水稻株高上位性效应和ＱＥ互作效应的ＱＴＬ遗传研究

利用基因混合模型的ＱＴＬ定位方法研究了由籼稻品种ＩＲ６４和粳稻品种Ａzucena杂交衍生的ＤＨ群体在４个环境中的ＱＴＬ上位性效应和环境互作效应,结果表明,上位性是数量性状的重要遗传基础,并揭示了上位性的几个重要特点,所有的ＱＴＬ都参与了上位性效应的形成,６４％的ＱＴＬ还具有本身的加性效应,因此传统方法对ＱＴＬ加性效应的估算会由于上位性的影响而有偏,其他３６％的ＱＴＬ没有本身的加性效应,却参与了４８％的上位性互作用,这些位点可能通过诱发和修饰其他位点而起作用,上位性的特点还包括,经常发现了一个ＱＴＬ与多个ＱＴＬ发生互作;大效应的ＱＴＬ也参与上位性互作;上位性互作受环境影响,ＱＴＬ与环境的互效应比ＱＴＬ的主效应更多地被检测到,表明数量性状基因的表达易受环境影响。     

染色体片段导入系在作物遗传育种研究中的应用

染色体片段导入系是在轮回亲本的遗传背景上只含有一个或少量供体染色体片段的家系,可作为QTL分析的重要材料。在QTL检测时,染色体片段导入系的遗传背景清楚,可有效检测微效基因及隐蔽基因,准确地评价供体染色体片段的遗传效应,打破优良基因与不良基因的连锁,提高QTL检测的效率和准确性。另外,染色体片段导入系不仅可用于QTL精细定位和基因克隆、QTL间互作、QTL与环境互作以及杂种优势的研究,同时还可用于作物聚合育种和分子设计育种。本文对染色体片段导入系的构建及其在作物遗传育种中的应用进展进行了综述。     

水稻种子活力QTL定位及上位性分析

利用1个粳／籼交来源(Lemont／Teqing)、包含264个重组自交系的作图群体,采用纸卷法在18℃培养箱中进行2次重复的发芽实验,考察了种子发芽7d、9d和1ld的发芽率,种子发芽15d后的芽长及干重等种子活力的相关性状。结合一张含有198个DNA标记的连锁图谱,用作图软件QTLMapper1．0定位与种子活力相关的QTL。共检测到13个主效应QTL,这些QTL对性状的贡献率为2．9％～12．7％,平均贡献率为6．2％。同时检测到18对贡献率≥5％的互作位点,其贡献率为5．1％～11．8％,平均贡献率为6．9％,比检测到的主效应QTL的平均贡献率稍大。种子活力相关性状的大多数主效应和互作QTL成串分布于少数几个染色体区段(Chromosome Regions,CRs),并且成串分布在同一染色体区段的QTL效应的方向总是一致,该结果与这些性状在表型上的正相关相一致。若将成串分布有3个及3个以上种子活力相关性状QTL的CRs视为与种子活力高度相关的CRs,则共检测到7个上述与种子活力高度相关的CRs,分别分布在水稻12条染色体中的7条染色体上。根据所含QTL的种类(主效应QTL或／和上位性QTL)可将这些CRs分成以下3种：1)M-CRs：只含有主效应QTL,如CR^sv-7;2)E-CRs：所含位点没有主效应,但与其他位点发生互作,如CR^sv-1、CR^sv-6和CR^sv-12;3)ME-CRs：既含有主效应QTL、也含有与其他位点产生互作的互作位点,如CR^sv-2、CR^sv-5和CR^sv-8。另外还发现,有的CR上的位点同时与多个不同CR上的位点互作,影响种子活力的相关性状。与前入的研究结果相比较,发现有些与种子活力高度相关的CR可在不同研究者所用的不同定位群体中被检测到,而有的CR只在特定的定位群体中被检测到。由此表明,水稻种子活力具有丰富的遗传多样性和复杂的遗传基础,其主效QTL和互作位点可能基于遗传背景的不同而相互转化。     

候选基因策略在植物遗传学中的应用

随着遗传学研究技术的快速发展和后基因组学时代的来临,候选基因的概念和研究方法越来越多地被人们所应用,成 为功能克隆、图位克隆、表型克隆、插入突变等方法之外的又一重要基因克隆策略。候选基因策略的基本原理和主要步骤,以 及其在植物遗传学中具有重要的应用实例。     

干旱胁迫下水稻柱头外露率加性、上位性效应和Q×E互作的剖析(英文)

在耐旱性筛选设施内对一套水稻重组自交系群体(共185个株系)进行两年的水分胁迫和非胁迫处理,调查每穗颖花数(SNP)、单边柱头外露率(PSES)、双边柱头外露率(PDES)和柱头总外露率(PES)等4个开花相关性状。方差分析结果显示年份、株系和水分处理,以及相互间互作的效应均达显著水平。表型相关以PSES和PES间最高(r=0.9752***),其次为PDES和PES(r=0.7150***),最次为PSES和PDES间(r=0.5424***)。利用203个SSR标记建立的连锁图,胁迫和非胁迫条件下各检测到6个SNP的主效QTL,3～4个PSES、PDES和PES的主效QTL;检测到1～9对上位性QTL影响颖花数和柱头外露率。大部分加性和上位性效应的贡献率较低(0.76%～9.92%),仅有少数QTL或上位性QTL解释总方差的10%以上。一些主效和上位性QTL在PSES、PDES和PES间被共同检测到,解释了不同柱头外露率指标间高度正相关关系。几乎没有在水分胁迫和非胁迫两种条件下都检测到的QTL,暗示着干旱对颖花数和柱头外露率有严重的影响。     

鱼类经济性状遗传解析及分子育种应用研究

人类需要不断改良养殖鱼类的生产性状以提供更多优质的动物蛋白.鱼类的经济性状由多基因的数量性状位点所控制,其中大部分基因是微效的,但是少数基因可能具有决定性的影响.基于近10年来遗传学和基因组学研究中的主要进展,本文简要介绍和评述一些重要养殖鱼类在生长、抗病(逆)、性别等经济性状开展分子育种基础和应用研究的状况,探讨组学和下一代测序技术在鱼类经济性状遗传解析和分子设计育种中的应用潜力.这些研究有助于最终揭示鱼类经济性状的遗传调控机制并将相关研究成果应用于养殖鱼类目标性状的遗传改良.     

番茄果重数量性状基因的研究进展及在遗传学教学中的应用

遗传学发展史上一系列经典的研究案例对学科的发展起了巨大的推动作用,将这些经典案例与教学内容相结合应用到遗传学课程教学中,对学生的科学思维和遗传分析能力是一个很好的训练。番茄果重基因的定位与克隆在数量性状基因座研究中是开创性的工作,完整的体现了植物数量性状基因的研究历程。将其作为一个综合案例应用于遗传学教学,可以生动直观地给学生展示一个精彩的科学发现过程,展现遗传学研究的魅力,激发学生的学习兴趣,收到了很好的教学效果。     

两个水稻骨干恢复系重要农艺性状的遗传基础研究

水稻骨干恢复系是指在杂交稻育种中广泛应用的一类恢复系。探明骨干恢复系的遗传基础,发掘其重要农艺性状基因/QTL,对分子标记辅助选择水稻恢复系育种具有重要应用价值。本研究以生产上广泛应用的三系骨干恢复系成恢727和两系骨干恢复系9311为亲本,培育了具有250个系的重组自交系群体。分别在2015年三亚和2016年合肥两个环境下进行了9个重要农艺性状表型和SSR分子标记基因型鉴定,用SAS9.2分析表型数据,用QTL Ici Mapping v4.1进行QTL定位分析。在三亚和合肥两个环境下共检测到39个QTL,三亚检测到16个,分布于第1、2、4、7、8、10、11和12染色体上;合肥检测24个,分布于第1、2、3、7、8、9、10和12染色体上。其中qPH1-1在三亚和合肥两个环境下都能检测到,加性效应分别为-1.75和-2.46。在检测到的39个QTL中,有24个QTL的增效等位基因来自恢复系成恢727,15个QTL的增效等位基因来自9311。共计有26个QTL曾被前人定位,13个属于尚未见文献报道的新QTL。另外,在RM279~RM521、RM336~RM3534、RM25~RM547、RM553~RM160、RM222~RM271区段内检测到5个多效性QTL位点。其中RM25~RM547位点与已经克隆的基因Ghd8位置相近。RM553~RM160位点是一个新的多效性位点,分别控制每穗实粒数、单株产量和结实率,而且效应和表型变异贡献率都较大。其余3个位点在前人的研究中分别有所报道,但其多效性则是在本研究中首次发现。在本研究新发掘到的QTL中,控制穗数的QTL qPN12-1,控制穗长的QTL qPL1-2和qPL10-1,控制总粒数的QTL qSNP2-1和qSNP10-1,控制结实率的QTL qSF3-1,控制千粒重QTL qTGW7-1和控制产量的QTL qGY1-1效应均比较大,解释的表型遗传变异比例也较高。本研究的结果将会为相关性状QTL的精细定位、克隆和育种应用奠定基础。     

《遗传》杂志努力推动中国动物遗传育种研究

现代动物育种以数量遗传学为基础,在过去的近一个世纪的育种实践中,对于畜禽的群体遗传改良取得了巨大的成就,畜禽的大多数具有重要经济意义的性状都得到了大幅度的提高,例如,美国荷斯坦奶牛平均305 d产奶量在过去近50年中由约6 000 kg增加到约12 000 kg,     

水稻DH群体籽粒充实度的QTL定位

籽粒充实度较差是当前水稻亚种间杂种优势利用中所面临的最大障碍之一。研究采用籼粳交(圭630×02428)来源的DH群体对水稻籽粒充实度进行QTL分析,检测到1个主效应QTL(qGP-7),该QTL位于第7染色体RZ978～RG404a～RG404c区间的大约26cM的染色体区段上,对籽粒充实度的贡献率为10%～15%。发现了2对"加性×加性"效应的互作QTL,对籽粒充实度的贡献率皆为20%左右,表明QTL的上位性是控制籽粒充实度的重要遗传基础之一。还对亚种间杂交稻育种中"以饱攻饱"的亲本选配策略作了讨论。     

RAPD技术在果树遗传育种研究中的应用

介绍了RAPD技术在果树品种鉴定和分类、系谱分析、构建遗传图谱、杂种鉴定与突变体检测等遗传育种研究领域中的应用,并对该技术在使用中存在的问题及应用前景进行探讨。     

Epistasis in the multiple locus symmetric viability model

The n-locus two-allele symmetric viability model is considered in terms of the parameters measuring the additive epistasis in fitness. The dynamics is analysed using a simple linear transformation of the gametic frequencies, and then the recurrence equations depend on the epistatic parameters and Geiringer's recombination distribution only. The model exhibits an equilibrium, the central equilibrium, where the 2 ⁿ gametes are equally frequent. The transformation simplifies the stability analysis of the central point, and provides the stability conditions in terms of the existence conditions of other equilibria. For total negative epistasis (all epistatic parameters are negative) the central point is stable for all recombination distributions. For free recombination either a central point (segregating one, two, ... or n loci) or the n-locus fixation states are stable. For no recombination and some epistatic parameters positive the central point is unstable and several boundary equilibria may be locally stable. The sign structure of the additive epistasis is therefore an important determinant of the dynamics of the n-locus symmetric viability model. The non-symmetric multiple locus models previously analysed are dynamically related, and they all have an epistatic sign structure that resembles that of the multiplicative viability model. A non-symmetric model with total negative epistasis which share dynamical properties with the similar symmetric model is suggested.Supported in part by NIH grant GM 28016, and by grant 81-5458 from the Danish Natural Science Research Council     

The candidate gene approach in plant genetics: a review

The candidate gene (CG) approach has been applied in plant genetics in the past decade for the characterisation and cloning of Mendelian and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). It constitutes a complementary strategy to map-based cloning and insertional mutagenesis. The goal of this paper is to present an overview of CG analyses in plant genetics. CG analysis is based on the hypothesis that known-function genes (the candidate genes) could correspond to loci controlling traits of interest. CGs refer either to cloned genes presumed to affect a given trait (`functional CGs') or to genes suggested by their close proximity on linkage maps to loci controlling the trait (`positional CGs'). In plant genetics, the most common way to identify a CG is to look for map co-segregation between CGs and loci affecting the trait. Statistical association analyses between molecular polymorphisms of the CG and variation in the trait of interest have also been carried out in a few studies. The final validation of a CG will be provided through physiological analyses, genetic transformation and/or sexual complementation. Theoretical and practical applications of validated CGs in plant genetics and breeding are discussed.     

生物技术在花卉植物遗传育种上的应用

生物技术的发展为花卉植物种质资源的研究、创新及新品种培育提供了更多的途径。该文对花卉植 物的离体保存、分子标记及细胞工程、基因工程在花卉植物种质创新方面的研究进展及取得的成果进行了综 述,并对存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

Ecology meets molecular genetics in Arabidopsis

 Arabidopsis thaliana has been used as a model plant for molecular genetics studies. Recently, Arabidopsis has been utilized in an increasing number of ecological and evolutionary studies. These studies are beginning to explain three “black boxes” of ecology: the nature of the mutations responsible for phenotypic variation, female–male interactions in the pistil, and the genetic basis of speciation. Among the advances are the inclusive fitness of haploid gametophytes, the testing of the arms-race model, morphological diversity, and reproductive isolation. Important methods include quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and molecular population genetics. Most significantly, natural variations of various aspects are now available via the taxonomic revision of its closely related species, and by the worldwide collection of accessions. Some conspicuous works using maize, Drosophila, and other species will be also discussed. Received: June 1, 2002 / Accepted: October 15, 2002 Acknowledgments I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. K. Okada for supporting this research. I thank the organizers of the symposium for fruitful discussion, T. Yahara and M. Kanaoka for critical reading, T. Araki and T. Kenta for valuable discussions, and members of the Okada laboratory for technical assistance and discussion. The work was supported by JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists.     

Epistasis affecting litter size in mice

Litter size is an important reproductive trait as it makes a major contribution to fitness. Generally, traits closely related to fitness show low heritability perhaps because of the corrosive effects of directional natural selection on the additive genetic variance. Nonetheless, low heritability does not imply, necessarily, a complete absence of genetic variation because genetic interactions (epistasis and dominance) contribute to variation in traits displaying strong heterosis in crosses, such as litter size. In our study, we investigated the genetic architecture of litter size in 166 females from an F2 intercross of the SM/J and LG/J inbred mouse strains. Litter size had a low heritability (h2 = 12%) and a low repeatability (r = 33%). Using interval-mapping methods, we located two quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting litter size at locations D7Mit21 + 0 cM and D12Mit6 + 8 cM, on chromosomes 7 and 12 respectively. These QTL accounted for 12.6% of the variance in litter size. In a two-way genome-wide epistasis scan we found eight QTL interacting epistatically involving chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 11, 14, 15 and 18. Taken together, the QTL and their interactions explain nearly 49% (39.5% adjusted multiple r2) of the phenotypic variation for litter size in this cross, an increase of 36% over the direct effects of the QTL. This indicates the importance of epistasis as a component of the genetic architecture of litter size and fitness in our intercross population.     

微生物遗传学与育种课程教学改革与探索

微生物遗传学与育种是“生物工程专业卓越人才实验班”和“生物工程国际留学生班”的必修课程。然而,传统授课模式在内容选择、教学方法及手段和考核形式等方面均存在诸多不足。为了提高教学质量和效果,促进天津科技大学微生物学教学领域的进步和发展,更加高效地培养国家需要、满足国际需求的创新领军人才,文中对微生物遗传学与育种的教学内容、教学方法及手段、课程考核方式进行了改革与探索。借助最新科研进展、课前预习体系、视频展示、考核方式多样化等形式对授课模式进行创新性改革。不仅使学生掌握了微生物遗传学与育种的相关专业知识,更加锻炼了学生的主观能动性、团队合作意识和专业外语表达水平,培养了学生对微生物遗传学相关科学知识的兴趣。     

Eucalyptus applied genomics: from gene sequences to breeding tools

Eucalyptus is the most widely planted hardwood crop in the tropical and subtropical world because of its superior growth, broad adaptability and multipurpose wood properties. Plantation forestry of Eucalyptus supplies high-quality woody biomass for several industrial applications while reducing the pressure on tropical forests and associated biodiversity. This review links current eucalypt breeding practices with existing and emerging genomic tools. A brief discussion provides a background to modern eucalypt breeding together with some current applications of molecular markers in support of operational breeding. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genetical genomics are reviewed and an in-depth perspective is provided on the power of association genetics to dissect quantitative variation in this highly diverse organism. Finally, some challenges and opportunities to integrate genomic information into directional selective breeding are discussed in light of the upcoming draft of the Eucalyptus grandis genome. Given the extraordinary genetic variation that exists in the genus Eucalyptus, the ingenuity of most breeders, and the powerful genomic tools that have become available, the prospects of applied genomics in Eucalyptus forest production are encouraging.     

DNA分子标记在果树遗传育种研究中的应用

DNA分子标记是随着分子生物学技术的发展出现的一类重要的遗传标记,近年来发展非常迅速,已在果树遗传育种研究的各个方面得到广泛的应用。介绍了几种DNA分子标记技术的原理,综述了DNA分子标记在果树种质资源研究、分子遗传图谱构建、基因定位、分子辅助选择等方面的应用,并对其在果树上的应用前景和存在问题进行了评述。