基因工程抗体在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达的研究进展

简述了运用巴斯德毕赤酵母系统表达基因工程抗体从构建载体到表达的一般过程,及如何改善和提高抗体的表达。侧重介绍运用该系统获得抗体高表达、高产量的研究近况。     

用于抗体/抗体片段表达的系统及其高表达策略

随着诊断及治疗领域内单克隆抗体及片段的广泛应用,传统的杂交瘤生产技术已很难满足对其日益增长的需求。由于基因重组技术及生物工程技术的迅速发展及日益成熟,大规模生产单克隆抗体/片段已成为可能。对目前常用的载体及表达系统进行列举和比对,这些系统包括大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E.coli)系统、酵母表达系统、昆虫细胞表达系统及哺乳动物细胞表达系统。在第二部分,对提高表达产率的策略进行了探讨,其中包括:表达蛋白质本身的修饰(如蛋白融合、定点突变)、表达系统的选择、密码子优化、表达环境的优化和抗体体内表达等。最后,对抗体/抗体片段高表达的前景作了展望,认为生物信息学将在此领域发挥重大作用,并且相信建立高表达平台的时机已经来到。     

抗FLAG标签抗体在植物中的高效表达

植物生物反应器是一种新兴的重组蛋白表达系统,是分子农业的核心内容之一。本研究在本氏烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)中表达了抗八肽(DYKDDDDK, FLAG)标签抗体,并对其进行纯化与鉴定。通过多次免疫小鼠获得高效价抗FLAG抗体并测出其编码序列,然后亚克隆至植物DNA病毒表达载体,最后通过农杆菌介导转染烟草叶片。经Western blotting检测了转染后2−9 d抗体的表达情况：3 d后FLAG抗体开始在烟草叶片中表达,5 d后表达量达到峰值,每千克鲜叶估计可表达66 mg FLAG抗体。抗体经过分离纯化后浓缩为1 mg/mL,按1:10 000稀释仍可识别1 ng/mL的抗原,表明植物生产的FLAG抗体具有高亲和力。植物生物反应器可用于生产高亲和力抗体,并具有简易、成本低和生产周期短等特点,具有很高的应用价值。     

工程原核生物和酵母菌中生产单克隆抗体和抗体片段研究进展

抗体药物和抗体片段药物在药物市场占据了重要的地位,主要通过哺乳动物细胞系统进行生产,操作复杂并且成本高。为了能够克服哺乳动物细胞系统生产抗体药物的弊端,越来越多的抗体及抗体片段在原核细胞及酵母菌中生产,但是产率往往不高并且没有糖基化。从基因转录和翻译的优化、分子伴侣的共表达和抑制蛋白水解降解等方面概述了在原核生物表达系统及酵母菌中提高单克隆抗体和抗体片段产量的研究进展,为未来利用原核生物和酵母菌实现工业化生产单克隆抗体及抗体片段奠定基础。     

工程原核生物和酵母菌中生产单克隆抗体和抗体片段研究进展 *

抗体药物和抗体片段药物在药物市场占据了重要的地位,主要通过哺乳动物细胞系统进行生产,操作复杂并且成本高。为了能够克服哺乳动物细胞系统生产抗体药物的弊端,越来越多的抗体及抗体片段在原核细胞及酵母菌中生产,但是产率往往不高并且没有糖基化。从基因转录和翻译的优化、分子伴侣的共表达和抑制蛋白水解降解等方面概述了在原核生物表达系统及酵母菌中提高单克隆抗体和抗体片段产量的研究进展,为未来利用原核生物和酵母菌实现工业化生产单克隆抗体及抗体片段奠定基础。     

抗汉滩病毒鼠/人嵌合抗体工程细胞的驯化、抗体表达及鉴定

目的:通过对稳定表达抗汉滩病毒鼠/人嵌合抗体的CHO细胞进行驯化,检测其抗体的表达情况,并对所表达抗体的生物学活性进行初步鉴定。方法:将本课题组前期筛选得到的稳定高表达细胞株1-D9进行无血清驯化,使其适合悬浮培养后接种到摇瓶,通过调整不同的培养条件,每天检测细胞的活率和抗体表达量,并对表达的抗体进行生物学活性鉴定。结果:通过驯化得到了适合悬浮培养的CHO细胞株,其抗体表达量高,生产周期短;并优化了其悬浮培养条件,表达的抗体经鉴定其生物学活性稳定。结论:优化了抗汉滩病毒鼠/人嵌合抗体表达条件,为下一步工业化生产提供了实验依据。     

双功能基因工程抗体在不同系统中表达的研究进展

基因工程双功能抗体是近年来抗体研究的一个热点,利用分子生物学技术,在体外构建基因工程抗体基因片段,与各种类型的表达载体相连,使重组抗体在原核细胞,哺乳类动物细胞,昆虫细胞表达系统中获得表达,其表达量,功能蛋白活性各具特点,显示出在临床肿瘤、病毒病的治疗和诊断方面的应用前景,本文就双功能抗体的构建方式及多种表达系统的研究进展进行综述。     

抗IV型胶原酶单链抗体在毕赤酵母中分泌表达*

利用毕赤酵母系统表达抗 IV型胶原酶人单链抗体。首先把目的基因克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体上 ,电击转化受体菌。在甲醇诱导下表达单链抗体。 SDS- PAGE和免疫印迹显示毕赤酵母分泌表达人单链抗体 ,表达量约 2 0 mg/ L酵母培养物。该表达系统与大肠杆菌相比 ,简化了表达产物的分离纯化程序。     

抗Ⅳ型胶原酶单链抗体在毕赤酵母中分泌表达

利用毕赤酵母系统表达抗Ⅳ型胶原酶人单链抗体。首先把目的基因克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体上,电击转化受体菌,在甲醇诱导下表达单链抗体。SDS－PAGE和免疫印迹显示毕酵母分泌表达人单链抗体,表达量约20mg/L酵母培养物。该表达系统与大肠杆菌相比,简化了表达产物的分离纯化程序。     

单链抗体的制备及其在肿瘤诊疗中的应用

单链抗体(single-chain fragment variable, scFv)是由可变重链(VH)和可变轻链(VL)通过柔性肽接头连接在一起的小分子重组抗体。从杂交瘤中分离单链抗体的mRNA,逆转录成cDNA作为单链抗体基因扩增的模板,可得到包含大量不同VH和VL片段的单链抗体的基因文库。利用展示技术完成单链抗体亲和力和特异性筛选及鉴定,得到的单链抗体可通过各种表达系统成功表达单链抗体的蛋白质。虽然单链抗体分子量小,但已包含了完整抗体的抗原结合域,对抗原具有高特异性、高亲和力及低免疫原性,还具有较好的肿瘤组织穿透和扩散能力。因此,单链抗体已成为肿瘤诊疗方法开发中的研究热点。详细介绍了单链抗体的制备方法和问题,重点阐述了单链抗体在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的研究进展,以期为单链抗体制备及其治疗和诊断肿瘤提供理论依据。     

A chimeric human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 with the envelope glycoprotein of Moloney murine leukemia virus is infectious for murine cells

We constructed a chimeric human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) provirus in which the original envelope precursor sequence was replaced by that of ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV). Chimeric particles produced by transient transfection of this chimeric provirus were infectious for murine cells, such as NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, lymphoid EL4 cells, and primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes, whereas HTLV-1 particles were not. The infectivity of chimeric particles increased 10 times when the R peptide located at the carboxy terminus of the MuLV envelope glycoprotein was deleted. Primary murine CD4(+) T lymphocytes, infected by the Delta R chimeric virus, released particles that could spread the infection to other naive murine lymphoid cells. This chimeric virus, with the Mo-MuLV envelope glycoprotein and the replication characteristics of HTLV-1, should be useful in studying the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 in a mouse model.     

The full-length clone of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and its application as an expression system for Hepatitis B surface antigen

A cucumber green mosaic mottle virus (CGMMV) full-length clone was developed for the expression of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The expression of the surface displayed HBsAg by the chimeric virus was confirmed through a double antibody sandwich ELISA. Assessment of the coat protein composition of the chimeric virus particles by SDS-PAGE analysis showed that 50% of the coat proteins were fused to the HBsAg. Biological activity of the expressed HBsAg was assessed through the stimulation of in vitro antibody production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC that were cultured in the presence of the chimeric virus showed up to an approximately three-fold increase in the level of anti HBsAg immunoglobulin thus suggesting the possible use of this new chimeric virus as an effective Hepatitis B vaccine.     

Influenza A viruses possessing type B hemagglutinin and neuraminidase: potential as vaccine components

A licensed live attenuated influenza vaccine is available as a trivalent mixture of types A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B vaccine viruses. Thus, interference among these viruses could restrict their replication, affecting vaccine efficacy. One approach to overcoming this potential problem is to use a chimeric virus possessing type B hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) in a type A vaccine virus background. We previously generated a type A virus possessing a chimeric HA in which the entire ectodomain of the type A HA molecule was replaced with that of the type B HA, and showed that this virus protected mice from challenge by a wild-type B virus. In the study described here, we generated type A/B chimeric viruses carrying not only the chimeric (A/B) HA, but also the full-length type B NA instead of the type A NA, resulting in (A/B) HA/NA chimeric viruses possessing type B HA and NA ectodomains in the background of a type A virus. These (A/B) HA/NA chimeric viruses were attenuated in both cell culture and mice as compared with the wild-type A virus. Our findings may allow an effective live influenza vaccine to be produced from a single master strain, providing a model for the design of future live influenza vaccines.     

Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5B is involved in virus morphogenesis

The p7 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a viroporin that is dispensable for viral genome replication but plays a critical role in virus morphogenesis. In this study, we generated a JFH1-based intergenotypic chimeric genome that encoded a heterologous genotype 1b (GT1b) p7. The parental intergenotypic chimeric genome was nonviable in human hepatoma cells, and infectious chimeric virions were produced only when cells transfected with the chimeric genomes were passaged several times. Sequence analysis of the entire polyprotein-coding region of the recovered chimeric virus revealed one predominant amino acid substitution in nonstructural protein 2 (NS2), T23N, and one in NS5B, K151R. Forward genetic analysis demonstrated that each of these mutations per se restored the infectivity of the parental chimeric genome, suggesting that interactions between p7, NS2, and NS5B were required for virion assembly/maturation. p7 and NS5B colocalized in cellular compartments, and the NS5B mutation did not affect the colocalization pattern. The NS5B K151R mutation neither increased viral RNA replication in human hepatoma cells nor altered the polymerase activity of NS5B in an in vitro assay. In conclusion, this study suggests that HCV NS5B is involved in virus morphogenesis.     

Analysis of picornavirus 2A(pro) proteins: separation of proteinase from translation and replication functions.

The poliovirus (PV) genome was manipulated by replacing its 2A-encoding sequence with the corresponding sequence of coxsackie B4 virus (CBV4) or human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2). In vitro translation of the resulting chimeric PV genomes revealed a normal cis-cleavage activity for both heterologous 2A(pro) proteinases in the chimeric PV polyproteins. However, only the genome containing the 2A-encoding sequence of CBV4 (PV/CBV4-2A) yielded viable virus in transfected cells, producing a mixture of large and small plaques on HeLa cell monolayers. The large-plaque variants were found to contain single-amino-acid mutations at a specific site near the C terminus of the CBV4 2A(pro) protein. When the same single-amino-acid mutations were directly introduced into the parental PV/CBV4-2A genome, chimeric viruses with a large-plaque phenotype and a wild-type PV-like growth pattern were obtained upon transfection, an observation demonstrating that these point mutations alone had a drastic effect on the growth of the PV/CBV4 chimeric virus. On the other hand, the chimeric genome containing the 2A-encoding sequence of HRV2 (PV/HRV2-2A) produced a null phenotype in transfected HeLa cells, although low-level replication of this chimeric genome was evident. We conclude that only 2A(pro) of the more closely related enterovirus CBV4 is able to functionally substitute for that of PV in vivo, and a subtle genetic modification of the CBV4 2A(pro) protein results in a drastic improvement in the growth of the chimeric PV/CBV4-2A virus. In addition, this chimeric cDNA approach enabled us to dissect multiple biological functions encoded by the 2A(pro) proteins.     

Production of infectious chimeric hepatitis C virus genotype 2b harboring minimal regions of JFH-1

To establish a cell culture system for chimeric hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2b, we prepared a chimeric construct harboring the 5' untranslated region (UTR) to the E2 region of the MA strain (genotype 2b) and the region of p7 to the 3' UTR of the JFH-1 strain (genotype 2a). This chimeric RNA (MA/JFH-1.1) replicated and produced infectious virus in Huh7.5.1 cells. Replacement of the 5' UTR of this chimera with that from JFH-1 (MA/JFH-1.2) enhanced virus production, but infectivity remained low. In a long-term follow-up study, we identified a cell culture-adaptive mutation in the core region (R167G) and found that it enhanced virus assembly. We previously reported that the NS3 helicase (N3H) and the region of NS5B to 3' X (N5BX) of JFH-1 enabled replication of the J6CF strain (genotype 2a), which could not replicate in cells. To reduce JFH-1 content in MA/JFH-1.2, we produced a chimeric viral genome for MA harboring the N3H and N5BX regions of JFH-1, combined with a JFH-1 5' UTR replacement and the R167G mutation (MA/N3H+N5BX-JFH1/R167G). This chimeric RNA replicated efficiently, but virus production was low. After the introduction of four additional cell culture-adaptive mutations, MA/N3H+N5BX-JFH1/5am produced infectious virus efficiently. Using this chimeric virus harboring minimal regions of JFH-1, we analyzed interferon sensitivity and found that this chimeric virus was more sensitive to interferon than JFH-1 and another chimeric virus containing more regions from JFH-1 (MA/JFH-1.2/R167G). In conclusion, we established an HCV genotype 2b cell culture system using a chimeric genome harboring minimal regions of JFH-1. This cell culture system may be useful for characterizing genotype 2b viruses and developing antiviral strategies.     

A chimeric avian retrovirus containing the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene has an expanded host range.

We have investigated what protein sequences are necessary for glycoprotein incorporation into Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) virions by utilizing the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza virus. Two chimeric HA genes were constructed. In the first the coding sequence for the signal peptide of the RSV env gene product was fused in frame to the entire HA structural gene, and in the second the hydrophobic anchor and cytoplasmic domain sequences of the HA gene were also replaced with those from the RSV env gene. Both chimeric genes, expressed from a simian virus 40 expression vector in CV-1 cells, yielded functional HA proteins that were transported to the cell surface and were able to bind to erythrocytes. When the genes were expressed in combination with the RSV gag-pol gene region in QT6 cells by using a vaccinia virus-T7 expression/complementation system, virions that efficiently incorporated either chimeric protein were assembled. This result indicated that the presence of the RSV env membrane anchor and cytoplasmic sequences did not facilitate HA glycoprotein incorporation into virions. The presence of the RSV env signal sequence allowed the chimeric HA genes to be substituted into the RSV-derived BH-RCAN.HiSV viral genome in place of the RSV env gene. Both chimeric genomes yielded infectious virus that could infect human and avian cells with equal efficiency. These experiments demonstrate that a foreign glycoprotein, efficiently incorporated into virions lacking a native glycoprotein, can confer a broadened host range on the virus. Moreover, because the HA of influenza virus requires the acidic pH of the endosome in order to be activated, these results imply that foreign proteins can modify the normal route of entry of this avian retrovirus.     

The retroviral capsid domain dictates virion size, morphology, and coassembly of gag into virus-like particles

The retroviral structural protein, Gag, is capable of independently assembling into virus-like particles (VLPs) in living cells and in vitro. Immature VLPs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) are morphologically distinct when viewed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To better understand the nature of the Gag-Gag interactions leading to these distinctions, we constructed vectors encoding several RSV/HIV-1 chimeric Gag proteins for expression in either insect cells or vertebrate cells. We used TEM, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and a novel correlative scanning EM (SEM)-confocal microscopy technique to study the assembly properties of these proteins. Most chimeric proteins assembled into regular VLPs, with the capsid (CA) domain being the primary determinant of overall particle diameter and morphology. The presence of domains between matrix and CA also influenced particle morphology by increasing the spacing between the inner electron-dense ring and the VLP membrane. Fluorescently tagged versions of wild-type RSV, HIV-1, or murine leukemia virus Gag did not colocalize in cells. However, wild-type Gag proteins colocalized extensively with chimeric Gag proteins bearing the same CA domain, implying that Gag interactions are mediated by CA. A dramatic example of this phenomenon was provided by a nuclear export-deficient chimera of RSV Gag carrying the HIV-1 CA domain, which by itself localized to the nucleus but relocalized to the cytoplasm in the presence of wild type HIV-1 Gag. Wild-type and chimeric Gag proteins were capable of coassembly into a single VLP as viewed by correlative fluorescence SEM if, and only if, the CA domain was derived from the same virus. These results imply that the primary selectivity of Gag-Gag interactions is determined by the CA domain.     

Chimeric animal and plant viruses expressing epitopes of outer membrane protein F as a combined vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection

Outer membrane protein F of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has vaccine efficacy against infection by P. aeruginosa as demonstrated in a variety of animal models. Through the use of synthetic peptides, three surface-exposed epitopes have been identified. These are called peptides 9 (aa 261-274 in the mature F protein, TDAYNQKLSERRAN), 10 (aa 305-318, NATAEGRAINRRVE), and 18 (aa 282-295, NEYGVEGGRVNAVG). Both the peptide 9 and 10 epitopes are protective when administered as a vaccine. In order to develop a vaccine that is suitable for use in humans, including infants with cystic fibrosis, the use of viral vector systems to present the protective epitopes has been investigated. An 11-amino acid portion of epitope 10 (AEGRAINRRVE) was successfully inserted into the antigenic B site of the hemagglutinin on the surface of influenza virus. This chimeric influenza virus protects against challenge with P. aeruginosa in the mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection. Attempts to derive a chimeric influenza virus carrying epitope 9 have been unsuccessful. A chimeric plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), with epitopes 18 and 10 expressed in tandem on the large coat protein subunit (CPMV-PAE5) was found to elicit antibodies that reacted exclusively with the 10 epitope and not with epitope 18. Use of this chimeric virus as a vaccine afforded protection against challenge with P. aeruginosa in the mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection. Chimeric CPMVs with a single peptide containing epitopes 9 and 18 expressed on either of the coat proteins are in the process of being evaluated. Epitope 9 was successfully expressed on the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and this chimeric virus is protective when used as a vaccine in the mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection. However, initial attempts to express epitope 10 on the coat protein of TMV have been unsuccessful. Efforts are continuing to construct chimeric viruses that express both the 9 and 10 epitopes in the same virus vector system. Ideally, the use of a vaccine containing two epitopes of protein F is desirable in order to greatly reduce the likelihood of selecting a variant of P. aeruginosa that escapes protective antibodies in immunized humans via a mutation in a single epitope within protein F. When the chimeric influenza virus containing epitope 10 and the chimeric TMV containing epitope 9 were given together as a combined vaccine, the immunized mice produced antibodies directed toward both epitopes 9 and 10. The combined vaccine afforded protection against challenge with P. aeruginosa in the chronic pulmonary infection model at approximately the same level of efficacy as provided by the individual chimeric virus vaccines. These results prove in principle that a combined chimeric viral vaccine presenting both epitopes 9 and 10 of protein F has vaccine potential warranting continued development into a vaccine for use in humans.     

Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Is the Major Contributor to Protective Immunity of Genotype-Matched Vaccine

Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can cause devastating disease in chickens worldwide. Although the current vaccines are substantially effective, they do not completely prevent infection, virus shedding and disease. To produce genotype-matched vaccines, a full-genome reverse genetics system has been used to generate a recombinant virus in which the F protein cleavage site has been changed to that of avirulent vaccine virus. In the other strategy, the vaccines have been generated by replacing the F and HN genes of a commercial vaccine strain with those from a genotype-matched virus. However, the protective efficacy of a chimeric virus vaccine has not been directly compared with that of a full-genome virus vaccine developed by reverse genetics. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of genotype VII matched chimeric vaccines by generating three recombinant viruses based on avirulent LaSota (genotype II) strain in which the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the F and HN proteins were replaced, individually or together, with those of the circulating and highly virulent Indonesian NDV strain Ban/010. The cleavage site of the Ban/010 F protein was mutated to the avirulent motif found in strain LaSota. In vitro growth characteristics and a pathogenicity test indicated that all three chimeric viruses retained the highly attenuated phenotype of the parental viruses. Immunization of chickens with chimeric and full-length genome VII vaccines followed by challenge with virulent Ban/010 or Texas GB (genotype II) virus demonstrated protection against clinical disease and death. However, only those chickens immunized with chimeric rLaSota expressing the F or F plus HN proteins of the Indonesian strain were efficiently protected against shedding of Ban/010 virus. Our findings showed that genotype-matched vaccines can provide protection to chickens by efficiently preventing spread of virus, primarily due to the F protein.