中度嗜盐细菌Halomonas sp. BYS-1甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的克隆和表达

Halomonas sp.BYS1是一株能矿化苯乙酸的中度嗜盐细菌,该菌能在0～20% NaCl 的条件下生长。甜菜碱是其主要渗透保护剂,通过在培养基中添加甜菜碱合成前体(胆碱、甘氨酸)的方法发现它能以胆碱为前体合成甜菜碱。通过PCR的方法克隆了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(betB),测序后在大肠杆菌中进行了高效表达,表达产物占菌体总蛋白的31.5%,酶活为38.5 U/mg,为构建耐盐的转基因植物提供了材料。     

辽宁碱蓬SlCMO基因盐胁迫表达分析及盐诱导启动子鉴定

胆碱单加氧酶（choline monooxygenase, CMO）是合成甜菜碱的关键酶,甜菜碱在植物抵抗渗透胁迫中起着重要的作用。本研究室前期克隆了盐生植物辽宁碱蓬CMO（Suaeda liaotungensis CMO）基因及启动子。本研究对SlCMO基因在盐胁迫下的表达及盐诱导启动子进行分析。qRT-PCR分析SlCMO基因在辽宁碱蓬不同器官及盐胁迫下的表达,结果表明,SlCMO基因在根、茎、叶中均有表达,其中茎、叶中的表达量较高,SlCMO基因在根、茎、叶中的表达均受盐胁迫诱导。5′端缺失分析SlCMO启动子的盐诱导区段,结果表明,pC5（-267~+128 bp）是SlCMO启动子的盐诱导功能区段,推测pC5调控SlCMO 基因的盐诱导表达。本研究为SlCMO 基因表达调控研究奠定基础,也为植物抗盐基因工程提供可用的启动子。     

盐胁迫下三色苋甜菜碱及有关酶含量的变化

三色苋(Amaranthus tricolor)不同器官中的甜菜碱(GB)含量显著不同.除子叶外,根、茎和叶的GB含量和茎、叶中的胆碱单加氧酶(CMO)含量都因300 mmol/L的NaCl处理而增加.甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)的表达无论盐处理与否在所有器官中都能检测到,其含量变化不大.当种子发芽时,具备合成GB的能力,CMO含量增加;在此之前未能检测到CMO,也不能合成GB.研究结果表明三色苋响应盐胁迫而合成GB的关键酶是CMO.     

嗜盐菌中甘氨酸甜菜碱的合成途径及其生物学功能

在嗜盐菌长期的盐适应或短期的盐胁迫过程中,甘氨酸甜菜碱(又名三甲基甘氨酸,N,N,N-trimethylglycine)发挥着极为重要的作用。甘氨酸甜菜碱在嗜盐菌中的生物合成有2种途径:胆碱氧化途径和甘氨酸甲基化途径。前者以胆碱为底物,由胆碱脱氢酶(cholinedehydrogenase,BetA)和甜菜碱乙醛脱氢酶(betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase,BetB)经2次氧化生成甜菜碱;后者以甘氨酸作为底物,由甘氨酸肌醇甲基转移酶(glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase,GSMT)和肌氨酸二甲基甘氨酸甲基转移酶(sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase,SDMT)经3次N-甲基化生成甜菜碱。目前在JGI-IMG和EZBioCloud数据库中公布了134株嗜盐菌标准菌株的全基因组序列。其中,约56.0%的嗜盐细菌和约39.6%的嗜盐古菌拥有胆碱氧化途径所需的2个基因;约9.7%的嗜盐细菌和约0.7%的嗜盐古菌携带甲基化途径所需的2个基因。其中,8株嗜盐细菌同时拥有胆碱氧化途径和甘氨酸甲基化途径所需的全部基因。甘氨酸甜菜碱生物合成基因在典型微生物菌株或经济作物中的表达可以提高其耐盐抗逆能力,这种独特的优势已经引起科学家们强烈的兴趣,相信未来,嗜盐菌中甘氨酸甜菜碱生物合成领域内的科学理论和技术应用会有重大的突破。     

植物磷酸乙醇胺N-甲基转移酶的研究进展

甘氨酸甜菜碱是一种渗透调节物质,能够维持高盐浓度下细胞的渗透平衡和膜的有序性,并有效地稳定酶的结构;胆碱是甘氨酸甜菜碱生物合成的必要前体物质,而磷酸乙醇胺甲基转移酶（phosphoethanolamineN-methyltransferase,PEAMT）作为甲基转移酶,是催化磷酸乙醇胺三次甲基化生成胆碱的限速酶。近年来研究表明磷酸乙醇胺甲基转移酶不仅在植物生长发育过程发挥作用,而且通过参与渗调物质甜菜碱以及胁迫相关第二信使磷脂酸的合成从而使植物对盐胁迫产生应答反应。本文就植物磷酸乙醇胺甲基转移酶的反应作用机理、生物学功能及表达调控机制进行了归纳总结。     

盐角草磷酸乙醇胺N-甲基转移酶基因（SePEAMT）启动子的克隆及瞬时表达

磷酸胆碱是合成磷脂酰胆碱和甘氨酸甜菜碱的重要前体,磷酸乙醇胺N-甲基转移酶（PEAMT）是磷酸胆碱合成的关键酶。根据已知的SePEAMT cDNA5'端序列设计两个基因特异的反向引物(PP1,PP2),通过锚定PCR获得了PEAMT起始密码子上游1249bp的序列。RLM-RACE反应确定其转录起始位点A位于起始密码子上游301bp处,由此获得了948bp的SePEAMT启动子序列。PlantCARE和PLACE在线启动子预测工具分析表明：该序列除了含有启动子的基本元件TATA-box和CAAT-box外,还含有一些胁迫诱导元件（如ABRE、HSE、LTR）和花粉特异的激活元件AGAAA。构建了SePEAMT启动子与报告基因GUS 融合的表达载体pPro,并通过农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草,染色结果表明SePEAMT启动子可以有效地驱动GUS基因的瞬时表达。     

辽宁碱蓬胆碱单加氧酶基因克隆及转基因烟草的耐盐性

甜菜碱是生物体内普遍存在的一种很有效的渗透调节剂.在高等植物中,甜菜碱由胆碱经两步酶催氧化得到,即:胆碱→甜菜碱醛→甜菜碱,催化第一步反应的酶是胆碱单加氧酶(choline monooxygenase,CMO).用RT-PCR和RACE技术从盐生植物辽宁碱蓬(Suaeda liaotungensis Kitag)中分离了CMO cDNA全序列,其中包括5′端非编码区123 bp, 3′端非编码区368 bp, 开放阅读框1 329 bp,编码一个由442个氨基酸构成的多肽,与菠菜、甜菜和山菠菜CMO的氨基酸序列同源性分别为77%、72% 和74%.克隆了其编码区,构建了植物表达载体pBI121-CMO,根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转化烟草(Nictiana tabacum L.cv.89),获得卡那霉素抗性植株.PCR和Southern杂交均证明外源CMO基因已整合到烟草基因组中,转基因烟草的甜菜碱含量明显高于对照,转基因烟草膜的相对电导率明显低于对照,说明盐胁迫下转基因烟草的膜结构所受损伤小于对照,转基因烟草具有一定的耐盐性,能在含250 mmol/L NaCl的培养基中正常生长.     

菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的克隆和序列分析

以耐盐的菠菜mRNA为横板．经反转录合成甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因第一链cDNA。在人工合成的两端引物引导下,通过多聚酶链式反应(PCR)。扩增获得双链cDNA。把重组有BADH基因的pucl9转化至E．Coli DH5a菌株,亚克隆后测定了基因的全序列。所得到的BADH基因全长序列为1491bp,编码497个氨基酸。与文献报道的相比较,核苷酸序列同源性99．8％．氨基酸序列同源性达99．6％。在此基础上,构建了BADH基因的高等植物表达载体．     

辽宁碱蓬胆碱单加氧酶基因克隆及转基因烟草的耐盐性

甜菜碱是生物体内普遍存在的一种很有效的渗透调节剂。在高等植物中,甜菜碱由胆碱经两步酶催氧化得到,即：胆碱→甜菜碱醛→甜菜碱,催化第一步反应的酶是胆碱单加氧酶（choline monooxygenase,CMO)。用RT-PCR和RACE技术从盐生植物辽宁碱蓬（Suaeda liaotungensis Kitag)中分离了CMOcDNA全序列,其中包括5′端非编码区123bp,3′端非编码区368bp。开放阅读框1329bp,编码一个由442个氨基酸构成的多肽,与菠菜,甜菜和山菠菜CMO的氨基酸序列同源性分别为77%,72%和74%。克隆了其编码区。构建了植物表达载体pBI121-CMO。根癌土壤杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转化烟草（Nictiana tabacumL.cv.89),获得卡那霉素抗性植株,PCR和Southern杂交均证明外源CMO基因已整合到烟草基因组中,转基因烟草的甜菜碱含量明显高于对照。转基因烟草膜的相对电导率明显低于对照,说明盐胁迫下转基因烟草的膜结构所受损伤小于对照。转基因烟草具有一定的耐盐性。能在含250mmol/LNaCl的培养基中正常生长。     

青稞胆碱单加氧酶基因cDNA全长开放阅读框克隆及序列分析

甜菜碱是一种存在于多种生物体内的季胺类高效渗透调节剂,是由甜菜碱合成酶系催化的。为了研究甜菜碱合成酶系基因的表达和青稞高抗逆性之间的关系,我们以经200mmol/L NaCl预处理72h的青稞幼苗叶片及根中提取的总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR技术,扩增得到全长1224bp,推测编码407个氨基酸残基的青稞胆碱单加氧酶(choline monooxygenase,cmo)基因cDNA全长开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),将其命名为hvcmo1并在GenBank中注册,获得登录号为GU810840。生物信息学分析表明,推定的氨基酸序列中含有与已报道高等植物胆碱单加氧酶氨基酸序列中的Rieske型铁硫簇结合区和单核铁结合基序等特征性结构域具有高度保守性的特征性结构域。与多种高等植物cmo基因进行序列同源性比对分析结果显示:hvcmo1的核苷酸序列与甜菜、盐角草、菠菜、辽宁碱蓬、拟南芥、玉米、水稻、高粱、羊草和大麦等植物的cmo mRNA编码区相似性分别为55.3%、55.4%、55.6%、5.9%、61.3%、82.6%、83.3%、83.4%、95.5%和99.5%。实验过程中,我们发现,青稞hvcmo1基因的表达必须被一定浓度的NaCl所诱导,说明hvcmo1可能在调节环境胁迫下青稞细胞内甘氨酸甜菜碱合成方面起着关键的作用,同时它可以作为研究环境胁迫下甘氨酸甜菜碱合成调节的模型。本结果为研究青稞甘氨酸甜菜碱合成酶系基因的诱导表达及其与青稞强抗逆性之间的关系奠定了基础。     

Body Colors Indicate the Reproductive Status of Female Common Chameleons: Experimental Evidence for the Intersex Communication Function

Female common chameleons, Chamaeleo chamaeleon , show temporary body color changes during the reproductive season, probably in synchrony with their reproductive status. In a field study, the color changes of 21 radio-tagged females were monitored for the apparent effects that three selected colorations (green body with yellow lines, green body with yellow spots and black body with yellow spots, abbreviated to GYL, GYS and BYS, respectively) had on the reproductive behavior of both sexes. In a field experiment, females naturally displaying GYL were artificially painted to resemble GYL (or control), GYS and BYS. They were released in the wild and the response of males was recorded. The frequency of male-female behaviors, the pairing time and the outcome of male copulation attempts were consistent with the respective neutral (GYL), receptive (GYS) and gravid (BYS) functions of female color phases since a high percentage of copulations occurred during the short-term GYS phase, whereas all copulation attempts by males were violently rejected during the BYS phase. In addition, BYS females also displayed specific behavioral postures to prevent matings. In the field experiment, the number of approaching males and the strength of the response by males were significantly higher for painted GYS females. The data show strong evidence that temporary body color changes in female common chameleons are associated with changes in their reproductive status and hence, function as signals used in inter-sex communication.     

Benefit of Dietary Supplementation with Bacillus subtilis BYS2 on Growth Performance,Immune Response,and Disease Resistance of Broilers

A strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) BYS2 was previously isolated from Mount Tai, which is located in Tai’an City in the Shandong Province of China. The strain was then stored in the Environmental Microbiology Laboratory at Shandong Agricultural University. To evaluate the effect of the bacterium preparation in broiler production, we fed the bacterium (10⁶ CFU/g) to 1-day-old broilers and continued this feeding for 6 weeks to analyze its effect on growth and immune performance. We found that the average weight of the bacterium-fed group increased by 17.19% at weeks 5 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The height of the villi in the duodenum and jejunum and the ratio of villi to crypt were significantly increased in the bacterium-fed group at weeks 5 (P < 0.05). Also, the IgG in the serum of broilers in the experimental group increased by 31.60% (P < 0.05) and IgM 30.52% (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group. The expressions of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antiviral proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and β-defensins were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the bursa immune organ indices of broilers in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Also, after 5 weeks of continuous feeding, when infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O1K1 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F48E8, the content of bacteria and virus in tissues and organs of the experimental group decreased significantly, and the survival rate of infected chickens increased by 31.1% and 17.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). These results show that the anti-infective B. subtilis BYS2 could, to some extent, replace antibiotics to promote growth, improve innate immunity, and enhance disease resistance in broilers.

     

Renaturation of protein phosphatase 1 expressed at high levels in insect cells using a baculovirus vector

The catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a key enzyme in the regulation of many cellular functions, has been expressed in insect cells using a baculovirus vector containing PP1 alpha cDNA. The expressed protein had the same apparent molecular mass as PP1 from rabbit skeletal muscle and comprised up to 25% of the total cellular protein. About 5% of expressed PP1 alpha was present as a soluble active species, representing a 15-fold increase over the endogenous activity. Insoluble protein, comprising about 95% of the expressed PP1 was dissolved in 6 M guanidinium chloride and could be fully reactivated by extensive and rapid dilution with buffers containing Mn2+. By a number of criteria (specific activity towards phosphorylase, interaction with inhibitor-1, inhibitor-2 and okadaic acid), this reactivated species was indistinguishable from authentic PP1, and could be concentrated and purified to homogeneity by a single chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose. This procedure yielded about 10 mg active PP1/1 culture, which will facilitate future structural analyses of native and mutant protein phosphatases.     

Interaction of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with Brassica napus: cloning and characterization of endo- and exo-polygalacturonases expressed during saprophytic and parasitic modes

Five major and several minor PG isoenzymes were identified in a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate from Brassica napus by isoelectric focusing and pectin gel overlays. Using a combination of degenerate PCR and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) four endo-polygalacturonase (PG) genes, designated as sspg1d, sspg3, sspg5, and sspg6, and two exo-PG genes, ssxpg1 and ssxpg2, were identified. SSPG1d is a member of the PG gene family previously described by Fraissinet-Tachet et al. [Curr. Genet. 29 (1995) 96]. The mature SSPG1d is a neutral PG, whereas fully processed SSPG3, SSPG5, and SSPG6 are acidic enzymes. Under saprophytic growth conditions, sspg1d, sspg3, sspg5, and ssxpg1 expression was induced by pectin and galacturonic acid and subject to catabolite repression by glucose. Conditions could not be identified under which sspg6 or ssxpg2 were expressed well. Transfer of mycelia from liquid media to solid substrates induced expression of sspg1d suggesting that it may also be regulated by thigmotrophic interactions. Under pathogenic conditions, sspg1d was highly expressed during infection. sspg3 was also expressed during infection, albeit at lower levels than sspg1d, whereas sspg5, sspg6, and ssxpg1 were expressed only weakly.     

Synthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope proteins encoded by a recombinant human adenovirus.

A recombinant adenovirus was constructed by inserting the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope gene downstream from the early region 3 (E3) promoter of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), replacing the coding sequences of E3. The recombinant virus replicated as efficiently as the parent virus in all cell lines tested. Human cells infected with the recombinant virus synthesized the HIV-1 envelope precursor gp160, which was efficiently processed to the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. A human T-lymphoblast line (Molt-4) infected with the recombinant virus expressed HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins on the cell surface, leading to syncytium formation. The envelope gene was expressed from the E3 promoter at early times after infection and at late times from the major late promoter. When cotton rats were infected with the recombinant virus, antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins could be expressed in an immunoreactive form by the recombinant adenovirus, further illustrating the usefulness of adenoviruses as expression vectors.     

Tn细胞凋亡抑制蛋白(TnIAP)在粉纹夜蛾细胞中的表达和活性研究

在粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)细胞Tn-5B1-4中,高效表达了来自粉纹夜蛾细胞Tn-5B1-4能够抑制细胞凋亡的TnIAP蛋白.聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和免疫印迹分析表明,表达的重组TnIAP只有少部分是可溶性蛋白,大部分以不溶的形式存在.这一结果与以往在昆虫细胞中往往表达出可溶性蛋白不同.活性实验表明,可溶的重组TnIAP能够直接抑制caspase-9酶解Ac-LEHD-AFC的活性,也能抑制caspase-9激活HEK293细胞抽提物酶解Ac-DEVD-AFC的活性.结果进一步证明,昆虫和哺乳动物的细胞凋亡分子机制在进化上是极为保守的.     

文蛤Smad1/5基因克隆、时空表达及生长相关SNP位点筛查

为探讨Smad1/5基因在贝类生长发育中的调控作用, 利用RACE技术克隆获得文蛤Smad1/5(Mm-Smad1/5)基因的cDNA全长序列, 对其生物信息学、不同组织和不同发育时期时空表达特征进行分析, 并利用直接测序法分析了外显子区域SNP位点与生长性状的相关性。结果表明: Mm-Smad1/5的cDNA全长序列为1832 bp, 开放阅读框1380 bp, 编码459个氨基酸; 氨基酸多序列比对显示, Mm-Smad1/5蛋白与太平洋牡蛎Smad5、大西洋舟螺Smad1的一致性分别为83.7%和80.2%, 与人、鸡、非洲爪蟾等脊椎动物Smad1、Smad5氨基酸序列的一致性达到70.5%以上, 说明该基因具有较高的保守性; 结构域预测发现, Mm-Smad1/5含有Smads蛋白家族特有MH1、MH2两个高度保守结构域。荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)结果表明, Mm-Smad1/5基因在成体6个组织均有表达, 尤其在斧足、外套膜中表达量显著高于其他组织(P<0.05);Mm-Smad1/5基因在各发育时期广泛表达, 从原肠胚期开始大量表达, 一直持续到壳顶幼虫期, 而从眼点幼虫大量下降, 稚贝时期又有所上升。Mm-Smad1/5基因外显子区域SNP位点相关分析表明, 共发现了9个SNP位点, 其中936 G>T位点与文蛤的生长性状显著相关(P<0.05)。Mm-Smad1/5基因在文蛤生长发育中发挥重要调控作用, 可作为高产良种选育的候选基因, 而生长关联SNP位点分析将为文蛤分子标记辅助育种研究奠定重要基础。     

Applications of an optimized monocot expression vector in studying transient gene expression and stable transformation of barley

Protoplasts of a barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Golden Promise) suspension cell line were used for PEG-mediated gene transfer. Transient gene expression in barley protoplasts was studied using a chimeric CaMV 35S cat construct, which was only poorly expressed in barley cells. However, insertion of exon 1 and intron 1 of the maize Shrunken-1 (Sh1) gene in the 5'-untranslated leader of the construct strongly stimulated gene expression. By using the optimized chimeric cat construction the amount of CAT protein that was reached 19 hours after DNA uptake was 0.5% of total protein, which was calculated from western blot data.
As an alternative marker gene for expression studies, we also tested the firefly luciferase gene in barley protoplasts. Low level expression of chimeric CaMV 35S luciferase genes could be highly stimulated when Sh1 exon1 and intron1 were inserted in the 5'-untranslated leader of the constructs. Enhanced luciferase gene expression by Shrunken-1 intronic sequences enabled us to monitor gene integration events early after DNA uptake using a promoterless luciferase marker gene, which could only be expressed after integration behind an endogenous promoter.     

肝组织特异表达人核受体nr5a2转基因小鼠的构建

人乙肝病毒增强子ⅡB1结合因子（hB1F）系Ftz—F1（NR5A）亚家族的新成员。经基因重组法将人hb1 fcDNA置于小鼠白蛋白增慢子／启动子序列下游构建成肝特异重组载体,通过原核显微注射将该载体导入小鼠受精卵原核,经注射且状态良好的卯回输至假孕母鼠输卯管。产下仔鼠经PCR和Southern blotting鉴定,同时RT—PCR和Western blotting分析转基因的表达。阳性Founder鼠与正常C57鼠交配以建立转基因纯系小鼠,F1代以PCR法鉴定。结果共获得4只PCR鉴定转基因阳性Founder鼠,其中一只同时经Southern blotting鉴定为阳性。RT—PCR和Western blotting结果显示,外源基因在转基因小鼠的肝组织成功表达。遗传学分析表明,转基因已整合入小鼠基因组并可稳定溃传。