Introduction to the Special Section on “Chinese Earthquake Risk Management”

Natural disasters by definition are surprises, causing a great deal of damage and inconvenience. Earthquakes are among the most terrifying and destructive natural disasters threatening humans. Emergency management has been described as the process of coordinating an emergency or its aftermath through communication and organization for deployment and the use of emergency resources. This special section of HERA provides the state of the art studies of risk and emergency management related to the Wenchuan earthquake that occurred in China in May 2008.     

Introduction to the Special Section on “Modeling Sustainable Risk Management”

In recent years, risk management has attracted a great deal of attention from both researchers and practitioners. Risk management practice has required new tools to achieve sustainability when dealing with loss exposure. Sustainable risk management is studied from different silo disciplinary perspectives.     

Introduction to Special Section: Understanding Paths to Youth Purpose—Why Content and Contexts Matter

Applying latent class and regression techniques to data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 997), this study explored the potential academic advantages of time spent in out-of-school activities. Of particular interest was how these potential advantages played out in relation to the timing and duration of activity participation and the family contexts in which it occurred. Participation closer to the start of high school—including consistent participants and latecomers—was associated with higher grades at the transition into high school, especially for youth from low-income families. Sensitivity analyses indicated that this link between school-age activity participation and adolescent academic progress was unlikely to be solely a function of selection. It also tended to be more pronounced among youth from lower-income families, although without varying by other aspects of family status or process.     

Introduction to the Special Section on “Optimizing Risk Management: Methods and Tools”

In recent years, risk management has attracted a great deal of attention from both researchers and practitioners. Complexity and uncertainty in many practical problems require new methods and tools. Risk management can be used as a tool for greater rewards, not just control against loss. Enterprise risk management has become an important topic in today's more complex, inter-related global business environment, replete with threats from natural, political, economic, and technical sources. Risks are studied from different silo disciplinary perspectives, with a discussion of how various methods and tools are used to optimize risk management.     

Introduction to the Special Issue <Emphasis Type="Italic">Semiotics of Perception</Emphasis> Being in the World of the Living—Semiotic Perspectives

This special issue on the semiotics of perception originates from two workshops arranged in Tartu, Estonia, in February 2009. We are located at the junction of nature and culture, and of semiotics and phenomenology. Can they be reconciled? More particularly, can subfields such as biosemiotics and ecophenomenology be mutually enriching? The authors of the current special issue believe that they can. Semiotic study of life and the living can emerge as properly informed only if it is capable of incorporating observations made in natural science, philosophy and cultural studies. The semiotic study of nature entails an experiential turn in the study of life processes. Perception is—or should be—at the heart of the life sciences.     

Introduction: Special Issue in Honor of Eva Syková

Neurochemical Research -     

Introduction to Special Theme Section “Accounting for Climate Change: Measurement,Management, Morality,and Myth”

This special section considers contemporary efforts to account for climate change through four frames: measurement, management, morality and myth. Our introduction briefly outlines these perspectives and the relevant literature, asking: 1) How have techniques of measurement and quantification emerged from and contributed to the particular politics of the “Anthropocene”?; 2) How have our efforts to measure socioclimatic systems facilitated new techniques of socio-environmental management and, at times, worked to reshape the very systems they describe?; 3) How have accounting practices worked to both elucidate and obscure questions of morality, value, responsibility and justice?; and 4) How we might address the critique that climate science is a myth and improve understanding with greater incorporation of historical and cross cultural knowledge from human ecology, human geography and anthropology.     

Introduction to the Special Issue “Functional monitoring in megadiverse tropical ecosystems”

Land-use and climate change are major threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Most of the current biodiversity monitoring systems are based on periodic records of the populations of a set of threatened or popular ‘flagship’ indicator species. In contrast to the abundance-based monitoring of species, also specific indicators of processes and functional interactions in an ecosystem may become targets of a more functional monitoring which can unveil early responses of an ecosystem to environmental changes at different spatial and temporal scales. The contributions of this Special Issue present such functional indicators for assessing and predicting responses to environmental changes of ecosystem functions in a hotspot of tropical biodiversity.     

Introduction of captive breeders to the wild: Harmful or beneficial?

This work focuses on the consequences on thegenetic load and the risk of extinction when anendangered population is exposed to recurrentintroductions from a captive population whereselection is somewhat relaxed. Our findingssuggest that, although selection pressuresmight be reduced in captivity, which leads tohigher frequency of deleterious alleles innatural populations (Lynch and O'Hely 2001),such a population structure could have positiveeffects on population fitness when threeconditions are met: (i) the time length of thesupplementation program does not exceed areasonable time frame, e.g., 20 generations (ii)introduction of captive individuals is kept ata low level, i.e., one or two individuals pergeneration (iii) the size of the captivepopulation is reasonably large, e.g., more than20 individuals. The positive effect is due tothe fact that the supplementation programdelays the increase of homozygosity of thenatural population. When migration from thewild towards captivity is also allowed, thebenefits with regard to genetic load increasesignificantly even for larger numbers ofcaptive immigrants and a higher number ofgenerations. We also worked out a model withexplicit demographic considerations(fluctuating population sizes, captive migrantsincrease the size of the wild population),which shows that the probability of extinctiondecreases significantly with the number ofintroduced individuals when short-termsupplementation programs are applied (up totwenty generations). Furthermore, anappropriate genetic management of the captivepopulation, such as the equalization of familysizes, could enhance the positive effects ofsuch supplementation programs.     

Being the Pioneer of Life Sciences in China——Introduction to Beijing Genomics Institute

The Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was officially founded in December 2003. Its predecessor, Beijing Huada Genomics Research Center, has presented significant contributions to the development of life sciences in China by its excellent scientific innovations and