General Surgery: Innovative Treatment of Deep Venous Disease

The Council on Scientific Affairs of the California Medical Association presents the following inventory of items of progress in general surgery. Each item, in the judgement of a panel of knowledgeable physicians, has recently become reasonably firmly established, both as to scientific fact and important clinical significance. The items are presented in simple epitome, and an authoritative reference, both to the item itself and to the subject as a whole, is generally given for those who may be unfamiliar with a particular item. The purpose is to assist busy practitioners, students, researchers, and scholars to stay abreast of these items of progress in general surgery that have recently achieved a substantial degree of authoritative acceptance, whether in their own field of special interest or another.The items of progress listed below were selected by the Advisory Panel to the Section on General Surgery of the California Medical Association, and the summaries were prepared under its direction.     

冠心病患者冠脉支架术后发生再狭窄的危险因素回归分析

目的:探讨冠心病患者冠脉支架手术后发生再狭窄的危险因素,为提高临床治疗效果和改善预后提供指导。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年12月我院收治的226例行冠脉支架手术的冠心病患者临床病历资料,采用SPSS21.0分析冠脉再狭窄的发生情况及危险因素。结果:51例冠心病患者冠脉支架术后发生冠脉再狭窄(22.57%)。单因素分析显示,不同吸烟史、糖尿病史、脂蛋白a(Lp(a))水平、空腹血糖、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆红素、术前病变狭窄程度、植入支架支数、长度以及直径组冠心病患者的冠脉再狭窄发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析,吸烟史、糖尿病史、Lp(a)水平、术前病变狭窄程度、植入支架支数、长度是冠心病患者冠脉支架术后再狭窄发生的独立危险因素,OR分别为2.261、1.944、3.593、2.798、2.449、3.823,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),植入支架直径是冠脉再狭窄发生的保护因素,OR为0.261,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:冠脉植入支架的总长度、数量,术前病变的狭窄程度、Lp(a)水平、糖尿病以及吸烟是冠心病患者冠脉支架术后发生再狭窄的独立危险因素,临床应不断优化支架并根据再狭窄的危险因素采取针对性的防治措施。     

Intraaortic Balloon Pumping Assist Following Open Heart Surgery for Coronary Artery Disease

Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) assist was employed in 36 patients after surgical operation for coronary artery disease. In 31 patients, the aid of IABP was required because cardiopulmonary bypass could not be terminated without it. In three of these patients, IABP assist was started before the surgical procedure because these patients were in cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction. In the remaining five patients, IABP assist was applied for refractory cardiogenic shock in the early postoperative period.The overall survival rate was 58 percent. IABP assist was used in 13 patients with an ejection fraction of 0.1 to 0.2 (normal 0.7). Nine of these patients survived.From our experience, it would appear that this temporary mechanical circulatory support provides a significant advantage in saving patients who might otherwise die after surgical procedures involving the coronary artery.     

磺达肝癸钠应用于冠心病合并肾功能不全患者的临床研究

目的:观察磺达肝癸钠应用于冠心病急性冠脉综合征合并肾功能不全患者抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。方法:216例急性冠脉综合征患者分为肾功能正常组及肾功能不全组,皮下注射磺达肝癸钠2.5毫克,一日一次,连用8天,比较两组治疗9天内主要不良心脏事件(MACE)及出血并发症的发生率和30天及180天的随访情况。结果:治疗9天内及随访30天、180天期间,两组患者主要不良心脏事件发生率无统计学差异(P0.05),治疗及随访期间两组均未出现严重出血及中度出血,肾功能不全组轻微出血8例,肾功能正常组轻微出血5例,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:磺达肝癸钠对于冠心病合并肾功能不全患者的抗凝治疗是一种安全有效的药物。     

冠心病合并左心室室壁瘤的手术治疗分析

目的:分析和探讨冠心病合并室壁瘤的外科手术治疗的方法。方法:2008年1月至2014年3月我科共收治37例冠心病合并左心室室壁瘤患者,均在体外循环下行冠脉搭桥术,室壁瘤直径小于50 mm采用"三明治"法室壁瘤折叠术(13例),室壁瘤直径大于50 mm采用Dor标准术式(24例);同期行二尖瓣置换术5例,二尖瓣成形术3例,三尖瓣成形术4例,主动脉瓣置换术3例。比较术前、术后2周及术后一年患者左心室舒张末期内径、左室射血分数、NYHA心功能分级,评价手术治疗效果。结果:所有病例均手术成功,前降支均采用左乳内动脉作为桥血管,移植血管1-4支。术后1例因肺部感染死亡,1例猝死,其余均康复出院。术后血胸再次开胸止血1例。随访34例,1例失访。术后2周、术后1年患者左室射血分数(LVEF)(44.27±7.22)%、(49.32±6.98)%较术前(34.47±8.13)%明显改善,左室舒张末期直径(LVEDD)(51.87±6.25)mm、(50.73±5.72)mm)较术前(61.25±5.21)mm明显改善,心功能分级(1.82±0.47)、(1.64±0.51)较术前(3.08±0.55)明显改善,上述差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对冠心病合并室壁瘤患者,根据瘤体大小及部位选择不同手术方式,并同期冠脉搭桥及矫治瓣膜功能障碍,临床疗效满意。     

同型半胱氨酸与冠心病

随着社会的进步以及人类生活水平的提高,冠心痛的发病率也逐年提高,目前已经成为全球死亡率最高的疾病之一,同时医学水平的不断发展也使得人们对冠心病有了更进一步的研究.近年来同型半胱氨酸越来越受到人们的关注,众多研究表明,高同型半胱氨酸血症是冠心痛的独立危险因子,可以影响冠心病的严重程度及预后.但是迄今为止,同型半胱氨酸在冠心病发病中的确切机制尚不完全明确,认为主要与血管内皮损伤、血管平滑肌细胞增殖凋亡、破坏凝血纤溶系统、影响糖、蛋白质、脂质代谢等方面有关.针对高同型半胱氨酸血症的治疗,对于改善冠心病患者的预后有一定疗效.因此,本文就同型半胱氨酸冠心痛的关系作一综述,从而为临床更好的防治冠心痛提供相关的资料.     

Hematocrit and Coronary Heart Disease

Hematocrit values of patients with acute myocardial infarction have been reported by some workers to be higher than those found in controls; this has been denied by others. In these reported studies important postural, postprandial, age and stress effects have not been considered. In the present investigation hematocrits of healthy and coronary subjects were determined under the same “standard basal” conditions, in the morning hours, fasting or after a light breakfast, and in sitting position; patients studied had no acute illness or distress. A mean hematocrit of 49.1 ± 2.4% was observed in 66 men with chronic coronary disease and of 46.8 ± 3.2% in 68 healthy controls of the same age and sex, the difference being highly significant. The increased hematocrit and plasma viscosity in coronary patients creates significantly higher whole blood viscosity than that observed in healthy controls. This hemodynamic factor may be responsible for the development of clinical symptoms of coronary heart disease and possibly of the basic vascular disease itself.     

阿托伐他汀强化治疗对冠脉介入冠心病患者的保护作用研究

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀强化治疗对冠脉介入冠心病患者的保护作用。方法:将86例择期行经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗的冠心病患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各43例。两组均行常规治疗,对照组在PCI术后服用阿托伐他汀20 mg/d,观察组在PCI术前服用阿托伐他汀80 mg,术后服用阿托伐他汀20 mg/d,术后两组均维持服用4周。比较PCI术前、术后患者血小板活化、内皮功能及血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(c TNI)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的变化。结果:术前及术后24 h,两组间血小板活化指标P-选择素(CD62P)和血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa(GPⅡb/Ⅲa)水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后4周,两组患者CD62P和GPⅡb/Ⅲa水平均较术前及术后24 h显著降低,且观察组降低更显著(P0.05);术前及术后24 h,两组间内皮功能指标内皮素1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后4周,两组患者ET-1水平均较术前及术后24 h显著降低,NO水平均显著升高,且观察组改变更显著(P0.05);术后24 h,两组患者的血清CK-MB、TNI和hs-CRP水平均较术前显著升高(P0.05),但观察组升高幅度明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀强化治疗可抑制PCI术后血小板活化,改善血管内皮功能,抑制炎症反应,减少心肌损伤。     

The Pathology of Coronary Heart Disease

The distribution of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with ischemic heart disease is extensive, and involves at least two major coronary arteries. Thrombosis, occlusion by atheromatous debris and, infrequently, internal hemorrhage may produce final closure of the coronary artery. The anatomy of the coronary vessels, localization of occlusion, recanalization, the extent of intercoronary anastomoses and the physiological demands of the myocardium all affect the ultimate clinical expression of the basic occlusive process.     

同期行冠状动脉旁路移植和心脏瓣膜置换术治疗冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病的临床研究

目的:总结同期行冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)和心脏瓣膜置换术治疗冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病的临床经验。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的41例接受冠状动脉旁路移植同期行心脏瓣膜置换术的冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病患者的临床资料,对手术方法、主要并发症和术后处理方法进行分析总结。结果:41例患者中,行二次开胸4例(9.76%),应用IABP 2例(4.88%),发生低心排综合征6例(14.63%)、肾功能不全6例(14.63%)、肺功能不全7例(17.07%)、脑合并症1例(2.44%)、胸腔积液4例(9.77%),死亡6例(13.63%),其余患者康复出院。结论:CABG同期行心脏瓣膜置换术治疗冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病的近期疗效满意。术前改善心功能,成熟的手术技术,完全的心肌再血管化,良好的心肌保护,停机困难者尽早应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)及加强术后处理是提高CABG同期行心脏瓣膜置换术疗效的重要措施。     

Selective Coronary Arteriography: Arteriographic Patterns in Coronary Heart Disease

The severity and distribution of coronary arteriographic abnormalities have been reviewed in 88 patients with clinical evidence of coronary heart disease who were studied by Sones'' technique. The patients were divided into four groups: myocardial infarction without angina, myocardial infarction with angina, angina with normal resting electrocardiogram, angina with abnormal resting electrocardiogram.Arteriographic abnormalities were generally diffuse throughout the coronary circulation, and at least two vessels were involved in 84 patients. Although the frequency of lesions was similar in the four groups of patients, those with previous myocardial infarction had the highest incidence of complete obstruction. Patients with angina and a normal resting electrocardiogram showed the least severe obstructive lesions. The severity of the arteriographic abnormalities was independent of the duration of clinical symptoms, and it appears that diffuse involvement of the coronary arterial tree is usually present when symptoms develop.