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1.
Liu  H.Q.  Jiang  G.M.  Zhang  Q.D.  Sun  J.Z.  Guo  R.J.  Gao  L.M.  Bai  K.Z.  Kuang  T.Y. 《Photosynthetica》2002,40(2):237-242
Three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental conditions. Net photosynthetic rate (P N) per unit leaf area and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of flag leaves increased with elevated CO2 concentration. With an increase in CO2 concentration from 360 to 720 µmol mol–1, P N and WUE of Jingdong 8 (released in 1990s and having the highest yield) increased by 173 and 81 %, while those of Nongda 139 (released in 1970s) increased by 88 and 66 %, and Yanda 1817 (released in 1945, with lowest yield) by 76 and 65 %. Jingdong 8 had the highest P N and WUE values under high CO2 concentration, but Yanda 1817 showed the lowest P N. Stomatal conductance (g s) of Nongda 139 and Yanda 1817 declined with increasing CO2 concentration, but g s of Jingdong 8 firstly went down and then up as the CO2 concentration further increased. Intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) of Jingdong 8 and Nongda 139 increased when CO2 concentration elevated, while that of Yanda 139 increased at the first stage and then declined. Jingdong 8 had the lowest C i of the three wheat cultivars, and Yanda 1817 had the highest C i value under lower CO2 concentrations. However, Jingdong 8 had the highest P N and lowest C i at the highest CO2 concentration which indicates that its photosynthetic potential may be high.  相似文献   

2.
The role of H2O2 in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced NH4+ accumulation in rice leaves was investigated. ABA treatment resulted in an accumulation of NH4+ in rice leaves, which was preceded by a decrease in the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and an increase in the specific activities of protease and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). GS, PAL, and protease seem to be the enzymes responsible for the accumulation of NH4+ in ABA-treated rice leaves. Dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a chemical trap for H2O2, was observed to be effective in inhibiting ABA-induced accumulation of NH4+ in rice leaves. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) and imidazole (IMD), and nitric oxide donor (N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone, PBN), which have previously been shown to prevent ABA-induced increase in H2O2 contents in rice leaves, inhibited ABA-induced increase in the content of NH4+. Similarly, the changes of enzymes responsible for NH4+ accumulation induced by ABA were observed to be inhibited by DMTU, DPI, IMD, and PBN. Exogenous application of H2O2 was found to increase NH4+ content, decrease GS activity, and increase protease and PAL-specific activities in rice leaves. Our results suggest that H2O2 is involved in ABA-induced NH4+ accumulation in rice leaves.  相似文献   

3.
The 3.7 kb XbaI fragment harbouring the cryIVB gene which encoded a 130 kDa mosquitocidal toxin protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (B.t.i.) was placed downstream to the cat-86 gene promoter (P cat-86, spore stage specific expression) or bgaB gene promoter (P bgaB , vegetative stage specific expression). The constructs were subcloned into pBC16 to obtain pBTC3 and pBTC6, respectively. Both plasmids and the other construct, pBTC1 were successfully transferred into B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis c4Q2-72 and B. sphaericus 2362. Western blot analysis showed that P bgaB in front of P cryIVB could enable cells to produce a 130 kDa protein from the vegetative stage (4 h) whereas those with P cat-86 could not. The positive detection of 130 kDa crystal protein during the vegetative stage (4 h) by Western blot analysis indicated the vegetative-stage-specific expression of P bgaB , while the 130 kDa crystal protein produced from cryIVB gene under control of P cat-86 was detected only at 48 h. The strong activity of P bgaB , together with P cryIVB within pBTC6 in both bacterial hosts was also shown by the toxicity assay against Aedes aegypti larvae (B.t.i. c4Q2-72, 5.6 ± 3.6 × 102 c.f.u./ml; B. sphaericus 2362, 5.4 ± 2.5 × 102 c.f.u./ml) which were 100-fold and 10-fold more toxic to such larvae when compared with pBTC3 (P cat-86 together with P cryIVB ) and pBTC1 (contained only its self promoter) in the same bacterial host strains, respectively. The plasmid pBTC6 is not stable in either Bacillus host.  相似文献   

4.
Off-resonance effects can introduce significant systematic errors in R2 measurements in constant-time Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) transverse relaxation dispersion experiments. For an off-resonance chemical shift of 500 Hz, 15N relaxation dispersion profiles obtained from experiment and computer simulation indicated a systematic error of ca. 3%. This error is three- to five-fold larger than the random error in R2 caused by noise. Good estimates of total R2 uncertainty are critical in order to obtain accurate estimates in optimized chemical exchange parameters and their uncertainties derived from χ2 minimization of a target function. Here, we present a simple empirical approach that provides a good estimate of the total error (systematic + random) in 15N R2 values measured for the HIV protease. The advantage of this empirical error estimate is that it is applicable even when some of the factors that contribute to the off-resonance error are not known. These errors are incorporated into a χ2 minimization protocol, in which the Carver–Richards equation is used fit the observed R2 dispersion profiles, that yields optimized chemical exchange parameters and their confidence limits. Optimized parameters are also derived, using the same protein sample and data-fitting protocol, from 1H R2 measurements in which systematic errors are negligible. Although 1H and 15N relaxation profiles of individual residues were well fit, the optimized exchange parameters had large uncertainties (confidence limits). In contrast, when a single pair of exchange parameters (the exchange lifetime, τex, and the fractional population, pa), were constrained to globally fit all R2 profiles for residues in the dimer interface of the protein, confidence limits were less than 8% for all optimized exchange parameters. In addition, F-tests showed that quality of the fits obtained using τex, pa as global parameters were not improved when these parameters were free to fit the R2 profiles of individual residues. Finally, nearly the same optimized global τex, pa values were obtained, when the 1H and 15N data sets for residues in the dimer interface, were fit independently; the difference in optimized global parameters, ca. 10%, was of marginal significance according to the F-test.  相似文献   

5.
(1) The electron transport system of heterotrophically dark-grown Rhodobacter capsulatus was investigated using the wild-type strain MT1131 and the phototrophic non-competent (Ps-) mutant MT-GS18 carrying deletions of the genes for cytochrome c 1 and b of the bc 1 complex and for cytochrome c 2. (2) Spectroscopic and thermodynamic data demonstrate that deletion of both bc 1 complex and cyt. c 2 still leaves several haems of c- and b-type with Em7.0 of +265 mV and +354 mV at 551–542 nm, and +415 mV and +275 mV at 561–575 nm, respectively. (3) Analysis of the oxidoreduction kinetic patterns of cytochromes indicated that cyt. b 415 and cyt. b 275 are reduced by either ascorbate-diaminodurene or NADH, respectively. (4) Growth on different carbon and nitrogen sources revealed that the membrane-bound electron transport chain of both MT1131 and MT-GS18 strains undergoes functional modifications in response to the composition of the growth medium used. (5) Excitation of membrane fragments from cells grown in malate minimal medium by a train of single turnover flashes of light led to a rapid oxidation of 32% of the membrane-bound c-type haem complement. Conversely, membranes prepared from peptone/yeast extract grown cells did not show cyt. c photooxidation. These results are discussed within the framework of an electron transport chain in which alternative pathways bypassing both the cyt. c 2 and bc 1 complex might involve high-potential membrane bound haems of b- and c-type.Abbreviations AA antimycin A - CCCP carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone - CN- cyanide - DAD diaminodurene - Q2H2 ubiquinol-2 - Q-pool ubiquinone-10 pool - RC photochemical reaction center  相似文献   

6.
O3 concentrations in the troposphere are rising and those in the stratosphere decreasing, the latter resulting in higher fluxes of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to the earth's surface. We assessed whether the fluxes of CO2 and CH4 are altered by enhanced UV-B radiation or elevated tropospheric O3 concentrations in boreal peatland microcosms (core depth 40 cm, diameter 10.5 cm) with different vegetation cover. At the end of the UV-B experiment which lasted for a growing season, net CO2 exchange (NEE) and dark ecosystem respiration (R TOT) were sevenfold higher, and CH4 efflux 12-fold higher, in microcosms with intact vegetation dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum L. and Sphagnum spp., compared to microcosms from which we removed E. vaginatum. Vegetation treatment had minor effects on CH4 production and consumption potentials in the peat, suggesting that the large difference in CH4 efflux is mainly due to efficient CH4 transport via the aerenchyma of E. vaginatum. Ambient UV-B supplemented with 30% and elevated O3 concentrations (100 and 200 ppb, for 7 weeks) significantly increased R TOT in both vegetation treatments. Elevated O3 concentrations reduced NEE over time, while UV-B had no clear effects on the fluxes of CO2 or CH4 in the cloudy summer of the study. Field experiments are needed to assess the significance of increasing UV-B radiation and elevated tropospheric O3 concentration on peatland gas exchange in the long-term.  相似文献   

7.
Using a realistic model of a CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neuron, we make experimentally testable predictions on the roles of the non-specific cation current, I h , and the A-type Potassium current, I A , in modulating the temporal window for the integration of the two main excitatory afferent pathways of a CA1 neuron, the Schaffer Collaterals and the Perforant Path. The model shows that the experimentally observed increase in the dendritic density of I h and I A could have a major role in constraining the temporal integration window for these inputs, in such a way that a somatic action potential (AP) is elicited only when they are activated with a relative latency consistent with the anatomical arrangement of the hippocampal circuitry.  相似文献   

8.
9.
The cytochrome b 6 f complex isolated from spinach chloroplast membranes can be resolved into two forms, a monomeric and a dimeric form, by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The conversion of the dimeric form of the complex into the monomeric form could be prevented by cross-linking with the homobifunctional reagent, dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) but not by cross-linking with disuccinimidyltartrate or glutaraldehyde. SDS-PAGE analyses of the monomeric and dimeric forms of the cytochrome complex showed the presence of specific cross-linked products in each respective form of the complex. For example, the monomeric form contained a cross-linked product of cytochrome f, cytochrome b 6 f and subunit IV while the dimeric form contained a cross-linked dimer of cytochrome b 6 f. The presence of the former in the isolated cytochrome b 6 f complex prepared by the method of Hurt and Hauska (Eur J Biochem 117: 591–599, 1981) indicates the presence of the monomer in his preparation.Abbreviations DBMIB 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone - DSP dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) - DST disuccinimidyltartrate  相似文献   

10.
Summary The apparent energy of activation (E a), Michaelis-Menten constant (K mfor oxaloacetate), V max/K mratios and specific activities of NADP+-malate dehydrogenase (NADP+-MDH; EC 1.1.1.82) were analyzed in plants of Barnyard grass from Québec (QUE) and Mississippi (MISS) acclimated to two thermoperiods 28/22°C, 21/15°C, and grown under two CO2 concentrations, 350 l l-1 and 675 l l-1. E avalues of NADP+-MDH extracted from QUE plants were significantly lower than those of MISS plants. K mvalues and V max/K mratios of the enzyme from both ecotypes were similar over the range of 10–30°C but reduced V max/K mratios were found for the enzyme of QUE plants at 30 and 40°C assays. MISS plants had higher enzyme activities when measured on a chlorophyll basis but this trend was reversed when activities were expressed per fresh weight leaf or per leaf surface area. Activities were significantly higher in plants of both populations acclimated to 22/28°C. CO2 enrichment did not modify appreciably the catalytic properties of NADP+-MDH and did not have a compensatory effect upon catalysis or enzyme activity under cool acclimatory conditions. NADP+-MDH activities were always in excess of the amount required to support observed rates of CO2 assimilation and these two parameters were significantly correlated. The enhanced photosynthetic performance of QUE plants under cold temperature conditions, as compared to that of MISS plants, cannot be attributed to kinetic differences of NADP+-malate dehydrogenase among these ecotypes.  相似文献   

11.
Genetic variability in 10 natural Tunisian populations of Medicago laciniata were analysed using 19 quantitative traits and 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci. A large degree of genetic variability within-populations and among-populations was detected for both quantitative characters and molecular markers. High genetic differentiation among populations for quantitative traits was seen, with Q ST = 0.47, and F ST = 0.47 for microsatellite markers. Several quantitative traits displayed no statistical difference in the levels of Q ST and F ST . Further, significant correlations between quantitative traits and eco-geographical factors suggest that divergence in the traits among populations may track environmental differences. There was no significant correlation between genetic variability at quantitative traits and microsatellite markers within populations. The site-of-origin of eco-geographical factors explain between 18.13% and 23.40% of genetic variance among populations at quantitative traits and microsatellite markers, respectively. The environmental factors that most influence variation in measured traits among populations are assimilated phosphorus (P205) and mean annual rainfall, followed by climate and soil texture, altitude and organic matter. Significant associations between eco-geographical factors and gene diversity, H e , were established in five-microsatellite loci suggesting that these simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are not necessarily biologically neutral.  相似文献   

12.
In this paper, we analyze the genetic variability in four Tunisian natural populations of Medicago ciliaris using 19 quantitative traits and six polymorphic microsatellite loci. We investigated the amplification transferability of 30 microsatellites developed in the model legume M. truncatula to M. ciliaris. Results revealed that about 56.66% of analyzed markers are valuable genetic markers for M. ciliaris. The most genetic diversity at quantitative traits and microsatellite loci was found to occur within populations (>80%). Low differentiations among populations at quantitative traits Q ST  = 0.146 and molecular markers F ST  = 0.18 were found. The majority of measured traits exhibited no significant difference in the level of Q ST and F ST . Furthermore, significant correlations established between these traits and eco-geographical factors suggested that natural selection should be invoked to explain the level of phenotypic divergence among populations rather than drift. There was no significant correlation between population differentiation at quantitative traits and molecular markers. Significant spatial genetic structure consistent with models of isolation by distance was detected within all studied populations. The site-of-origin environmental factors explain about 9.07% of total phenotypic genetic variation among populations. The eco-geographical factors that influence more the variation of measured traits among populations are the soil texture and altitude. Nevertheless, there were no consistent pattern of associations between gene diversity (He) and environmental factors.  相似文献   

13.
The transverse relaxation rate, R2, measured as a function of the effective field (R2 dispersion) using a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse train, is well suited to detect conformational exchange in proteins. The dispersion data are commonly fitted by a two-site (sites a and b) exchange model with four parameters: the relative population, pa, the difference in chemical shifts of the two sites, δω, the correlation time for exchange, τex, and the intrinsic relaxation rate (i.e., transverse relaxation rate in the absence of chemical exchange), R20. Although the intrinsic relaxation rates of the two sites, R20a and R20b, can differ, they are normally assumed to be the same (i.e., R20a = R20b = R20) when fitting dispersion data. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the magnitudes of the errors in the optimized exchange parameters that are introduced by the assumption that R20a = R20b. In order to accomplish this goal, we first generated synthetic constant-time CPMG R2 dispersion data assuming two-site exchange with R20a ≠ R20b, and then fitted the synthetic data assuming two-site exchange with R20 = R20a = R20b. Although all the synthetic data generated assuming R20a ≠ R20b were well fitted (assuming R20a = R20b), the optimized values of pa and τ ex differed from their true values, whereas the optimized values of δω values did not. A theoretical analysis using the Carver–Richards equation explains these results, and yields simple, general equations for estimating the magnitudes of the errors in the optimized parameters, as a function of ( R20a − R20b).  相似文献   

14.
15.
Allometric relationships of phytoplankton communities were studied on the basis of a five-year data-set in a deep oligotrophic alpine lake in Austria. The seasonal phytoplankton succession in Mondsee is characterised by diatoms during winter mixing and a distinct metalimnetic population of Planktothrix rubescens during stratification in summer. The variation of phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency between seasons was assessed using in situ carbon-uptake rates (5 years data) and Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF) (2 years data). The light-saturated, chlorophyll-specific rate of photosynthesis (P*max), irradiance at the onset of saturation (E k) and maximum light-utilisation efficiency (α*) were determined for winter mixing and summer stratification. Fluorescence-based parameters as the functional absorption cross section of Photosystem II (σ PSII) and the photochemical quantum yield (F v/F m) were additionally analysed in 2003 and 2004 to study the underlying physiological mechanisms for the variability in photosynthetic performance. Beyond their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions like thermal stratification, phytoplankton populations differ in their photosynthetic behaviour according to their size structure. Therefore Photosynthesis vs. Irradiance (P/E)-relationships were analysed in detail within a 1-year period from size fractionated cell counts, chlorophyll-a and carbon-uptake.  相似文献   

16.
Mildew resistance in the ornamental apple White Angel was found to be determined by complementary genes. The gene R w was found to be necessary for the expression of resistance controlled by the resistance gene Pl w . The close linkage between the isoenzyme gene, Lap-2, for leucine aminopeptidase and P1 w was confirmed. The efficiency of Lap-2 as a marker in screening for mildew resistance is limited, as it cannot account for susceptible plants with the r w r w P1 w p1 w genotype. It has, however, an important role to play in combining resistance genes from different sources. The genotypes of White Angel (R w r w , Pl w pl w , Lap-2an), Jester (R w r w , p1 w p w , Lap-2an) Katja (R w r w ,p1 w p1 w , Lap-2an) and Gloster 69 (r w r w , p1 w p1 w , Lap-2an) were determined. It also appeared that R w might influence Lap-2 activity in young seedlings.  相似文献   

17.
Susceptibility of laboratory and field colonies of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens F. to Vip3A insecticidal protein was studied in diet incorporation and diet overlay assays from 2004 to 2008. Responses of field populations were compared to paired responses of University of Arkansas laboratory susceptible H. zea (LabZA) and H. virescens (LabVR) colonies. After 7 d of exposure, observations were made on number of dead larvae (M) and the number of larvae alive but remaining as first instars (L1). Regression estimates using M (LC50) and M plus L1 (MIC50) data were developed for laboratory and field populations. Susceptibility of laboratory and field populations exposed to Vip3A varied among different batches of protein used over the study period. Within the same batch of Vip3A protein, susceptibilities of laboratory colonies of both species (LabZA and LabVR) were similar. Field colonies were significantly more susceptible to Vip3A than the respective reference colonies of both species. Within field populations, susceptibility to Vip3A varied up to 75-fold in H. zea and 132-fold in H. virescens in LC50 estimates. Variabilities in MIC50s were up to 59- and 11-fold for H. zea and H. virescens, respectively.  相似文献   

18.
The differences in pigment levels, photosynthetic activity and the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio R Fd (as indicator of photosynthetic rates) of green sun and shade leaves of three broadleaf trees (Platanus acerifolia Willd., Populus alba L., Tilia cordata Mill.) were compared. Sun leaves were characterized by higher levels of total chlorophylls a + b and total carotenoids x + c as well as higher values for the weight ratio chlorophyll (Chl) a/b (sun leaves 3.23–3.45; shade leaves: 2.74–2.81), and lower values for the ratio chlorophylls to carotenoids (a + b)/(x + c) (with 4.44–4.70 in sun leaves and 5.04–5.72 in shade leaves). Sun leaves exhibited higher photosynthetic rates P N on a leaf area basis (mean of 9.1–10.1 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) and Chl basis, which correlated well with the higher values of stomatal conductance G s (range 105–180 mmol m−2 s−1), as compared to shade leaves (G s range 25–77 mmol m−2 s−1; P N: 3.2–3.7 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1). The higher photosynthetic rates could also be detected via imaging the Chl fluorescence decrease ratio R Fd, which possessed higher values in sun leaves (2.8–3.0) as compared to shade leaves (1.4–1.8). In addition, via R Fd images it was shown that the photosynthetic activity of the leaves of all trees exhibits a large heterogeneity across the leaf area, and in general to a higher extent in sun leaves than in shade leaves.  相似文献   

19.
NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)是C_(4)植物的关键光合酶,在生物和非生物胁迫中发挥了重要的作用。为了进一步研究该酶编码基因的功能,该研究以典型荒漠C_(3)-C_(4)中间型植物松叶猪毛菜为研究对象,在克隆得到NADP-ME家族基因序列的基础上,研究其表达部位及在非生物胁迫下的表达模式,并克隆其启动子序列分析响应非生物胁迫的元件差异。结果表明:(1)成功获得松叶猪毛菜3个NADP-MEs,命名为SaNADP-ME1、SaNADP-ME2和SaNADP-ME4,CDS序列长度分别为1755、1758和1941 bp。(2)SaNADP-ME1主要在根中表达,SaNADP-ME2和SaNADP-ME4主要在叶中表达;在ABA、NaCl、NAHCO_(3)和PEG_(6000)胁迫下松叶猪毛菜幼苗中3个NADP-MEs均可被诱导表达,且SaNADP-ME2和SaNADP-ME4的响应表达模式相似。(3)成功克隆得到SaNADP-ME1、SaNADP-ME2和SaNADP-ME4启动子区域2351、1655和2887 bp。生物信息学分析发现它们都含有基本启动子元件以及响应外界刺激的元件。  相似文献   

20.
Cheng LQ  Kim MK  Lee JW  Lee YJ  Yang DC 《Biotechnology letters》2006,28(14):1121-1127
Ginsenoside Rb1 is the most predominant ginsenoside in Panax species (ginseng) and the hydrolysis of this ginsenoside produces pharmaceutically active compounds. Caulobacter leidyia GP45, one of the isolates having strong β-glucosidase-producing activity, converted ginsenoside Rb1 to the active metabolites by 91%. The structures of the resultant metabolites were identified by NMR. Ginsenoside Rb1 had been consecutively converted to ginsenoside Rd (1), F2 (2) and compound K (3) via the hydrolyses of 20-C β-(1→6)-glucoside, 3-C β-(1→2)-glucoside, and 3-C β-glucose of ginsenoside Rb1.  相似文献   

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