磁性纳米颗粒介导分离技术筛选土壤中多氯联苯降解菌及其降解特性

【背景】磁性纳米颗粒介导分离(magnetic nanoparticle-mediated isolation, MMI)技术是近年来发展起来的一种无须底物标记就能从复杂菌群中分离活性功能微生物的方法,目前尚无研究报道该技术应用于难降解污染物3,3′,4,4′-四氯联苯(3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, PCB77)。【目的】从土壤中筛选PCB77活性降解菌并研究其污染物降解特性。【方法】利用磁性纳米颗粒(magnetic nanoparticles, MNPs)富集原位活性PCB77降解菌群,通过高通量测序分析细菌群落变化,经平板筛选得到PCB77降解菌,并研究其对多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的降解特性。【结果】基于MMI技术获取的富集培养液能够高效地转化PCB77,与对照组相比底物降解效率从6%提升至79.3%,同时该富集培养液中细菌物种多样性显著降低,群落组成发生明显变化。从对照组和MMI处理组中分别筛选到PCB77降解菌红球菌CT2和类芽孢杆菌MT2,发现红球菌为对照组中唯一的优势物种,而MMI处理组的优势物种由红球菌和类芽孢杆菌共同组成。菌株MT2对PCB...     

多氯联苯降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性研究

以联苯为唯一碳源和能源从河海交汇处筛选、分离得到一株多氯联苯降解菌,研究其多氯联苯降解特性。以联苯(BPH)和4-一氯联苯(PCB3)为底物,探究假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)P-6-5的生长情况及降解能力。降解菌最适生长pH为7,盐度为35 g/L。以BPH和PCB3为诱导剂,均能促进降解菌的生长。P-6-5对10-100 mg/L的PCB3存在不同程度的转化能力,对浓度为10 mg/L的PCB3降解率达95.3%,最大降解速率1.9 mg/(L·h)。P-6-5对mix13(13种多氯联苯的同系物)中的四氯及四氯以下多氯联苯均有降解能力。结合产物分析,推测降解菌可能具有矿化PCB3的能力。菌株P-6-5具有海水菌的特点,表现了宽广的底物利用范围,是一株高效PCBs降解菌,对环境中PCBs的生物修复具有重要意义。     

多氯联苯降解菌的选育及降解性能研究

从长期受PCBs污染的土壤中筛选出2 株多氯联苯降解菌,并对其形态和生物学特性进行了观察研究。通过对这2 株菌的驯化筛选,得到混菌对PCBs的降解效果最好。通过改变菌株的降解条件（pH、温度、接菌量及装液量）可知,混菌的最佳降解pH 值为7.0、温度为30 ℃ 、接菌量为OD600nm=1.0的菌液2 mL、装液量为10.00 mL。在上述最佳条件下,混菌对10 mg/L的PCBs降解15 d,去除率可达70%左右。通过表面活性剂的增效降解作用研究可知,混合表面活性剂表现为低浓度（<500 mg/L）促进混菌对PCBs的降解,高浓度（>700 mg/L）抑制混菌对PCBs的降解。在降解体系中添加300 mg/L的混合表面活性剂,经16 d 的降解,可以将PCBs降解率提高到91.5%。     

炔草酯降解菌Sphingopyxis sp. WP68的分离鉴定与降解特性

【背景】炔草酯可以高效防除麦田恶性杂草,但炔草酯的生产和使用也对环境造成了破坏,对动物和人类健康造成了威胁。【目的】分离筛选炔草酯高效降解菌株,研究其降解特性,为炔草酯污染生物修复提供优良菌种资源。【方法】采集农药厂活性污泥样品,通过富集培养和含有炔草酯的LB培养基进行炔草酯降解菌株的分离,通过形态和生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其分类学地位,通过单因素试验从温度、pH、接种量和底物浓度等方面考察菌株对炔草酯的降解特性,并利用UPLC-MS分析降解产物。【结果】筛选出一株炔草酯高效降解菌株WP68,经鉴定为鞘氨醇盒菌(Sphingopyxis sp.),该菌株在37°C和pH值为8.0时,10 h内可将200 mg/L的炔草酯降解98.26%。利用UPLC-MS鉴定菌株WP68降解炔草酯的产物为炔草酸。确定了该菌株降解炔草酯的最适温度、pH值、接种量、底物浓度分别是37°C、8.0、5%、200mg/L。菌株WP68还能降解氰氟草酯和精喹禾灵。【结论】Sphingopyxis sp. WP68对炔草酯有较强的降解能力和较高耐受性,在炔草酯污染土壤修复中具有潜在的应用前景。     

二氯喹啉酸降解菌MC-10的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性

【目的】为治理稻-烟轮作田块上茬土壤中二氯喹啉酸残留问题,筛选高效降解细菌菌株。【方法】通过富集培养和选择培养,从常年施用二氯喹啉酸的水稻田中筛选可以降解二氯喹啉酸的细菌;对其进行形态学观察、生理生化特征测定和16S r DNA序列系统发育鉴定。【结果】分离的降解菌株MC-10被鉴定为节杆属菌株(Arthrobacter sp.)。菌株MC-10在5%接种量p H 7、28℃时,对初始浓度为20 mg/L二氯喹啉酸7 d可降解90%以上。该降解菌的最佳降解条件为p H 7、30℃,二氯喹啉酸初始浓度在1-100mg/L间均有良好的降解效果;菌株MC-10在土壤中对二氯喹啉酸同样有良好的降解效果,温室内7 d对二氯喹啉酸污染土壤的修复率可达70%。【结论】菌株MC-10在二氯喹啉酸污染土壤和水质治理中具有潜在的应用前景。     

Sphingobacterium bambusaue及其紫外诱变菌株的石油降解功能

【目的】研究Sphingobacterium bambusaue及其紫外诱变菌株的石油降解功能。【方法】紫外诱变后筛选石油降解高效菌株; 以不同石油浓度、pH值及盐浓度优化培养条件, 用重量法检测高效菌株石油降解率。【结果】发现菌株S. bambusaue在石油降解培养基中培养5 d的石油降解率为25.86%, UV诱变高效菌株IBFC2009-S3培养5 d的石油降解为42.85%, 比始发菌株提高65.7%; UV诱变菌株IBFC2009-S3的优化培养条件为石油浓度0.5 g/L、pH值7.0以及NaCl质量浓度为10 g/L, 其石油降解率可达50.51%。【结论】首次报道S. bambusaue具有石油降解功能; 紫外诱变获得的菌株S3的石油降解能力较强。     

一株苯酚降解菌的鉴定及其降解特性

【目的】鉴定从某化工厂附近土样中分离到的一株耐高浓度苯酚的菌株T10,通过优化菌株的培养条件提高菌株对苯酚的降解率。【方法】根据菌株的形态、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA测序分析确定其种属,以液体摇瓶培养菌株T10对苯酚的降解率为指标,对菌株的生长条件进行优化。【结果】菌株T10属恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。添加葡萄糖、蛋白胨能有效缩短T10菌的生长周期,并使苯酚的降解率提高1.7倍。在菌体初始接种浓度为10%、温度为30°C、转速为180 r/min条件下,对初始苯酚浓度、pH和装液量的响应面优化结果如下:初始苯酚浓度3 000 mg/L、pH 7.5和装液量80 mL/250 mL,苯酚去除率最高可达到87.56%。【结论】T10菌能够耐受较高浓度的含酚废水,并且对苯酚有较强的降解能力,为下一步利用生物法处理含酚废水提供科学依据。     

多氯联苯降解菌Burkholderia xenovorans LB400研究进展

Burkholderia xenovorans LB400是一株多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)降解菌,可以氧化含有1?6个氯取代基的多氯联苯。近年来,由于其广泛的底物谱和优异的降解性能,菌株LB400已成为研究原核生物降解多氯联苯的生物化学和分子生物学方面的模式生物。目前关于PCBs的微生物降解研究已不再局限于对微生物资源的挖掘,而是更多地聚焦在LB400等降解菌的PCBs降解基因、降解酶的酶学特性以及酶的人工分子进化等方面。同时,LB400作为早期发现的降解菌,其对多氯联苯的降解途径、底物范围及相关机制也被广泛探讨;但是对于PCBs降解相关基因的调控研究较少。因此,本文以Burkholderia xenovorans LB400对多氯联苯降解为核心,通过综述其代谢途径、代谢相关基因和酶系以及降解应用等方面的研究进展,以期为深入探讨Burkholderia xenovorans LB400的应用以及进一步在遗传、分子和生化水平研究其他多氯联苯降解菌株提供借鉴。     

一株高效丙烯腈降解细菌Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2的丙烯腈降解条件优化

【目的】以丙烯腈为目标污染物,利用实验室已筛选获得的一株高效腈降解菌Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2,研究其对丙烯腈的降解特性,优化降解条件以提高菌株对丙烯腈的降解能力。【方法】通过单因素试验和响应面分析相结合的方法优化Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2对丙烯腈的降解条件。考察外加碳、氮源对BX2的生长及丙烯腈降解的影响,并确定其在丙烯腈合成废水中对丙烯腈的处理效果。【结果】菌株BX2优化后的最佳降解条件为:底物浓度403.51 mg/L、p H 7.44、温度34.46°C,在此条件下丙烯腈的降解率为95.1%。外加碳源为葡萄糖,或外加氮源为氯化铵对菌株生长及丙烯腈降解有明显的促进作用。菌株Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2能够高效降解合成废水中的丙烯腈,在30 h时其丙烯腈降解率可达89.4%。【结论】降解条件优化以及外源物质的添加强化了菌株对丙烯腈合成废水的处理效果,为生物法处理丙烯腈废水新方法的开发提供技术支持。     

苯胺降解菌的筛选、降解特性及其发酵优化

【背景】近年来,苯胺类化合物加重了生态环境的污染,而生物法处理苯胺类废水具有较大发展潜力与广阔的应用前景。【目的】从长期受苯胺类化合物污染的活性污泥中分离获得一株能高效降解苯胺的菌株,优化其培养基及降解条件,为苯胺生物修复提供菌株与基因资源。【方法】采用平板法从富集驯化的菌株中筛选出以苯胺为唯一碳氮源和能源的高效降解菌,通过16S rRNA基因测序鉴定菌种,利用单因素筛选实验对降解条件进行优化,通过正交试验优化培养条件。【结果】筛选到一株苯胺降解菌BA-6,经鉴定为微杆菌属(Microbacterium)。菌株BA-6对初始浓度为600mg/L苯胺的日降解率可达98%以上。其高效降解的温度范围是30–37℃,pH范围是6.5–7.5。底物利用实验表明,菌株BA-6具有降解多种苯胺类化合物的能力。发酵培养基优化实验获得一种发酵培养基,活菌量高达3.06×10¹⁰CFU/mL。【结论】苯胺降解菌BA-6对苯胺有较强的降解能力和环境调节能力,在修复苯胺类化合物的生态污染方面有一定的应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.