烟草苗期病原微生物病害发生及综合防治

烟草苗期主要病原微生物病害(如炭疽病、猝倒病、立枯病和根黑腐病)的发生流行对我国烟草生产的影响逐渐加剧,研究烟草苗期病害的防治措施变得尤为重要.探索烟草苗期主要病原微生物病害的发生规律和流行趋势,以及当前的防治手段,可以保障烟草生产的质量和数量.基于此,本文对烟草病原微生物苗期病害的防治方法进行了概述,为烟苗病害的研究提供了参考和思路.     

过表达NtAGPase小亚基基因提高烟叶淀粉含量和生物量

发展以非粮食作物为原料制备乙醇等生物燃料既可缓解全球能源危机,又能减低粮食作物用于生物燃料对粮食安全的威胁.烟草Nicotiana tabacum是一种生物量较高的经济作物,培育富含淀粉的新型烟草,可专用于燃料乙醇生产.文中克隆了烟草控制淀粉生物合成的ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADP-glucose pyrophosp...     

烟草青枯病研究进展

烟草青枯病是由茄青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的影响世界烟草生产的重要病害之一,该病是一种典型的土传性细菌病害。主要对烟草青枯病菌的致病机理、遗传多样性和防治等方面的研究进展进行综述,阐明烟草青枯病菌的研究现状。     

云南省烟草丛顶病发生规律及其综合防治

烟草丛顶病在云南西部烟区暴发流行,给烟叶生产带来严重损失,是烟草最主要的病害之一.目前烟草丛顶病得到了有效控制,但仍是烟区潜在的危险性病害.本文对烟草丛顶病的危害特征、发病症状、病原物、流行发病规律和综合防治研究进展进行了综述,提出了烟草丛顶病综合防治集成技术,可为进一步研究和防治烟草丛顶病或类似病害提供参考.     

烟草野火病的发生及综合防治研究进展

烟草野火病是由Pseudomonas syringae pv.tabaci引起的能够危害植株叶片、花、蒴果、种子等部位的细菌性病害,是世界上各主要产烟国普遍发生的细菌性病害,在我国,由于在近些年的烤烟生产中大面积种植不具有抗野火病特性的品种以及种植品种较为单一等原因,使得烟草野火病害的发生与发展日趋严重,逐步成为了影响我国烟草生产发展的一大障碍。本研究较系统地阐述了烟草野火病的发病特点、分类、致病性分化、生理特性、寄主范围、发生规律及综合防治等方面的研究,重点介绍了烟草野火病的病原学研究以及综合治理措施,为烟草野火病综合防治提供重要参考。     

拮抗烟草疫霉的枝穗霉菌株筛选

【背景】烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)引起的烟草黑胫病(tobacco black shank)是烤烟生产上重要的土传根茎病害之一,生产上防治困难。【目的】筛选对病原菌具有强拮抗能力的有益微生物菌株是开展生物防治的基础。【方法】采用平板对峙法筛选对烟草疫霉具有拮抗作用的枝穗霉菌株。根据枝穗霉在烟草疫霉菌落上的覆盖程度和产孢量,以及对烟草疫霉菌丝、孢囊梗和孢子囊的缠绕情况,将枝穗霉的拮抗能力划分为强、中等、弱和无4个等级。【结果】供试8种65株枝穗霉中,6株具有强拮抗能力、27株具有中等拮抗能力、22株具有弱拮抗能力、10株无拮抗能力;不同枝穗霉菌株对烟草疫霉的抑制率大小为20.0%-86.7%。【结论】粉红枝穗霉(Clonostachys rosea)菌株7901、11361和亚麻生枝穗霉(C. byssicola)5072、6729、7507及条孢枝穗霉(C. grammicospora)6730对烟草疫霉具有强拮抗能力,这为后续盆栽试验及作用机理研究等提供了种质资源。     

云南烟区烟草病虫害的立体防治

本研究根据多年的云南基层烟草病虫害研究和防治的实践经验,提出烟草病虫害立体防治理念,并对烟草病虫害立体防治进行了概述,初步确立云南烟区以防治“四病四虫”为重点,兼防其他次要病虫害的烟草病虫害立体防治策略.本研究旨在以绿色植保为主体,科学应用化学防治,把病虫害造成的损失控制在经济阈值内.     

本期重点推介

正谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)是由多个基因编码的超家族酶系,几乎存在于所有的生物体内,在昆虫应对外源化合物胁迫和解毒代谢过程中起着重要作用。烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne是重要的烟草仓储害虫,其防治主要以化学熏蒸为主。为了探索烟草甲GST基因Ls GSTe1在甲酸乙酯解毒过程中的作用,为开发新型分子靶标杀虫剂提供科学依据,贵州大学昆虫研究所严毅和杨洪等利用q PCR技术分析了Ls GSTe1在烟草甲不同发育阶段、不同组织部位以及甲酸乙     

烟草抗非生物逆境分子育种研究进展

双子叶模式植物烟草是重要的经济作物,烟草抗非生物逆境分子生物学的研究一方面可以验证异源抗逆境基因的功能,另一方面有可能获得抗非生物逆境能力提高的烟草新品种。综述了近年来国内外利用转基因技术,在验证抗非生物逆境基因功能、提高烟草抗寒、抗旱、抗盐和重金属等非生物逆境方面的研究进展,以期为其它作物的抗逆研究提供参考。     

用2.5%敌杀死防治烟草粉螟老熟幼虫

烟草粉螟Ephestiaelulella（Htibner）,又名烟草粉斑螟,属鳞翅目、螟蛾科。以往由于长期单一地使用敌敌畏防治,致使该虫产生抗药性,防治效果减退。为解决卷烟生产的急需,我们在观察该虫生物学特性的基础上,于1993年7月起,用2．5％敌杀死在贵阳卷烟厂对烟草粉螟老熟幼虫进行了防治试验。l材料与方法烟草粉螟幼虫是从烟包内爬出来的老熟幼虫。2．5％敌杀死药剂由法国罗素——优克福公司生产。其方法：（l）将老熟供试幼虫分别放入培养皿（15X150）内,每组培养皿放幼虫10头,共设15组。设对照组,幼虫10头。然后将2．5％敌杀死分别稀…     

不同品种烟草花粉电子显微镜观察

通过对10个烤烟品种、8个晒烟品种、2个野生种的花粉进行扫描电子显微镜观察,发现同为烤烟或晒烟的烟草,其花粉的形态、大小、外壁纹饰比较稳定。野生烟在供试种中具有独特的细网状外壁纹饰,是鉴别野生烟与非野生烟的一条有效途径。     

HPLC法测定烟草不同部位、不同提取方法茄尼醇的含量

为了建立烟草不同部位、不同烟草原料中茄尼醇的含量测定方法,本文取烟草不同部位经甲醇超声提取及烟草不同提取方法的提取物,分别用高效液相色谱法测定茄尼醇的含量。结果显示,烟草茎及叶柄中茄尼醇含量极低,烤烟中的茄尼醇的含量：中部烟〉上部烟〉下部烟,烟叶档次越高茄尼醇含量越高。提取溶媒为石油醚〉丙酮〉乙醇。     

生物酶和微生物技术改善烟叶香气的研究进展

生物酶和微生物在烟叶醇化发酵过程中发挥着重要作用。目前,利用生物酶和微生物技术提高烟叶品质、改善烟叶香气,已成为烟草行业关注的热点。利用酶制剂处理烟叶可以降解烟叶的蛋白质、果胶、纤维素等生物大分子,以达到提高烟叶品质和改善烟叶香气的作用。利用微生物对烟叶进行发酵可以有效调整和改善烟叶内部化学组分的比例,增加烟叶中的香气物质。综述了生物酶和微生物技术在烟叶产香发酵中的研究进展及其在烟叶发酵机理及增香技术中的应用,重点阐述了微生物和生物酶提高烟叶香气、改善烟叶品质以及降解烟叶中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、纤维素等大分子物质的研究现状,分析了目前微生物和生物酶在实际应用中存在的问题,以期为今后使用生物酶和微生物技术改善烟叶香气提供理论依据。     

Assessing the genetic diversity of tobacco germplasm using intersimple sequence repeat and inter-retrotransposon amplification polymorphism markers

The genetic diversity of 118 tobacco accessions, including flue‐cured tobacco, sun‐/air‐cured tobacco, burley tobacco, oriental tobacco and wild tobacco, was characterised using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) and inter‐retrotransposon amplification polymorphism (IRAP) markers. ISSR and IRAP banding patterns and genetic distance (GD) values showed the low level of genetic diversity within and among cultivated tobacco types. There was higher GD and average heterozygosity among wild tobacco types than those among cultivated tobacco. Genetic diversity of tobacco germplasm was low, with a high level of genetic identity (>0.77) between the different types. However, neighbour‐joining cluster analysis of marker‐based GDs showed that the accessions from the same tobacco type, as classified by manufacturing quality traits, were nearly clustered into the same group. These results will help in the formulation of appropriate strategies for variety improvement in tobacco, and ISSR and IRAP markers of the genetic diversity will contribute to further study and improvement of tobacco.     

硅对土壤-烟草系统中铅迁移及形态分布的影响

通过盆栽试验,以烟草为对象,研究了硅对土壤 烟草系统中铅的迁移以及土壤、烟草中铅形态分布的影响.结果表明： 施硅使非根际土壤可交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态转化,使根际土中交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态转化,降低了土壤中铅的植物有效性与迁移性.施硅显著提高了烟草根部和叶部的生物量,显著降低了烟草铅的总吸收量和烟草各器官的铅含量,其中烟草铅的总吸收量降低了6.5%～44.0%,烟叶铅含量降低了3.1%～60.4%.施硅使烟草根、茎和叶中乙醇提取态、去离子水提取态和氯化钠提取态向盐酸提取态和残渣态转化,降低了烟草体内铅的毒性与迁移性.土壤-烟草系统中土壤向烟草根部的移动指数和根部向茎部的移动指数随施硅量的增加而降低,烟草茎部向叶部的移动指数随着施硅量的增加呈先增高后降低的趋势.硅通过降低土壤铅有效性、缓解铅对烟草的毒害、改变烟草体内铅的形态分布,进而抑制土壤中铅向烟草叶部的迁移,降低烟叶中的铅含量.施硅是降低土壤铅的迁移性及烟叶铅含量的有效措施.     

Tobacco talk: reflections on corporate power and the legal framing of consumption

This article examines how North Carolina tobacco farmers think about the moral ambiguities of tobacco business. Drawing on ethnographic research with tobacco farmers and archival research on the tobacco industry, I specify the core psychological defense mechanisms that tobacco companies have crafted for people associated with the industry. I also document local social, cultural, and economic factors in rural North Carolina that underpin ongoing rural dependence on tobacco despite the negativity that surrounds tobacco and structural adjustments. This article contributes to our knowledge about tobacco farmers and tobacco farming communities, which is important for tobacco-control strategies. I reflect on ethical and economic paradoxes related to the rise of corporate social responsibility in the tobacco industry, where an official legal framing of consumption, focused on informed adult consumer autonomy and health education, is promoted to undermine more robust public health prevention efforts.     

烟蒜轮作与套作对烤烟产量及根际土壤磷组分的影响

通过大田小区试验,研究烟蒜轮作、套作对烤烟产量和土壤不同形态磷的影响.结果表明： 烟蒜轮作、套作下烤烟产量和上中等烟比例较烤烟单作显著提高,下部叶成熟期根际土壤有效磷含量分别是烤烟单作的1.3和1.7倍.不同种植方式根际和非根际土壤无机磷组分含量均以O-P和Fe-P含量最高,Ca₂-P和Al-P次之,Ca₈-P和Ca₁₀ -P含量最低.与烤烟单作和烟蒜套作处理相比,烟蒜轮作在上部叶成熟期根际土壤Ca₂-P含量最低,Ca₈-P在下部叶成熟期含量最低,Ca₁₀-P含量在中部叶成熟期最低.烟蒜轮作和套作在下部叶成熟期和中部叶成熟期根际土壤Al-P含量分别是烤烟单作的1.6和1.9倍、1.2和1.9倍.烟蒜轮作和套作根际土壤O-P含量均显著低于烤烟单作.烟蒜轮作较烟蒜套作更能活化土壤中难溶的O-P、Ca₁₀-P和高稳性有机磷,提高烤烟产量和中上等烟比例.     

The Moral Economy of Tobacco

ABSTRACT   Even faced with overwhelming evidence that tobacco threatens human health, along with economic developments undermining their status as independent producers, North Carolina tobacco farmers view tobacco production in ways congruent with a moral economy. A shift from independent to contract production of tobacco and the dismantling of government price supports have challenged this moral economy, converting tobacco producers into a quasi–working class dependent on tobacco companies while leading to fewer tobacco farms and an increase in the average tobacco farm's size. These changes signal a shift away from a moral economy of tobacco, although moral-economic dimensions remain. Producers today emphasize different moral dimensions of economic behavior, such as producing quality human beings, than during earlier eras, when moral-economic actors pressed for state intervention in economic crises. Moral-economic principles are not restricted to either non-Western or historical peoples but, rather, influence economic production and ideology in advanced capitalist settings today.     

Mouse Toxicity of Fungi of Tobacco

A bioassay for fungal toxins based on the intraperitoneal injection of test materials into mice was used to screen 976 cultures isolated from tobacco and grown in a high-protein baby cereal and also to determine whether samples of tobacco damaged by fungi are more toxic than samples of apparently sound tobacco. Of 236 fungal isolates from noncured tobacco, 79% were lethal when homogenized cultures of these isolates were tested. Forty-nine per cent of 740 fungi isolated from cured tobacco were lethal. Of the genera from which 30 or more isolates were tested, Epicoccum, Alternaria, and Penicillium had the highest percentage of toxic isolates from non-cured tobacco, whereas Epicoccum, Aspergillus, and Alternaria had the highest percentage from cured tobacco. Samples of tobacco naturally infected with brown spot, caused by Alternaria tenuis, did not have a significantly different LD(50) value after 48 hr than comparable disease-free samples. However, animals which died from doses near the LD(50) dose of tobacco infected with Alternaria generally died in 24 to 48 hr with signs associated with a depressant rather than a stimulant, such as nicotine, which caused death in 15 to 30 min. These signs were duplicated by injecting homogenized pure cultures of Alternaria. These studies, although inconclusive with regard to the effects of fungal contaminants on the quality or usability of tobacco, have developed evidence that suggests the advisability of a study on smoke or smoke condensates from moldy and nonmoldy tobacco.