptive action of the extracts was blocked by naloxone, suggesting involvement of opioid receptors in the action.     

Hypolipidemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) fruit extracts

Bottle gourd [(Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stand.] fruit is ascribed with many therapeutic effects. The present study was undertaken to explore the antihyperlipidemic effect of four different extracts viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, alcoholic and aqueous extracts from bottle gourd in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats and their hypolipidemic effects in normocholesteremic rats. The study is comprised preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Oral administration of the extracts, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in rats, dose-dependently inhibited the total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins level, and significantly increased the high density lipoproteins level. However, petroleum ether extract did not show the significant effects. Both the chloroform and alcoholic extract exhibited more significant effects in lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoproteins along with increase in HDL as compared to the others. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, sterols, cucurbitacin saponins, polyphenolics, proteins, and carbohydrates. The results obtained suggest marked antihyperlipidemic and hypolipidemic activity of the extracts.     

巴豆粉及其溶剂提取物对玉米象的防治效果

用巴豆粉、提取物进行拌粮,研究对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)的防效。试验结果表明:巴豆粉在8000mg/kg稻谷使用剂量下,玉米象成虫的校正死亡率为46.7%,对子代的种群抑制率为65.7%;巴豆4种溶剂提取物对玉米象成虫及子代均具有很明显的控制作用,其中以无水乙醇提取物的效果最明显;1000mg/kg稻谷处理剂量下,玉米象成虫的校正死亡率为88.7%,对子代的种群抑制率为87.5%。     

Analysis of bioactive composites and antiviral activity of Iresine herbstii extracts against Newcastle disease virus in ovo

The study was implemented to actuate the qualitative and quantitative phyto constituents of Iresine herbstii extracts and its antiviral efficacy against avian ND virus. Among four tested solvents, the ethanolic extract of Iresine herbstii revealed the presence of highest quantity of all tested phytochemicals while petroleum ether extract showed the least. Folin-Ciocalteu method assessed the range of TPC extended from 81.01 ± 0.67 to 126.35 ± 0.45 µg GAE/mg. Acetonic extract showed the highest amount among all extracts and petroleum ether possessed the lower quantity. TFC ranged from 54.37 ± 0.45 to 88.12 ± 0.26 µg QE/mg followed by colorimetric method. From all extract ethanolic extract showed highest quantity and petroleum ether revealed the lower. HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract of I. herbstii confesses the presence six bioactive components by using the HP5-MS column. To check the antiviral potential of plants, different prepared treatments of plant extract and live virus were inoculated at 9 days old SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Results exposed that all plant extracts produce antiviral activity against NDV in ovo according to their potential and phytochemical profile. The highest survival rate was observed in the ethanolic extract at 400 µg/mL and acetonic extract at 300 µg/mL as it controls the NDV activity completely, evidence of absence of embryo death and HA titre. Dichloromethane and petroleum ether could not inhibit the virus completely. 600 µg/mL concentration was proved as toxic in all extracts except petroleum ether extract which showed a dose dependent pattern.     

Pregnancy outcomes after weekly oral administration of ethanol during gestation in the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

Ethanol was orally administered once per week to gravid pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in doses of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.5, 3.3, or 4.1 g/kg. A control group received a sucrose solution, isocaloric and isovolemic to the highest ethanol dose. Pregnancy was followed after 116 possible conceptions in 54 females. Peak plasma ethanol concentrations (PPECs) ranged from 24 +/- 6 mg/dl at the 0.3 g/kg dose to 549 +/- 71 mg/dl at the 4.1 g/kg dose. An increased rate of spontaneous abortion was related to ethanol exposure at and above 1.8 g/kg (mean PPEC = 205 mg/dl). Pregnancy failure in the first 30 days of gestation increased at doses above 2.5 g/kg. The effect on pregnancy outcome of weekly exposure to ethanol in this nonhuman primate is comparable to available data on humans. The methodology of this study represents an effective model for studying ethanol teratogenesis in a nonhuman primate.     

Immunomodulatory effects of alcbholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Moringa olifera Lam leaves

Effects of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the alcoholic and hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of M. olifera were studied on various immune paradigms like delayed type hypersensitivity reaction using SRBC as an antigen, determination of antibody titer, neutrophil adhesion test as an indicator for neutrophil index, total leucocyte count in cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressed animals and carbon clearance assay as a measure of phagocytic activity. Hydro-alcoholic extract of M. olifera substantially enhanced cellular immune response, humoral immune response, neutrophil index and phagoctic activity in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg body weight) was efficient in improving immune response. The results suggest that M. olifera has a significant role to play as an immune stimulator.     

侧柏乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)叶、小枝、球果和种子4个不同部位乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果显示:(1)在供试浓度为50g/L(相当于干样)时,侧柏各部位乙醇提取物对4种供试植物病原真菌均具有较好抑制作用,其中侧柏叶提取物的抑菌效果最好,对供试葡萄白腐病菌(Conio-thyrium diplodiella)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Elsinoe ampelina)、番茄绵腐病菌(Phytophthora melongenae)和青霉病菌(Penicilliu mexpansum)的EC50分别为:5.424、3.186、8.913和19.000g/L。(2)侧柏叶乙醇提取物的石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性均较好,在供试浓度为0.5g/L时,石油醚萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)和葡萄黑痘病菌(E.ampelina)的抑菌率分别为80.35%和60.23%;乙酸乙酯萃取物对以上2种植物病原菌的抑菌率分别为81.88%和64.06%。结果表明:侧柏叶、小枝、球果和种子乙醇提取物均具有一定抑菌活性,叶乙醇提取物的活性最好,活性成分主要集中在石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

甘露寡糖对异育银鲫生长性能、免疫及HSP70基因表达的影响

为探讨甘露寡糖(MOS)对异育银鲫生长、免疫、肠道组织结构及抗病力的影响,试验选取360尾异育银鲫[初均重(16.19±0.03)g],随机分成5组、每组3个重复,在日粮中添加不同浓度甘露寡糖(0、60、120、240、480 mg/kg),连续投喂80d,并于第80天时进行嗜水气单胞菌感染,测定异育银鲫生长、免疫、肠道结构等指标及异育银鲫抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力。试验结果表明,无论投喂50d,还是80d,甘露寡糖对鱼体的生长指标(特定生长率、增重率、蛋白质效率、饵料系数)均没有显著影响(P>0.05);投喂50d,与对照组比,甘露寡糖能显著提高血清球蛋白浓度(P<0.05);投喂80d后,与对照组比,240、480 mg/kg甘露寡糖组能显著提高碱性磷酸酶活性,甘露寡糖组能显著提高血清球蛋白浓度(P<0.05),480 mg/kg甘露寡糖组能显著提高血清总抗氧化能力,120、240 mg/kg甘露寡糖组能显著提高肠褶皱襞长(P<0.05),对皱襞间质宽、黏膜下层宽没有显著影响(P>0.05),肌层宽随着MOS的添加有增加趋势(P>0.05);嗜水气单胞菌感染后,与对照组比,240、480 mg/kg甘露寡糖组成活率提高了22.6%,免疫保护率达45.4%。日粮中添加甘露寡糖组对鱼体肝脏HSP70基因表达没有显著影响(P>0.05)。因此,添加240、480 mg/kg甘露寡糖能提高鱼体的免疫能力,增强鱼体抗病原菌感染能力。     

内蒙古产白刺、小果白刺和霸王α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

首次利用体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制模型对内蒙古产3种蒺藜科植物的9个提取物进行活性评价,并与阳性对照Acarbose比较,发现3种植物均有抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性。其中白刺石油醚提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性(IC50=81.80 mg/L)最高,其余依次为小果白刺乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=610.29 mg/L),霸王石油醚(IC50=627.22 mg/L)和乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=838.40 mg/L),它们的抑制活性远大于阳性对照Acarbose(IC50=1103.01 mg/L)。结果发现,不同植物不同溶剂提取物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性不同。同一植物不同溶剂提取物相比较,甲醇提取物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性不及乙酸乙酯和石油醚提取物。     

Antioxidant and gastroprotective activities of Andrographis paniculata (Hempedu Bumi) in Sprague Dawley rats

Antioxidant and gastroprotective activities of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves in rats have been reported. Sprague Dawley rats, 6 per group were used and rats in groups 1 to 6 were pretreated with (0.25% w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose (negative control, 5 ml/kg), 20 mg/kg omeprazole (positive control), (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) of aqueous leaf extracts (APLAE) and (250 and 500 mg/kg) of ethanol leaf extracts (APLEE) respectively. Animals were orally administered with 95% ethanol (5 ml/kg) 60 min after their pretreatments. Rats were sacrificed 1 h after treatment and gastric contents were collected to measure pH and mucous weight. Stomach was analyzed for gross and histological changes. Ulcer control group showed extensive lesions of gastric mucosal layer, whereas rats pretreated with omeprazole, 250 and 500 mg/kg of APLAE showed significant and dose dependent reduction in gastric lesions with increased pH and mucus content of stomach. Rats pretreated with 250 or 500 mg/kg of APLEE showed significantly better inhibition of gastric mucosal lesions. Further, the in vitro antioxidant studies using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that ethanol extracts have superior free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value = 10.9 than aqueous extracts with IC50 value = 24.65. Results of this study showed that pretreatment with ethonolic extract of A. paniculata ethanolic provided significant protection against gastric ulcer by regulating of pH, mucous production and antioxidant property.     

6种“桑黄”石油醚提取物的体内抗肿瘤活性

对6种＂桑黄＂的石油醚提取物进行了抗肿瘤体内试验,测定其对H22荷瘤小鼠抑瘤率、免疫器官指数、免疫因子含量和生存率的影响。试验结果表明：粗毛纤孔菌、鲍姆木层孔菌、火木层孔菌和瓦宁木层孔菌的石油醚提取物高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）以及黑壳目层孔菌石油醚提取物高剂量（100 mg/kg）对肿瘤均具有一定抑制作用,抑瘤率均〉40%;瓦宁木层孔菌石油醚提取物低剂量组（50 mg/kg）的抑瘤效果最佳,为76.82%,其脾指数、胸腺指数均明显高于阳性组（P〈0.01）,IL 2的含量也明显高于对照组和阳性组,能延长小鼠的生存期;椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌石油醚提取物也具有一定的抑瘤效果,高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）抑瘤率分别为39.30%和36.17%。     

Leaf extracts of Carlowrightia cordifolia induce macrophage nitric oxide production

Carlowrightia cordifolia (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used in northeastern Mexico as a traditional remedy against inflammation. As tissue release of nitric oxide (NO) has been correlated with both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of C. cordifolia leaf extracts on macrophage NO production. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and non-LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with aqueous, ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts of C. cordifolia leaves. All extracts inhibited NO release from LPS-stimulated macrophages, with methanol and hexane extracts showing the greatest inhibition. On the other hand, macrophage cultures treated with extracts without LPS-stimulation produced high releases of NO. These unexpected results suggest two different ways by which leaf extracts may act, depending on cell status. On the other hand, data on NO activity in relation to inflammatory/anti-inflammatory auto-regulatory feedback and high concentrations of NO release by non-stimulated macrophages agreed with the hypothesis that NO may have an inhibitory effect in vascular inflammation.