3种杏抗旱性和雌蕊发育比较研究

在陕西省淳化县对大扁杏、梅杏和山杏的抗旱性和雌蕊发育情况进行比较,发现在荒坡条件下大扁杏的叶绿素含量高于山杏和梅杏,山杏的抗旱性最强,大扁杏次之,梅杏最差。同时,3种杏雌蕊发育有明显的差异,大扁杏完全花的数量远大于梅杏和山杏,山杏雌蕊发育最差。     

Localisation of plum pox virus in apricot stem and petiole tissues by tissue printing onto nitrocellulose membrane

The localisation of plum pox virus (PPV) in stem and petiole tissues of nine susceptible apricot cultivars and GF305 peach seedling has been studied. From stem and petioles consecutive transverse sections spaced at 1 mm were made and tissue sections printed onto nitrocellulose membrane. The resulting prints were probed with a specific antibody for plum pox virus, followed by a rabbit anti-goat antibody conjugated with horse radish peroxidase, in order to localise the virus within the tissues. In stems the virus was mainly present in xylem and pith. The possible presence of the virus in the sclerenchyma is discussed. In petioles the virus was present in epidermis and parenchymas, but not in vessels. The probable movement through the xylem and from cell to cell has been shown.     

Construction and application of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Prunus armeniaca</Emphasis> L. for the identification of clones linked to the self-incompatibility locus

To facilitate gene discovery in the Rosaceae, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed using high-molecular-weight (HMW) DNA from apricot leaves ( Prunus armeniaca L.). The library contains 101,376 clones (264, 384-well plates) with an average insert size of 64 kb, equivalent to 22-fold genome coverage. In the first application of this library, high-density filters were screened for self-incompatibility genes using apricot DNA probes. Eight positive BAC clones were detected and fingerprinted to determine clone relationships and assemble contigs. These results demonstrate the suitability of this library for gene identification and physical mapping of the apricot genome.Communicated by R. Hagemann     

Starch determination in plant tissues using a computerized image analysis system

Starch is the main reserve compound in woody plant species. Changes in starch content are clear indicators of a variety of plant developmental processes. Thus, carbohydrate extraction and other analytical methods have been widely used to measure changes in starch content. However, the use of these methods can be limited by the fact that starch is often compartmentalized in very small portions of tissue. While changes in these small structures can be histochemically characterized and localized under the microscope, they cannot be quantified. As an alternative, an image analysis system attached to a microscope has been developed to detect quantitative variations in starch in particular tissues or cells. The system has been successfully used to study the differences in starch content of sections from pistillar structures in apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.). The procedure is based on the measurement of the optical density of black and white images obtained from the microscope. Two staining methods, I₂KI (potassium iodide-iodine) and PAS (periodic acid Schiff's reagent), and two embedding techniques, paraffin and JB4 plastic resin, were compared. The best results were obtained using I₂KI-stained sections of paraffin-embedded material. Since the procedures used are non-destructive for the tissues studied, additional information can be obtained, on the same section, by the subsequent use of additional stains. The method described here can be used to detect quantitative variations in starch content under the microscope in different plant tissues and thus to follow changes in starch reserves in small structures.     

Detection and inheritance of stylar ribonucleases associated with incompatibility alleles in apricot

 Stylar proteins were surveyed by non-equilibrium pH gradient electrofocusing to identify S-RNases associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility in nine apricot cultivars. RNase activities associated with the alleles of incompatibility S ₁ , S ₂ , S ₅ , and S ₆ and with the allele of compatibility Sc were clearly identified. Two other bands that we considered related to the alleles S ₃ and S ₄ were unique to cultivars Sunglo and Harcot, respectively. Two generations of 17 seedlings from the cross Moniquí× Pepito and 38 from Gitano × Pepito were used to determine the inheritance of the S-RNases. Inheritance of these RNase bands followed the expected segregation ratios and the band combinations correlated perfectly with the known self-incompatibility status of the seedlings determined after self-pollination and observation of pollen tube growth. All evidence presented in this study strongly suggests that RNases are associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility of apricot and that RNases may be the S-gene products. This is the first report identifying S-RNases and describing the inheritance of these S-RNases in apricot. Received: 19 February 1998 / Revision accepted: 2 April 1998     

Influence of intraovular reserves on ovule fate in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

 In many plant species with multiovulate ovaries, a considerable reduction in the number of ovules takes place. However, the underlying physiological causes are not clear. In Prunus spp., although flowers present two ovules, usually only one seed is produced. We have followed the development and degeneration of the two ovules in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and examined the extent to which carbohydrates within the ovule might be involved in determining the fate of the ovule. While the primary ovule grows in the days following anthesis, growth of the secondary ovule is arrested. Starch distribution along the different ovular tissues exhibits several changes that are different in the two ovules. Primary ovule growth is inversely related to starch content and this growth takes place independently of pollination since it occurs in the same way in pollinated and unpollinated flowers. In the secondary ovule, starch disappears simultaneously from all ovular structures and callose is layered at the chalazal end of the nucellus. The size of the secondary ovule does not change significantly from anthesis to degeneration, and callose starts to accumulate 5 days after anthesis. Likewise, this process occurs independently of pollination. These results are discussed in terms of the implications of the starch content of ovules in fertilization success and ovule fate. Received: 26 August 1997 / Revision accepted: 17 December 1997     

凯特杏花粉的离体培养及影响因子分析

采用离体培养法,在不同培养基组分含量、pH值、温度及植物生长调节物质的培养条件下,对凯特杏(Prunus armeniacaL.cv Katy)花粉的离体萌发和花粉管生长状况进行观察研究。结果表明:(1)凯特杏花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长的适宜培养基为20%蔗糖 0.04%硼酸 0.01?Cl2,最适pH为6.0,最适温度为20℃,培养20 h后,花粉的萌发率达68.76%,花粉管长度达1 083.53μm。(2)不同植物生长调节物质对花粉萌发和花粉管生长作用不同,赤霉素浓度为5~8 mg/L、矮壮素浓度为10~150 mg/L、多效唑浓度为5~10 mg/L时对凯特杏花粉萌发和花粉管生长都有促进作用,但国光丁酰肼对凯特杏花粉萌发和花粉管生长均有抑制作用。     

杏茎脆散型愈伤组织的获取及细胞悬浮培养的建立

对获取两个杏（ＰｒｕｎｕｓａｒｍｅｎｉａｃａＬ．）品种‘Ｃａｎｉｎｏ’和‘Ｌｕｉｚｅｔ’茎脆散型愈伤组织及建立其细胞悬浮培养进行了研究。结果表明,增加继代培养次数,提高培养基中Ｃａ￣（＋＋）的加入量,选用未木质化的外植体,配以含有较高浓度的２,４－Ｄ和激动素的培养基,能迅速获得１００％的脆散型愈伤组织,成功地建立其细胞悬浮培养系统。     

杏树挥发物成分的鉴定及其对杏树皱小蠹的触角电位的测定

田间观察发现,伐倒木对杏树皱小蠹Lcolytus rugulosus Ratzeburg有很强的引诱作用。采用顶空吸附采样方法林间采集杏树不同部位的挥发性成分,经热脱附吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用仪(TCT-GC-MS)分析、鉴定杏树挥发物的组成成分。发现杏树释放的挥发性成分主要由脂肪族的绿叶成分和醛类物质组成,且不同部位的挥发物种类含量有一定差异。从已分析出的化合物中选取10种于室内进行杏树皱小蠹的触角电位试验,试验中以玻璃电极配合Kassiling’s电生理盐水作为导电电极,反-2-己烯-1-醛作为测定值的参照物,对试验结果进行处理得到相对反应值。研究表明,皱小蠹的触角对醛类化合物正庚醛、2-乙基丁醛、壬醛等有较强的触角电位反应,其中对正庚醛相对反应值最大,是对标样反应值的4.29倍;对挥发性绿叶成分2-乙基-1-己醇触角电位也有一定的反应;对单萜烯类化合物α-派烯的触角电位反应较弱。     

The evolution of floral biology in basal angiosperms

In basal angiosperms (including ANITA grade, magnoliids, Choranthaceae, Ceratophyllaceae) almost all bisexual flowers are dichogamous (with male and female functions more or less separated in time), and nearly 100 per cent of those are protogynous (with female function before male function). Movements of floral parts and differential early abscission of stamens in the male phase are variously associated with protogyny. Evolution of synchronous dichogamy based on the day/night rhythm and anthesis lasting 2 days is common. In a few clades in Magnoliales and Laurales heterodichogamy has also evolved. Beetles, flies and thrips are the major pollinators, with various degrees of specialization up to large beetles and special flies in some large-flowered Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae and Aristolochiaceae. Unusual structural specializations are involved in floral biological adaptations (calyptras, inner staminodes, synandria and food bodies, and secretory structures on tepals, stamens and staminodes). Numerous specializations that are common in monocots and eudicots are absent in basal angiosperms. Several families are poorly known in their floral biology.     

外界因子对杏树叶水势调控的研究

杏树(Prunus armeniaca L.)叶水势的日变化主要受控于一天中水汽压饱和亏(VPD)(或相对湿度)、大气温度和光照强度的变化。光照强度决定了一天中叶水势最低值的大小。在日进程中,随着水汽压饱和亏的逐渐增大和气温的逐渐升高,叶水势逐渐下降。当 VPD 和气温达到一定值时,叶水势达到一天中的最低值。此后,叶水势保持稳定,直到 VPD 和气温述到一天中的最大值后,叶水势最低值结束,并开始回升。在生长季节前期,每日叶水势最低值出现时的 VPD 值为4—7 mbar,后期为12—15 mbar,而气温始终是19℃左右。在其他条件相同时,叶水势的大小与叶片在树冠和枝条中所处位置无关。地膜覆盖和灌水虽可显著提高土壤水势,但对叶水势影响不大。     

Identification of biomechanical factors involved in stem shape variability between apricot tree varieties

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Stem shape in angiosperms depends on several growth traits such as elongation direction, amount and position of axillary loads, stem dimensions, wood elasticity, radial growth dynamics and active re-orientation due to tension wood. This paper analyses the relationship between these biomechanical factors and stem shape variability. METHODS: Three apricot tree varieties with contrasting stem shape were studied. Growth and bending dynamics, mechanical properties and amount of tension wood were measured on 40 1-year-old stems of each variety during one growth season. Formulae derived from simple biomechanical models are proposed to quantify the relationship between biomechanical factors and re-orientation of the stems. The effect of biomechanical factors is quantified combining their mechanical sensitivity and their actual variability. RESULTS: Re-orientations happened in three main periods, involving distinct biomechanical phenomena: (a) passive bending due to the increase of shoot and fruit load at the start of the season; (b) passive uprighting at the fall of fruits; (c) active uprighting due tension wood production at the end of the season. Differences between varieties mainly happened during periods (a) and (b). CONCLUSIONS: The main factors causing differences between varieties are the length/diameter and the load/cross-sectional area ratios during period (a). Wood elasticity does not play an important role because of its low inter-variety variability. Differences during period (b) are related to the dynamics of radial growth: varieties with early radial growth bend weakly upward because the new wood layers tend to set them in a bent position. The action of tension wood during period (c) is low when compared with passive phenomena involved in periods (a) and (b).     

外源腐胺对油桃采后生理及与其相关酶活性的影响

研究外源腐胺(Put)对油桃品种‘秦光2号’果实采后生理及与其相关酶活性影响的结果表明:在0℃贮藏条件下Put处理的油桃冷害比未经Put处理的延迟10d发生,冷害发生率和冷害指数下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均提高,脂氧合酶(LOX)活性受抑,果实的乙烯释放量和呼吸速率下降,二者跃变高峰出现推迟,果实硬度下降延缓,可溶性固形物(TSS)含量保持在较高水平,但Put对油桃中可滴定酸(TA)含量影响不显著。