cDNA微阵列制作的优化

为了优化筛检cDNA微阵列中靶基因的最适长度、浓度及点样溶液的种类,设计持家基因betaactin和GAPDHRT PCR3对引物,产物长度在189～1078bp之间,以乙肝病毒DNA片段为阴性对照,扩增纯化后分别溶于3×SSC、50%DMSO及0.5mol/L碳酸盐缓冲液(pH=9.0)中,调整浓度分别为0.5μg/μL、1.0μg/μL和1.5μg/μL,比较上述不同条件的杂交结果。结果表明,杂交具有较好的特异性,阴性对照(乙肝病毒)和空白对照(点样溶液)均未见杂交信号;3种长度的同一靶基因杂交信号强度无明显差别(betaactinP=0.378;GAPDHP=0.866);3种点样溶液中以50%DMSO杂交信号最好,较强且均匀一致(P=0.0001),其余2种差异不显著(P=0.142);3种浓度靶基因杂交信号差异不显著(P=0.648),浓度高者信号略强。短片段靶基因(200bp左右)可获得与长片段靶基因(1000bp以上)一样较好的杂交信号,点样溶液以50%DMSO效果最好,靶基因浓度为0.5μg/μL时即可得到较好的杂交结果。     

cDNA微阵列制作的优化

为了优化筛检cDNA微阵列中靶基因的最适长度、浓度及点样溶液的种类,设计持家基因beta actin和GAPDH RT-PCR 3对引物,产物长度在189～1 078 bp之间,以乙肝病毒DNA片段为阴性对照,扩增纯化后分别溶于3×SSC、50%DMSO及0.5mol/L碳酸盐缓冲液（pH=9.0）中,调整浓度分别为0.5μg/μL、1.0μg/μL和1.5μg/μL,比较上述不同条件的杂交结果。结果表明,杂交具有较好的特异性,阴性对照（乙肝病毒）和空白对照（点样溶液）均未见杂交信号;3种长度的同一靶基因杂交信号强度无明显差别（beta actin P=0.378;GAPDH P=0.866）;3种点样溶液中以50%DMSO杂交信号最好,较强且均匀一致(P=0.0001),其余2种差异不显著(P=0.142);3种浓度靶基因杂交信号差异不显著(P=0.648),浓度高者信号略强。短片段靶基因（200 bp左右）可获得与长片段靶基因（1 000 bp以上）一样较好的杂交信号,点样溶液以50%DMSO效果最好,靶基因浓度为0.5μg/μL时即可得到较好的杂交结果。 Abstract:To optimize and screen the most suitable target gene length,concentration and printing solution in cDNA microarray,housekeeping genes,such as beta actin and GAPDH,were selected as targets and hepatitis B virus gene as negative control.The RT-PCR primers that spanned at least one intron and whose products were at between 189 bp and 1 078 bp were designed with primer premier 5.0,so did the hepatitis B virus gene PCR primer.After polymerase chain reaction,the products were purified with ethanol and dissolved in 3×SSC,50% DMSO and 0.5mol/L carbonate buffer（pH=9.0）respectively.The concentrations of target genes were adjusted at 0.5μg/μL,1.0μg/μL and 1.5μg/μL.The hybridization signals had a good specificity.No signal showed in either negative control (HBV) or blank control (printing solution only).There was no significant difference in target gene lengths.The P value of beta actin (189 bp,491 bp,974 bp) and GAPDH (227 bp,552 bp,1 078 bp) was 0.378 and 0.866 respectively.There was no significant difference among concentrations（P=0.648）,too.However,the higher the concentration was,the stronger the signals would be.Among the three kinds of printing solution,50% DMSO was the best（P=0.0001）,while the other two had no difference by multi-comparison(P=0.142).The target gene at length between 200 bp and 1 000 bp has got the same hybridization signals.50%DMSO printing solution and the target gene concentration of 0.5μg/μl are suitable for good hybridization.     

植物病毒检测芯片的杂交条件优化

利用芯片点样仪将5种侵染马铃薯的病毒/类病毒(苜蓿花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒-卫星病毒、马铃薯病毒Y、马铃薯块茎纺锤状类病毒)的保守区寡核苷酸(Oligonucleotide,oligo)探针和PCR探针点样于玻片,并以植物18S rRNA作为内参照制成基因芯片。研究探针浓度、杂交时间、杂交温度以及点样液对芯片杂交的影响,并验证优化后病毒检测芯片的特异性。结果表明,寡核苷酸探针浓度介于5-20 ?mol/L之间对杂交信号强度影响不大,PCR探针浓度与杂交信号强度间呈线性关系;在45℃杂交4 h时,芯片的杂交信号最强,且该条件下进行杂交对两种探针芯片的影响趋势一致;点样液中以DMSO的杂交效果最好。经过整体条件优化后的两种探针芯片在杂交检测上具有较高的特异性,适于检测植物病毒。     

近交系小鼠双色荧光正相杂交芯片技术体系的建立和优化

目的探讨采用单核苷酸多态性（SNP）检测方法-双色荧光正相杂交芯片技术对近交系小鼠遗传质量监测及相关影响因素。方法运用基于芯片的双色荧光正相杂交检测SNP技术,进行芯片杂交动力学研究,考察信号值（Cy3,Cy5）和ratio值（Cy5/Cy3）与PCR产物点样浓度、PCR产物长度和荧光标记探针长度之间的关系,研究PCR产物点样浓度、PCR产物长度和荧光标记探针长度对SNP分型的影响。结果采用正反标记实验后,Ratio值随着PCR产物点样浓度的增加呈稳定趋势;PCR双链产物长度对信号值影响比较大,点样时其长度不宜太长,最好不超过450 bp;随荧光标记探针长度的增加,基因分型能力明显下降,长度为15 bp最佳,长度超过20 bp时,已基本没有区分能力。结论PCR产物点样浓度、PCR产物长度和荧光标记探针长度是双色荧光正相杂交SNP分型系统的重要影响因素,采取适当的PCR产物点样浓度、PCR产物长度和荧光标记探针长度,并采用正反标记实验,可以取得稳定、准确的基因分型效果。为进一步进行近交系小鼠遗传质量监测的研究奠定基础。     

基于IgG检测为模型的玻璃介质定量蛋白质芯片的研制及评价

为研制高通量定量检测的蛋白质芯片,以人血清IgG为研究模型,选择戊二醛基修饰的玻片为载体,蛋白质样品溶解于20%甘油的PBS,由机械手将浓度为0.5g/L人IgG单克隆抗体点样在玻片上,人血清白蛋白为阴性对照,以1%的BSA为封闭液对蛋白质芯片进行封闭,并经相应处理,构建用于定量检测人血清IgG蛋白质芯片.先以不同浓度IgG标准品为待测样品,建立蛋白质芯片方法和ELISA方法的标准曲线,两条标准曲线的R2值分别为0.996和0.994(P<0.01).两种方法的检测人IgG结果有很好的相关性(R2=0.9937,P<0.01),其敏感性均在15.625μg/L.用两种方法分别检测10例人血清IgG,结果显示两种方法的检测的IgG浓度有很好的一致性,以玻片为载体的蛋白质芯片可用于微量生物样品的定量检测.     

间隔臂和探针长度与寡核苷酸芯片重复性相关性研究

研究寡核苷酸芯片的重复性与间隔臂（spacer）和探针长度之间的相关性。设计12条不同长度的带有不同spacer的探针,与749bp荧光标记靶序列杂交。扫描分析三次杂交结果,用Quantrray定量分析软件进行分析,随探针长度的延长,杂交信号的变异系数逐步降低,15mer的探针杂交的信号较弱,杂交不够稳定,重复性也相对较差,20mer、25mer、30mer的探针的变异系数逐渐降低。spacer为15时变异系数最小。说明选择spacer为poly（dT）15的25mer和30mer的探针可以获得较好的重复性。     

纳米金标记基因芯片技术的优化

为了建立稳定的纳米金标记基因芯片技术,对点样液,预杂交,纳米金浓度,银染时间等进行了优化,并研究了该芯片方法的灵敏度。结果表明,使用50%DMSO作为点样液效果最好,预杂交会导致杂交信号降低70%,银染时间控制在15 min时候显色清晰且背景较低。该检测方法的灵敏度可达到80 fmol/L,可望在芯片检测领域得到更多的应用。     

cDNA芯片阳性对照的制备及在芯片敏感性分析中的应用

cDNA芯片是一种高通量基因表达谱分析技术,在生理病理条件下细胞基因表达谱分析,新基因发现和功能研究等方面具有广阔应用前景。CDNA芯片阳性对照的选取以及CDNA芯片检测敏感性是芯片成功应用的关键问题之一。以在系统发育上与人类基因同源性小的荧火虫荧光素酶基因材料,制备了用于人类和其他动物基因表达谱CDNA芯片的通用型阳性对照探针和相应的mRNA参照物,经反转录对mRNA参照物进行Cy3荧光标记并与DNA芯片杂交后发现,mRNA参照物能特异性地与荧光酶基因cDNA片断杂交,而与人β-肌动蛋白基因,人G3PDH基因以及λDNA/HINDⅢ无杂交反应。把mRNA参照物以不同比例加入HepG2总RNA中,以反转录荧光标记后与CDNA芯片杂交,结果发现当总RNA中的MRNA含量为1/10^4稀释（即mRNA分子个数约为10^8个）时,CDNA芯片基本检测不出mRNA标记产物的杂交信号。而且,cDNA芯片检测的信号强度与芯片上固定的探针浓度密切相关,当探针浓度为2g/L时,杂交信号最强,随着探针浓度下降芯片的杂交信号趋于减弱。CDNA芯片通用型阳性参照物的制备以及应用于CDNA芯片检测敏感性研究为CDNA芯片应用于人和其他动物基因表达谱高通量分析和新基因功能研究提供了技术基础和理论依据。     

用基因芯片鉴别诊断四种水泡性疾病

为了对临床上症状非常相似的四种水泡性动物疾病进行大批量、快速准确的检测,我们尝试用基因芯片技术来对这四种水泡性疾病进行快速鉴别诊断。用Qiaquick 96 plate Kit对扩增的39个基因目的片段进行纯化,TE调配浓度至0．36μg/μL,于GMS417点样仪上按预选设计好的布阵方式点样,然后经紫外灯照射进行紫外交联等一系列处理。用Salmon进行非特异性杂交检测芯片点样的质量。大量抽提组织中MDV和细胞上清液中的SVDV的总RNA,随机引物反转录的同时采用随机荧光标记法,标记FMDV和SVDV。标记好的cDNA超声波随机打断后进行特异性杂交,以最佳光扫描强度进行扫描,Imagene软件扫描结果,对两者信号进行对比,结合各病毒相对应的坐标,可鉴别诊断出四种动物的水泡性疾病病毒。本方法不但快速、灵敏、准确性高,而且可实现对大批量货物的集成化检测,满足我国快速通关的要求。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.