山西运城盐池湖区裸藻植物及其分布特点

在山西运城盐池湖区采到的裸藻门植物共１０属８３种（包括变种和变型）,其中,绿色裸藻类７７种,无色裸藻类６种。该区域的水体根据其含盐量的不同可分为４种类型：淡水水体（含盐量０．００１－０．０５％）、混盐水体（含盐量０．０５￣３％）、真盐水体（含盐量３－４％）和高盐水体（含盐量４－３４．７％）。由于含盐量不同的影响,裸藻门植物在４种水体中的分布有明显差异,总的趋势是裸藻门植物的种数随着含盐量的增加而减     

新型聚球藻噬藻体Yong-L2-223的分离及基因组分析

【目的】噬藻体(cyanophages)是特异性侵染蓝藻(cyanobacteria)的病毒，广泛分布于各类水体中，在调节蓝藻种群动态和密度、推动生物地球水生生态系统循环中起着重要作用。本研究的目的在于分离、鉴定噬藻体。【方法】本研究以海洋聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002为指示宿主，从淡水水样中分离培养一株新型噬藻体Yong-L2-223，对其进行了宿主范围实验、全基因组测序、基因功能注释和系统进化分析。【结果】针对31株供试蓝藻的宿主范围实验，结果除指示藻PCC 7002 [属于聚球藻目(Synechococcales)]外，Yong-L2-223能够感染2株淡水蓝藻，分别是来源于滇池的绿色微囊藻(Microcystis viridis) FACHB-1342 [属于色球藻目(Chroococcales)]和水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)FACHB-1209[属于念珠藻目(Nostocales)]。既可在高盐条件下感染海洋蓝藻，又可在低盐条件下感染淡水蓝藻，Yong-L2-223具有广盐性。透射电镜观察表明，Yong-L2...     

不同类型水生植物群落对蓝绿藻类的抑制作用

选择2种常见水生植物荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata),构建了荇菜群落(浮叶植物群落)、黑藻群落(沉水植物群落)和荇菜-黑藻群落(复合群落)等3种不同类型水生植物群落,在模拟富营养化水体环境条件下与自然水体中藻类共培养,研究了不同类型水生植物群落对藻类的抑制作用.结果表明:1)3种群落对水体中藻类的抑制作用顺序为荇菜群落>复合群落>黑藻群落,实验结束时水体叶绿素a分别减少了63.1%、44.7%、3.3%.2)荇菜群落中蓝藻受到了较强抑制作用,其总藻细胞密度比初始减少了99.5%;而绿藻总藻细胞密度则比初始增加了31.6%;黑藻群落中蓝藻仍保持较高生物量,绿藻藻细胞密度一直处于较低水平;复合群落对蓝绿藻均有很好的抑制效果,蓝藻藻细胞密度比初始下降了95.9%,绿藻藻细胞密度始终保持在较低水平.3)3种群落中藻类组成变化不同:荇菜群落中初始以微囊藻、色球藻等蓝藻门植物为优势种,逐渐转变为以小球藻、栅藻、四角藻等绿藻门植物为优势种;黑藻群落中藻类一直以微囊藻为优势种,伴生有少量的小球藻属、栅藻属、隐藻属藻种;复合群落水体中藻类组成与荇菜群落中藻类变化相似,实验期间微囊藻数量逐渐减少,而栅藻数量逐渐升高.4)不同群落中植物生物量增加明显,荇菜和黑藻的鲜重在单种群落和复合群落中均具有较高的增长率,分别为129.8%、63.6%和108.8%、66.5%;植物生长对光照、温度、pH等环境因子具有明显的调节作用,荇菜群落中水下20 cm处光衰减率与水体叶绿素a显著相关,说明荇菜的遮光作用是其产生显著抑藻作用的重要原因.     

南亚热带不同营养水平水库的蓝藻组成与动态

2004年调查了广东省境内的新丰江水库和契爷石水库的蓝藻分布特征.结果表明:共检测到蓝藻18属,绝大多数为丝状体和群体种类.常见属有假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena)、湖生蓝丝藻(Limnothrix)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis).新丰江水库和契爷石水库蓝藻细胞密度分别为4～249和1 911～114 228 cells·ml-1,富营养化的契爷石水库蓝藻细胞密度比贫营养型的新丰江水库高出3个数量级;2座水库最高蓝藻细胞密度均出现在夏季,温度是引起2座水库蓝藻细胞密度的季节性变化的主要因素;在新丰江水库,微囊藻是优势蓝藻种类之一,相对丰度35%～97%,夏季细胞密度高于其它季节;在契爷石水库,虽然微囊藻细胞密度比新丰江水库高出1个数量级,但其相对丰度不超过3%;假鱼腥藻和湖生蓝丝藻是契爷石水库的优势蓝藻种类,多数情况下相对丰度超过50%;水体稳定性和由透明度主导的水体光照条件的差别可能是导致两座水库蓝藻由不同生活类型的种类占优势的主要原因.     

螺旋藻——人类未来的高蛋白营养源

螺旋藻隶属于蓝藻门、蓝藻纲、藻殖段目、颤藻科、螺旋藻属(Spirulina),是一种微型、不分枝、无异形胞的螺旋状丝体。根据藻丝体的大小、螺距长短、生态习性等性状的不同,螺旋藻属分有30余种,广泛分布于世界各地的海水、半咸水或淡水湖泊,为一种     

西藏工布自然保护区藻类植物区系及分布特点

基于对西藏工布自然保护区藻类植物的调查采集,共鉴定出189种(含变种),隶属5门,28科,50属。其中以硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)种类最多,有9科,18属,109种;绿藻门(Chlorophyta)为亚优势门类,有9科,20属,50种;蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)次之,为8科,10属,28种;红藻门(Rhodophyta)和金藻门(Chrysophyta)最少,各为1科,1属,1种。主要群落类型有7种,即颤藻群落、胶须藻群落、念珠藻群落、水树藻群落、桥弯藻群落、丝藻群落和双星藻-转板藻-水绵群落。指示藻类分析显示,目前该地区水体状况良好,基本未受到严重污染,大部分水体为β-中污带,其余部分为寡污带。该地区藻类植物的分布特点表现为高原冷水山溪急流种类典型、高山源头性种类明显但耐污种类较少。对该地区水体和藻类植物多样性保护提出了建议。     

我国鱼腥藻的新记录种——粘质鱼腥藻

蓝藻是淡水水体的重要组成类群,而鱼腥藻又是水华蓝藻的一个重要种属.但由于该属种类较多,国内文献报导的不到世界分布的四分之一.该文利用染色和显微镜镜检方法对采自广东省高州水库蓝藻水华的样品进行观察,经鉴定,确认一个我国鱼腥藻属的新记录种--粘质鱼腥藻Anabaena mucosa, J. Komarkova-Legnerova & P. Eloranta ,1992 .对该属及该属一个新记录种的主要形态学特征进行了描述,提供了相应的形态照片,并对相似种进行了形态学比较研究.     

深圳石岩水库浮游植物群落时空动态特征及其影响因素分析

于2013 年5 月至2014 年4 月对深圳石岩水库进行采样, 研究了深圳石岩水库浮游植物群落组成、时空动态及其主要的环境影响因素, 以期为该水库水质的保障和改善提供科学依据。石岩水库全年共检测到浮游植物7 门90属, 以绿藻门(41.1%)、硅藻门(30.0%)和蓝藻门(20.0%)为主。浮游植物的种类在9 月份最丰富, 有61 种, 8 月份最少, 仅有18 种。各采样区的浮游植物丰度, 在6 月份达到最大值, 为1.76×108 cells·L^–1, 在10 月份出现最低值, 为2.74×106 cells·L^–1。绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻的丰度之和在全年所占比例都较高, 变化范围为96.74%-100%, 以蓝藻居多, 占51.55%-92.23%,其中, 绿藻门的优势属为十字藻属(Crucigenia)、栅藻属(Scenedesmus)、小球藻属(Chlorella); 硅藻门的优势属为直链藻属(Melosira)、小环藻属(Cyclotella); 蓝藻门的优势属为假鱼腥藻属(Pseudanabaena)。冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)表明: 全部样品分布在轴1 与轴2 构成的4 个象限内, 轴2 左侧与冬(春秋)季对应, 轴2 右侧与夏季对应; 绝大多数藻类分布在冬(春秋)季对应的象限内, 少数藻类包括硅藻门的卵形藻属(Cocconeis)、蓝藻门的平裂藻属(Merismopedia)、尖头藻属(Raphidiopsis)和鞘丝藻属(Lyngbya)以及绿藻门的衣藻属(Chlamydomonas)分布在夏季所对应的象限内; 研究结果表明影响石岩水库浮游植物群落结构动态的主要驱动因子是水温(Temperature, TEMP)、总有机碳 (Total Organic Carbon, TOC)、硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)和总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN)。     

无机盐诱导蓝藻细胞液泡化

选用NaCl、KNO3、(NH4)2SO4、MgSO4、CaCl2五种常用无机盐对分属三科的六种蓝藻进行液泡化诱导,不同蓝藻其盐敏感性不同。鱼腥藻sp.595最为敏感,五种盐均诱导其液泡化;颤藻284和极大螺旋藻438最不敏感,所试验盐类均不能诱导其液光化;念珠藻sp.96、织线藻246和伪枝藻248液泡化程度居中,少数盐类如NaC1、KNO3、(NH4)2SO4对其有诱导作用。采用压片法观察到诱导形成的液泡,液泡在相差显微镜下显示为圆球形,基本透明。     

蓝藻固氮对人工湿地颗粒物有机氮的贡献

固氮蓝藻能为水生态系统输入新氮,生物固氮对水体氮的贡献观点不一。人工湿地中固氮蓝藻输入的新氮对除氮效率的影响仍不明晰。本研究通过连续监测,比较了北京野生动物救护中心水禽栖息的人工湖和净化其水质的人工湿地中的浮游植物组成、颗粒物有机氮(PON)和水体固氮速率(Rn),分析固氮蓝藻鱼腥藻属(Anabaena)和非固氮蓝藻微囊藻属(Microcystis)藻细胞密度的季节变化,及其与水体PON和Rn相关性。通过IsoSource软件分析15N自然丰度,计算了各个来源(大气N_2、鸟粪、沉积物和水体硝酸盐)对人工湖和人工湿地中PON的贡献率。结果显示,人工湖中鱼腥藻和微囊藻交替爆发,Rn与PON和鱼腥藻细胞密度均呈正相关(P0.05),说明鱼腥藻输入的新氮可能被微囊藻利用转化为PON。大气N_2对生长季人工湖和人工湿地PON贡献率分别为0.5%~82.0%和50.0%~86.0%,9月水体固氮速率达到最高时大气N_2对PON贡献率可达80%以上。本研究表明,人工湖中的鱼腥藻固氮能为微囊藻提供可利用氮,可能是人工湖夏季微囊藻水华的原因之一。由于浮游植物在表流人工湿地较难沉淀和吸附,浮游植物增多使人工湿地去除PON的能力降低,因此鱼腥藻固氮可能间接降低人工湿地除氮能力。     

Records of a lake's life in time: the sediments

The evidence from analysis of cores from lake sediments is used to identify the influences which, acting through time, have brought about changes in the lakes of the English Lake District. These are: i. climatic changes, recorded mainly in microfossil assemblages ii. soil dynamics on catchments — the natural soil development of an interglacial cycle and its effect on water composition, and iii. perturbations of input resulting from activities of man.The present position of each of 14 lakes in a series of increasing eutrophication is shown to be the result of two processes of modification by man. The first was a significant reduction in volume of the hypolimnion of the shallow lakes, consequent on the accelerated rate of sediment accumulation which followed deforestation and cultivation of catchments in all the lakes — this did not affect the biology of the deep lakes. The second has been the introduction of human and animal wastes into some of the lakes during the last 120 years, which imposed on affected lakes a process of more rapid change which was more intense in the shallow lakes.     

新疆艾比湖沉积物中免培养放线菌的多样性北大核心CSCD

【目的】采用免培养的方法研究新疆艾比湖湖底沉积物放线菌组成及多样性。【方法】采集并混合5份艾比湖湖底沉积物样本,并提取其总DNA,采用放线菌通用引物对其16S r RNA基因序列进行Touchdown PCR,构建放线菌16S r RNA基因文库。蓝白斑筛选后随机挑选白色克隆分析,利用限制性内切酶HhaⅠ进行酶切分型,挑选具有独特限制性片段差异的阳性克隆进行测序分析。序列经Chimera Check检测,BLAST同源比对及构建16S r RNA基因序列系统发育树。【结果】随机挑选192个白色克隆,其中166个为阳性克隆,选取51个具有独特限制性片段差异的克隆进行序列分析。测序结果进行比对以及Chimera Check检测后,共获得36个可操作单元(Operational Taxonomic Units,OTUs),Gen Bank注册号为KR182090-KR182131。文库覆盖度结果表明克隆文库涵盖了本环境中90.4%的放线菌类群。聚类结果显示,艾比湖湖底沉积物中放线菌分为2个类群,第1个类群属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria),放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)中的放线菌目(Actinomycetales)、丙酸杆菌目(Propionibacteriales)、微球菌目(Micrococcales)和棒杆菌目(Corynebacteriales)4个目,该类群占克隆文库18.1%;另外1个类群属于Unclassified Actinobacteria的类群,分为3个不同的group,占整个克隆文库的81.9%。【结论】新疆艾比湖湖底沉积物中存在多种未知的放线菌类群。     

The influence of whole lake aeration on the limnology of a hypereutrophic lake in central Florida

To determine the influence of a multiple inversion aeration system upon the limnology of a small sinkhole lake, we monitored physical-chemical and biological parameters for 15 months prior to starting aeration and for 24 months thereafter. Aeration eliminated thermal stratification and dissolved oxygen concentrations of bottom waters increased significantly. Secchi disk transparency increased during aeration while turbidity, pH, alkalinity, total nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and iron concentrations decreased significantly. Primary production and mean chlorophyll a did not change significantly during aeration but total phytoplankton cell volume decreased 2-fold. This decrease was caused by a marked reduction in blue-green algae which appears to be attributable to rapid mixing of the lake and to decreases in the pH. Cell volumes of green algae remained constant but numbers of taxa increased 70%. Densities of crustacean zooplankton were reduced markedly by aeration while densities of rotifers increased significantly during the first year but then returned to preaeration levels during the second year. Large-bodied cladocerans were replaced by small-bodied forms during aeration, and copepod populations became dominated by nauplii (97%). Densities of benthic macroinvertebrates declined 2-fold during aeration due to to a marked reduction (10-fold) in the Chaoborus population which correlated strongly with decreases in crustacean zooplankton abundance. The total number of taxa collected on individual sample dates increased throughout the two year aeration period (from 12 to 25) and chironomids became the predominant group (70%).The multiple inversion aeration system successfully eliminated many of the undesirable features of eutrophication (e.g., oxygen depletion, blue-green algal blooms, low benthic diversity), but it did not change the trophic state. Aeration of hypereutrophic lakes for multiple years may be necessary to maintain desired conditions.     

On the ecology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caecidotea williamsi</Emphasis> Escobar-Briones &; Alcocer (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) from Alchichica saline lake,Central Mexico

Caecidotea williamsi Escobar-Briones & Alcocer (2002) is the first asellid described from a saline aquatic habitat in America, Alchichica crater-lake, Puebla, Central Mexico. No previous reports exist for asellid isopods from inland saline waters in America in spite of the extensive research undertaken so far on the continent. Differing from other asellids, C. williamsi inhabits saline waters (i.e. 8.5 g l⁻¹) dominated by sodium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions and markedly alkaline (pH 9.0 ± 0.1). Water temperature ranges from 14.5°C throughout the water column in winter and in the deep waters for the rest of the year, up to 20°C in the surface waters in summer. C. williamsi occurs in a depth range of surface to 30 m (lake’s maximum depth is 64 m), below which an anoxic layer is found during 9 months of the year. Generally it lives cryptically in tufa crevices and at shallower depths many inhabit empty trichopteran cases embedded within the tufa crevices. Some specimens are heavily covered by epizooic ciliates on the thoracic and abdominal segments of the exoskeleton and the pleopods. Data are presented on the diet, possible predators, saprobity and trophism, and regional distribution of C. williamsi. The continued survival of this unique isopod is threatened by anthropogenic desiccation of its habitat. Guest Editor: John M. Melack Saline Water and their Biota     

Acidification and alkalinization of lakes by experimental addition of nitrogen compounds

Fertilization of a small lake with ammonium chloride for four years as part of a eutrophication experiment caused it to acidify to pH values as low as 4.6. Implications for acidification of lakes via precipitation polluted with ammonium compounds are discussed.When phosphate was supplied with the ammonium, biological nitrogen uptake, apparently by phytoplankton, was the main mechanism causing acidification. When ammonium was applied without phosphate, it accumulated to high concentrations in solution, after which nitrification caused rapid acidification. In both cases, the whole-lake efficiency of acidification was low, averaging about 13% of the potential acidification of supplied ammonium chloride (Table 2).Subsequent application of phosphate plus sodium nitrate for two years caused the pH of the lake to increase. The efficiency of alkalinization was higher than for acidification, averaging 69% of the potential alkalinization of the supplied sodium nitrate.     

Biogeochemical changes in the sediments of Lake Cantara South,a saline lake in South Australia

Biogeochemical studies were undertaken of a 65-cm long sediment core from Lake Cantara South, South Australia. ¹⁴C determinations indicated that the sediments had been deposited over 2000 years. Changes with sediment depth in the concentration or ratio of the following were determined: (i) total organic carbon, total carbonate (inorganic) carbon, total sulfur, total carbon, total inorganic and organic sulfur, atomic C/N, and sulfate/chloride; (ii) n-alkanes; (iii) a highly branched isoprenoid alkane, and (iv) steroids. Interpretation of the changes with sediment depth indicated the nature of changes that took place when the system changed from a protected marine lagoon to an isolated (athalassic) saline lake. This change took place about 1000 years ago.     

Ecological correlates of net accumulation rates of Cladocera remains in lake sediments

Paleolimnological study of plant and animal microfossils is based on either relative abundances or net accumulation rates of various taxa. Interpretation of the latter is difficult because ecological factors that influence accumulation rates have been unknown. I use a novel method of ²¹⁰Pb assay to estimate net accumulation rates of bosminids and chydorids at the sediment-water interface of 15 Florida (U.S.A.) lakes which represent a wide range of trophic state, water chemistry, and morphometry. Thirty-two species of Chydoridae, and two genera of Bosminidae were recovered from the lake sediments. Accumulation rates of 6 of the 11 more abundant chydorid species and both bosminid taxa were positively correlated with trophic state as measured by chlorophyll a concentration. Lake size was positively correlated with accumulation rates of 4 chydorid species and both bosminids. Weedbed area was positively correlated with accumulation rates of 2 chydorids, but neither bosminid. Lakewater pH was positively correlated with only one chydorid species accumulation rate. Multiple regression models explain statistically nearly all of the variance in each of the limnological variables, and can be used as transfer functions for paleolimnological inference.     

Winter Planktonic Microbial Communities in Highland Aquatic Habitats

Winter conditions in aquatic habitats of the temperate zone markedly differ from those present in warmer seasons, nevertheless, relatively scarce information is available on planktonic microbial composition, as sites are not easily accessible and it was supposed traditionally that microbial activity is low during this cold period. Since microorganisms could have great impact on the ecosystem even during winter, we explored various sites in the Eastern Carpathians regarding the abundance and taxonomic composition of planktonic microorganisms. Although many of the studied environments were extreme habitats, planktonic microbial communities were abundant and mostly diverse with the presence of previously unidentified taxa.     

新疆两盐湖可培养嗜盐古菌多样性研究

从新疆地区艾比盐湖和艾丁盐湖卤水及泥土样品中分离到86株嗜盐古菌。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,分离自艾比湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrinema和Natronorubrum6个属的11个分类单元,而分离自艾丁湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobiforma、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrialba、Natrinema6个属的8个分类单元,这一结果表明艾比湖可培养嗜盐古菌生物多样性稍高于艾丁湖。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明代表菌株ABH15应为Natronorubrum属的中性嗜盐古菌新种,代表菌株ABH07、ABH12、ABH17、ABH19、ABH51和AD30可能是Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Haloarcula的新成员。     

Phosphorfällung über Calciumcarbonat im eutrophen Wallersee (Salzburger Alpenvorland, Österreich). Coprecipitation of Phosphorus with Calcite in the Eutrophic Wallersee (Alpine Foreland of Salzburg,Austria)

By chemical analyses at the eutrophic Wallersee (Austria) a considerable precipitation of calcite during autumn overturn was found. It is a pure anorganic calcite precipitation, caused by the loss of free carbonic acid to the atmosphere during the mixing of epilimnic and hypolimnic water. An essential coprecipitation of phosphorus with the anorganic calcite precipitation could be shown by calcium and phosphorus balances and by SEM investigations. During the epilimnic biogenic calcite precipitation (in summer) phosphorus coprecipitation makes 0.19% of the calcium fallout. Phosphorus coprecipitation increases up to 0.42 % during the anorganic calcite precipitation when autumn overturn takes place. With respect to the total phosphorus sedimentation in the lake 25 % are coprecipitated with calcite.