Ultrasonic Destruction of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones may be removed without using a surgical incision by a combination of techniques and skills recently developed in the fields of urology and radiology. Percutaneous access to the kidney is established under fluoroscopic control. A guide wire placed into the renal pelvis allows a nephroscope to be inserted and the collecting system visualized. A long hollow metal probe is advanced through the nephroscope and placed in contact with the stone. This probe conducts the ultrasonic energy. The stone absorbs the energy and breaks into fine granules, which are evacuated by suction.Twenty-three consecutively seen patients presenting with 27 upper urinary tract calculi for which removal was indicated underwent successful percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy. Fifteen stones were located in the renal pelvis, eight in a calix, three at the ureteropelvic junction and one in the upper ureter. One infected staghorn calculus was removed. Two complications resulted in extended hospital stays, but in no patients were surgical incisions required. Of the 23 patients, 9 had previously had a surgical lithotomy. The authors believe that most renal and upper ureteral calculi for which removal is indicated may be extracted percutaneously with the aid of the ultrasonic lithotriptor. The patients may expect a rapid convalescence with diminished pain.     

彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石的临床分析

目的：总结彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneousnephrolithotomy,PCNL）治疗的复杂性肾结石的经验及其安全性、有效性以及常见并发症。方法：回顾性分析我院2011年7月-2012年8月采用彩色多普勒引导下经皮肾镜治疗复杂性肾结石患者56例的临床资料。结果：所有患者均I期建立经皮肾通道,平均手术时间（107．5±27．5）分钟,24例行EMS气压弹道联合超声碎石（1001．0±27．9）分钟,20例行钬激光联合超声碎石（119．4±23．6）分钟,10例行单纯超声碎石（108．2±30．2）分钟,EMS气压弹道联合超声碎石组的手术时间少于钬激光碎石组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,单纯超声碎石组与另外两组比较无统计学意义P〉0．05）。术前肾功能损伤患者术后随访,肾功能明显改善。结石完全清除率91％,结石部分残留率9％。术中均无严重出血,无周边脏器损伤。术后出现迟发出血5例,反复发热4例,均经对症治疗后缓解。结论：彩色多普勒超声引导除了具有普通超声引导的优势外,还可有效避开肾实质大血管损伤,减少术中及术后出血风险。彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮肾镜碎石取石术是一种治疗复杂性肾结石安全、有效的方法。     

Ultrasound studies in varicocele

Renal function, the anatomic and functional status of the vena cava inferior, renal arteries and veins, and spermatic veins were evaluated in healthy individuals and patients with varicocele before and 12 months after laparoscopic ligation of the left spermatic vein. The renal vessels were assessed by color Doppler ultrasonography and renal function was examined by complex radionuclide study with 99mTc-pentatech. There were no significant changes in the diameter of renal arteries and vena cava inferior and the right arterial blood flow velocities in healthy individuals and patients. No difference were found in the diameter of renal veins and in the blood flow velocity in renal arteries and veins. The enlarged renal veins and decreased mean blood flow velocity in the left renal vein in healthy persons and patients with varicocele and lower blood flow in the left renal artery than in the right one indicate left-sided renal hypertension that is attributable to left renal vein overload due to a great variety of collaterals and to compression at the site of "a forcepts". At the same time 12-month postoperative ultrasonic, Doppler and complex radionuclide studies revealed no significant changes in the diameter and blood flow velocity in the left renal vein.     

Echotomography and excretory urography in the diagnosis of renal parenchymal "bridges"]

Sonographically detectable parenchymal 'bridges' in the median segment of the kidney may look atypical. The most incident parenchymal 'bridges' are asymmetric irregular ovoid incomplete connections, not reaching the parenchyma at the site of renal hilus; such 'bridges' may be compared to a 'humpbacked' overturned kidney. Besides that, double and Y-shaped connections were detected, occurring in different variants of fused kidneys. Clinical significance of atypical 'bridges' of the parenchyma consists in simulation by them of echomixed processes, of renal tumors first of all. Excretory urography should be the second stage of the diagnosis after initial ultrasonic examination of the kidneys; after it repeated pointed ultrasonography should be carried out, that will help rule out the diagnosis of a renal tumor.     

超声在糖尿病肾病诊断中的应用价值

由于快速变化的生活方式,我国糖尿病的患病率呈逐年上升趋势。糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病最常见、最严重的微血管病变并发症之一,并且已经成为全球终末期肾病的最常见病因。因此,早期诊断、早期治疗是延缓DN进展的重点。超声是临床评价肾脏形态、功能常用的检查方法,与血、尿实验室检查相比,具有方便、快捷、无创、经济的优势。随着科学技术的发展,越来越多的超声新技术应用于临床,极大的丰富了诊断信息。本文就各项超声检查技术在检测DN患者肾脏体积、实质回声、血流动力学改变中的应用价值作一综述。得出结论:在DN早期血、尿实验室检查正常时超声已经可以发现肾脏体积、血流动力学发生了变化。因此,超声在DN的早期诊断、动态监测病程进展方面所发挥的作用是其他检查方法所不可替代的。三维超声技术和超声弹性成像在DN患者肾脏功能评价方面有着广泛研究空间及临床应用前景。     

Renovascular BK(Ca) channels are not activated in vivo under resting conditions and during agonist stimulation

We investigated the role of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels for the basal renal vascular tone in vivo. Furthermore, the possible buffering by BK(Ca) of the vasoconstriction elicited by angiotensin II (ANG II) or norepinephrine (NE) was investigated. The possible activation of renal vascular BK(Ca) channels by cAMP was investigated by infusing forskolin. Renal blood flow (RBF) was measured in vivo using electromagnetic flowmetry or ultrasonic Doppler. Renal preinfusion of tetraethylammonium (TEA; 3.0 mumol/min) caused a small reduction of baseline RBF, but iberiotoxin (IBT; 0.3 nmol/min) did not have any effect. Renal injection of ANG II (1-4 ng) or NE (10-40 ng) produced a transient decrease in RBF. These responses were not affected by preinfusion of TEA or IBT. Renal infusion of the BK(Ca) opener NS-1619 (90.0 nmol/min) did not affect basal RBF or the response to NE, but it attenuated the response to ANG II. Coadministration of NS-1619 with TEA or IBT abolished this effect. Forskolin caused renal vasodilation that was not inhibited by IBT. The presence of BK(Ca) channels in the preglomerular vessels was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Despite their presence, there is no indication for a major role for BK(Ca) channels in the control of basal renal tone in vivo. Furthermore, BK(Ca) channels do not have a buffering effect on the rat renal vascular responses to ANG II and NE. The fact that NS-1619 attenuates the ANG II response indicates that the renal vascular BK(Ca) channels can be activated under certain conditions.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

A new method of removing calculi from the renal collecting system, in which the large and traumatic incision in the loin currently used is unnecessary, was attempted in 31 patients. Small dilators were introduced over a guide wire through a nephrostomy tube into the renal pelvis and a catheter inserted. The track was dilated in stages and two days later the nephrostomy tube was removed and a cystoscope introduced into the interior of the kidney. A stone basket was introduced down the operating channel of the cystoscope and maneuvered to secure the stone; the cystoscope, stone basket, and stone were then removed. The procedure failed in 11 of the 31 patients, in five because the needle could not be placed accurately initially and in six because the stone could not be removed despite the establishment of a nephrostomy track. In the remaining 20 patients the procedure was successful. This procedure is far less traumatic than the conventional operation. With the development of a flexible nephroscope and an ultrasonic stone disintegrator it will be possible also to remove larger stones and stones in the peripheral calices using this method.     

A Comparison of Two Ultrasonic Methods for Detaching Biofilms from Natural Substrata

Two types of ultrasound applications are commonly used in order to remove bacteria from sediment for subsequent direct enumeration: ultrasonic baths and narrow tip ultrasonic generators. By measuring four parameters (total number of bacteria, number of ETS‐active bacteria, amount of proteins and weight of fine sediment obtained in sonicated juices), we compared the biofilm removal of the optimal ultrasound exposure time previously obtained using the ultrasonic bath with the removal by a method using a narrow tip ultrasonic generator. To obtain comparable removal efficiencies estimated by protein contents in sonicated juices, the ultrasonic bath method required an ultrasound exposure time more than 10 times that with a narrow tip ultrasonic generator. Furthermore, the two methods provided significantly different bacterial counts because of an alteration of the sediment with the ultrasonic bath. Thus, a narrow tip ultrasonic generator is more suitable than an ultrasonic bath for the analysis of biofilms developed on sand.     

Absorption of 1.5% glycine after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy for renal stone disease.

An elderly normotensive man underwent percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy for renal stone disease, the procedure lasting three hours and the fragments being washed out with 20 l 1.5% glycine. After two hours the inflation pressure had risen to 25 cm H2O and his blood pressure to 150 mm Hg. Inflation pressure continued to rise until drainage tubes were inserted into the retroperitoneal space, releasing a large volume of fluid, some of which appeared to be from the peritoneal cavity. Shortly after transfer to the recovery area the patient showed signs of the transurethral resection syndrome, with hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, and hypertension. He was treated appropriately and survived. Low infusion pressures should be used for irrigation during lithotripsy and 0.9% saline instead of 1.5% glycine. In patients given a general anaesthetic any rise in inflation pressure suggests extravasation of fluid and warrants emergency estimation of the plasma sodium concentration.     

肝脏超声图象局部分形指数研究

为了研究人体组织超声图象的局部特征,并为进行人体组织定征研究提供新的参数,提出了一个分析超声图象局部分形指数的新方法－局部分形指数小波分析法ＬＦＷＡＭ（ＬｏｃａｌＦｒａｃｔａｌＳｃａｌｅＷａｖｅｌｅｔＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓＭｅｔｈｏｄ）。应用此法研究了人体肝脏组织超声图象分形体的构造规则;进行了局部分形指数的分析。验证了ＬＦＷＡＭ法分析肝脏超声图象局部特性的有效性,得出了局部分形指数更能全面、细致地刻画肝脏组织超声图象分形特征的结论,为进而研究局部病变的识别与图象的分割提供了基础。     

Ultrasonic cell separator as a cell retaining device for high density cultures of plant cell

A system of ultrasonic filter device consisted of an ultrasonic generator, ultrasonic cell separation chamber (resonator) and a guide column, which was developed for suspension cultures of a plant cell. The key operation parameters affecting the efficiency of separation of cells from medium fluid were found to be the voltage of ultrasonic generator, the convective flow rate, and the distance between transducer and reflector. In the high density cultures ofAloe saponaria (>17 g DCW/L), the ultrasonic filter was so efficient that the cell holding time in the separation chamber was 10-fold higher than the case without ultrasonic wave at a convective flow rate of 0.24 cm/min. Furthermore, in perfusion type of high cell density cultures, cell aggregates were observed to be densely held in the ultrasonic chamber by ultrasonic force overcoming both gravitational and drag forces by pump. The accumulated cells were finally overflowed after the holding capacity of the chamber was reached. Back pressure was applied periodically to the resonator to flush cells back to bioreactor. The ultrasonic cell separator could operate over 75 min at a convective flow rate of 0.1 cm/min and at a cell concentration of 17 g DCW/L.     

Role of EP(2) and EP(3) PGE(2) receptors in control of murine renal hemodynamics

The kidney plays a central role in long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure and salt and water homeostasis. This is achieved in part by the local actions of paracrine and autacoid mediators such as the arachidonic acid-prostanoid system. The present study tested the role of specific PGE(2) E-prostanoid (EP) receptors in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and vascular reactivity to PGE(2). Specifically, we determined the extent to which the EP(2) and EP(3) receptor subtypes mediate the actions of PGE(2) on renal vascular tone. Renal blood flow (RBF) was measured by ultrasonic flowmetry, whereas vasoactive agents were injected directly into the renal artery of male mice. Studies were performed on two independent mouse lines lacking either EP(2) or EP(3) (-/-) receptors and the results were compared with wild-type controls (+/+). Our results do not support a unique role of the EP(2) receptor in regulating overall renal hemodynamics. Baseline renal hemodynamics in EP(2)-/- mice [RBF EP(2)-/-: 5.3 +/- 0.8 ml. min(-1). 100 g kidney wt(-1); renal vascular resistance (RVR) 19.7 +/- 3.6 mmHg. ml(-1). min. g kidney wt] did not differ statistically from control mice (RBF +/+: 4.0 +/- 0.5 ml. min(-1). 100 g kidney wt(-1); RVR +/+: 25.4 +/- 4.9 mmHg. ml(-1). min. 100 g kidney wt(-1)). This was also the case for the peak RBF increase after local PGE(2) (500 ng) injection into the renal artery (EP(2)-/-: 116 +/- 4 vs. +/+: 112 +/- 2% baseline RBF). In contrast, we found that the absence of EP(3) receptors in EP(3)-/- mice caused a significant increase (43%) in basal RBF (7.9 +/- 0.8 ml. min(-1). g kidney wt(-1), P < 0.05 vs. +/+) and a significant decrease (41%) in resting RVR (11.6 +/- 1.4 mmHg. ml(-1). min. g kidney wt(-1), P < 0.05 vs. +/+). Local administration of 500 ng of PGE(2) into the renal artery caused more pronounced renal vasodilation in EP(3)-/- mice (128 +/- 2% of basal RBF, P < 0.05 vs. +/+). We conclude that EP(3 )receptors mediate vasoconstriction in the kidney of male mice and its actions are tonically active in the basal state. Furthermore, EP(3) receptors are capable of buffering PGE(2)-mediated renal vasodilation.     

Effect of low-dose ultrasonic treatment on growth rates and biomass yield of

Summary Major project tasks included assembly of an ultrasonic treatment array and measurement of the cell culture growth rate as a function of ultrasonic frequency, and ultrasonic power level and dosage. Growth rates forAnabaena flos aquae were increased with both single or multiple ultrasonic dosages and were over and above that obtained with vigorous mechanical stirring.Selenastrum capricornutum growth rates were decreased by ultrasonic treatment. The results were also shown to be independent of the degree of cell agglomeration. Collectively, the data support the conclusion that low-dose, short duration ultrasonic treatment induces changes in culture growth rates in both algal species examined.     

超声波对感染根管消毒作用的实验研究

目的:通过与氢氧化钙药尖消毒作用的比较,验证超声波对感染根管的消毒作用并判断其消毒作用的临床应用价值。方法:10只3月龄的小型健康实验家兔随机分成二组后,制备成感染根管动物模型。对模型进行术前细菌培养后,分别做超声根管内消毒和氢氧化钙药尖消毒,术后细菌培养。结果:超声波和氢氧化钙对需氧菌和厌氧菌的杀灭作用无菌种之间的差别;但杀菌效果存在显著差异。实验发现超声波消毒的特点是:第一,无抗菌谱的差异。第二,无热效应,根管壁表面升温不明显。第三,作用无方向性,对任何角度方向上的有机物均能使其失活。第四,越是细小根管作用越强。这些正是根管消毒所要求的特殊条件。结论:1)超声波对感染根管的消毒作用明显优于氢氧化钙药尖。2)超声波对感染根管的消毒作用无抗菌谱的差异。3)超声波对感染根管具有较可靠的消毒作用,作为一种根管消毒手段值得进一步研究。     

超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取沙棘籽粕多酚的工艺优化

以一系列低共熔溶剂为提取剂,采用超声波辅助法从沙棘籽粕中提取多酚。在单因素试验结果基础上,利用Box-Behnken实验设计,运用响应面分析法对影响沙棘籽粕多酚得率的主要因素（超声功率、超声时间、超声温度）进行优化。结果表明,沙棘籽粕多酚最佳提取工艺条件为：以含水量为30%的氯化胆碱-草酸低共熔溶剂为最佳提取剂,液料比为14∶1,超声功率420 W,超声时间56 min,超声温度44℃。在此条件下,多酚得率为3.31±0.008%。对比试验发现：氯化胆碱-草酸低共熔溶剂对沙棘籽粕多酚的得率明显优于传统溶剂;与热回流提取相比,超声提取法具有明显的优势。     

Study of Double-Side Ultrasonic Embossing for Fabrication of Microstructures on Thermoplastic Polymer Substrates

Double-side replication of polymer substrates is beneficial to the design and the fabrication of 3-demensional devices. The ultrasonic embossing method is a promising, high efficiency and low cost replication method for thermoplastic substrates. It is convenient to apply silicon molds in ultrasonic embossing, because microstructures can be easily fabricated on silicon wafers with etching techniques. To reduce the risk of damaging to silicon molds and to improve the replication uniformity on both sides of the polymer substrates, thermal assisted ultrasonic embossing method was proposed and tested. The processing parameters for the replication of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), including ultrasonic amplitude, ultrasonic force, ultrasonic time, and thermal assisted temperature were studied using orthogonal array experiments. The influences of the substrate thickness, pattern style and density were also investigated. The experiment results show that the principal parameters for the upper and lower surface replication are ultrasonic amplitude and thermal assisted temperature, respectively. As to the replication uniformity on both sides, the ultrasonic force has the maximal influence. Using the optimized parameters, the replication rate reached 97.5% on both sides of the PMMA substrate, and the cycle time was less than 50 s.     

Enhancement of Ultrasonic Seed Treatment on Yield,Grain Quality Characters,and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Biosynthesis in Different Fragrant Rice Genotypes

Fragrant rice is popular for the good grain quality and special aroma. The present study conducted a field experiment to investigate the effects of ultrasonic seed treatment on grain yield, quality characters, physiological properties and aroma biosynthesis of different fragrant rice genotypes. The seeds of three fragrant rice genotypes were exposed to 1 min of ultrasonic vibration and then cultivated in paddy field. The results of present study showed that ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain yield of all fragrant rice genotypes but the responses of yield formation to ultrasonic were varied with different genotypes. Compared with control, ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP, the key component of fragrant rice aroma) content by 13.40%–44.88%. Ultrasonic seed treatment also reduced the crude protein contents in grains. The head rice rate, rice length, chalky rice rate, and chalkiness degree were influenced by ultrasonic for one or two fragrant rice genotypes. The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also enhanced due to ultrasonic seed treatment. In conclusion, ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain, regulated grain aroma and quality, and improved stress resistance of fragrant rice varieties.     

Kinetics of ultrasonic disinfection of Escherichia coli in the presence of titanium dioxide particles

The ultrasonic disinfection of Escherichia coli was carried out in the presence of anatase-type TiO2 particles, and the effectiveness of the combination of ultrasonic irradiation with TiO2 addition was verified. The rate constant was determined from the plot of the common logarithm of the survival cell ratio versus the ultrasonic irradiation time using first-order kinetics. In the absence of particles, the rate constant was proportional to the ultrasonic power. When ultrasonic disinfection was carried out in the presence of TiO2 particles, which have a radical generation ability, the rate of disinfection was remarkably faster than that in the absence of TiO2. In the presence of silica particles, which have no radical generation ability, the rate of disinfection was the same as that in the absence of TiO2. These results suggest that the radical generation ability of TiO2 appeared as a result of the ultrasonic irradiation. The effect of the amount of TiO2 on the rate of disinfection was also examined. The rate constant for disinfection in the presence of TiO2 was saturated to a certain value and was represented using the Langmuir-type equation. The proposed model well describes the effects of the ultrasonic power and the amount of TiO2 on the rate constant for disinfection.     

超声辅助索氏提取忍冬果实中绿原酸的工艺优化

利用超声辅助索氏提取的方法从忍冬果实中提取绿原酸。单因素和正交试验表明,影响绿原酸提取率的主次顺序为:超声温度>乙醇浓度>超声时间>索氏提取时间>液料比;提取的最佳条件为:超声温度60℃,超声时间40min,乙醇浓度70%,液料比(mL∶g)30∶1,索氏提取时间2.5h。忍冬果实中绿原酸的提取率为2.95%;柱色谱分离纯化后的绿原酸红外谱图和标准品的红外谱图基本一致。本研究表明,超声辅助索氏提取忍冬果实中绿原酸的方法,缩短了提取时间,绿原酸提取率高。对忍冬果实的开发利用具有重要的指导意义。     

超声波辅助下脂肪酶催化高酸值废油脂制备生物柴油

探讨了超声波辅助条件下脂肪酶催化高酸值废油脂转化为生物柴油的反应。来源于Aspergillus oryzae和Candida antarctica的固定化脂肪酶,在超声波辅助下,对高酸值废油脂转化为生物柴油具有高的催化活性。以来自于C.antarctica的固定化脂肪酶Novozym435为催化剂,以酸价为157mg KOH/g的高酸值废油脂为原料在超声波辅助下与丙醇反应,在脂肪酶用量为油质量的8%、初始醇油摩尔比为3∶1、反应温度控制在40~45℃、超声波频率和功率分别采用28kHz和100W的条件下,反应50min转化率达到94.86%。在此条件下,不同碳原子数(C1~C5)的直链和支链醇均有较高的转化率,在短链醇的选择上具有宽广的适应性。超声波还减少了反应产物和反应体系中其他黏性杂质在固定化脂肪酶表面的吸附,回收的Novozym435相较单纯机械搅拌条件下回收的外观干净、分散良好无结块现象、易于洗涤和再次利用,具有良好的操作稳定性。