开放式空气CO2浓度增高试验中的NO和NO2地气交换观测研究

介绍了农田FACE(free-air CO₂ enrichment)试验中的NO和NO₂地气交换观测方法,即静态暗箱采样—NO和NO₂化学发光分析法,并对观测结果进行了分析讨论.此观测方法简单、易于操作,并可获得可靠的NO和NO₂净交换通量观测结果.在稻麦轮作农田的旱地阶段,无论FACE还是对照处理,NO主要表现为地面净排放,NO₂主要表现为地面净吸收.逐日的NO净排放不依赖于土壤温度,但却与土壤含水量呈线性负相关(R²=0.82,P<0.001).NO₂净吸收具有明显的季节变化特征,逐日的净吸收通量随土壤温度和土壤含水量的变化可分别用抛物线方程拟合(温度:R²=0.74,P<0.001;含水量:R²=0.69,P<0.001).大气CO₂浓度升高200±40μmol·mol^-1使NO净排放减弱19%(t检验P=0.096),NO₂净吸收减弱10%(t检验P=0.26),这主要是植物生长受到促进的缘故.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高影响稻田-大气CO2净交换的静态暗箱法观测研究

首先介绍静态暗箱法 气相色谱法观测确定陆地生态系统地 气CO2 净交换通量的基本原理和方法 ,然后讨论在开放式空气CO2 增加 (FACE)试验中应用该原理和方法观测研究大气CO2 浓度升高对稻田生态系统 大气CO2 净交换通量的影响 .因缺乏必要参数的实际观测值 ,本文只能根据暗箱观测值计算CO2 净交换通量的最小取值NEEmin.NEEmin计算结果表明 ,在插秧 1个月之后的水稻生长期内 ,大气CO2浓度升高 2 0 0± 4 0 μmol·mol-1使稻田生态系统对大气CO2 的净吸收约为对照的 3倍 .为根据暗箱观测准确确定NEE ,还必须在FACE和对照条件下观测水稻植株的暗维持呼吸系数、地上生物量及根冠比动态 .     

成都平原水稻-小麦轮作系统NO排放及其主要影响因素

应用静态暗箱-化学发光氮氧化物分析法对成都平原水稻-小麦轮作系统进行了1.5个轮作周期的NO排放定位观测,分析了NO排放特征及施氮、土壤温度、土壤湿度和作物参与对NO排放的影响。结果表明:成都平原水稻-小麦轮作系统在不施氮情况下,表现为土壤NO负排放(吸收),而施氮(N150kg/hm²)时NO排放通量为(5.5±3.3)μg m^-2 h^-1,施氮能显著增加土壤NO排放量,并且其效应在水热条件较好的水稻季更明显。整个观测期NO排放量有56.1%来自水稻季,而2个小麦季和休闲期NO排放量分别占32.5%和11.4%,由于休闲期NO高排放主要是作物收获后的几次翻地引起的,因此,减少休闲期翻地次数可能会有效减少NO排放。土壤温度是影响NO排放的首要环境因素,并且两者呈线性回归关系,土壤湿度对NO排放的影响因土壤湿度本身状况而异,土壤湿度条件较差时,其增加有利于NO排放,而当土壤湿度较好时会抑制NO排放。此外,土壤水热条件还是造成NO负排放(吸收)和作物参与对水稻季和小麦季NO排放贡献有别的重要原因。     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高影响稻田大气CO2净交换的静态暗箱法观测研究

首先介绍静态暗箱法气相色谱法观测确定陆地生态系统地气CO₂净交换通量的基本原理和方法,然后讨论在开放式空气CO₂增加(FACE)试验中应用该原理和方法观测研究大气CO₂浓度升高对稻田生态系统大气CO₂净交换通量的影响.因缺乏必要参数的实际观测值,本文只能根据暗箱观测值计算CO₂净交换通量的最小取值NEE_min.NEE_min计算结果表明,在插秧1个月之后的水稻生长期内,大气CO₂浓度升高200±40μmol·mol^-1使稻田生态系统对大气CO₂的净吸收约为对照的3倍.为根据暗箱观测准确确定NEE,还必须在FACE和对照条件下观测水稻植株的暗维持呼吸系数、地上生物量及根冠比动态.     

生物炭与氮肥对旱作春玉米农田CO_2和CH_4排放特征的影响

为了研究生物炭与氮肥对旱作春玉米农田CO_2和CH_4排放通量季节变化、累积排放总量及CO_2+CH_4排放强度的影响,试验设置C_0N_0(不加生物炭,不施氮肥)、C_0N_1(不加生物炭,施氮肥225kg·hm~(-2))和C_1N_1(添加生物炭50t·hm~(-2),施氮肥225kg·hm~(-2))3个处理,采用密闭式静态暗箱-气相色谱法对不同生物炭和氮肥输入旱作春玉米农田CO_2和CH_4排放通量进行连续观测,同时对影响通量变化的0~20cm土层温度和水分因子进行测定。结果表明:(1)试验期内不同处理春玉米农田均表现为CO_2累积通量的源,且CO_2排放通量均呈现一定的峰值变化规律。(2)C_1N_1处理减少了春玉米生长季农田CO_2排放通量和累积排放总量,在试验的2个生长季内农田CO_2平均排放通量和累积排放总量各处理均表现为C_0N_0C_0N_1C_1N_1,且C_1N_1处理降低显著。(3)土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤温度变化呈显著正相关关系,可用指数方程和二次方程较好拟合二者关系,且与10cm土层温度的相关性优于0cm土层温度,但土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤含水量呈负相关关系。(4)试验各处理农田土壤CH_4排放通量在-16.08~-73.96μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)之间,表现为大气CH_4的净吸收库;C_1N_1处理增加了土壤CH_4排放通量和累积排放总量,但作用效果的显著性受年际环境因子的影响;农田土壤CH_4排放通量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤温度呈显著负相关关系。研究发现,添加生物炭和施氮减少了旱作农田春玉米生长季CO_2排放通量和累积排放总量,增加了CH_4排放通量和累积排放总量,总体上显著增加了春玉米产量,显著减少农田CO_2+CH_4排放强度。     

稻草覆盖对冬闲稻田二氧化碳通量的影响

通过研究稻草覆盖对土壤含水量、土壤温度及田间杂草生长的影响,探讨了亚热带红壤性稻田生态系统冬闲期稻草覆盖对CO2通量的影响及其机理.结果表明:稻草覆盖主要通过两个途径影响冬闲稻田的CO2通量:一是稻草覆盖对土壤温度有正效应,使稻田生态系统CO2排放量显著增加,试验期间覆盖处理平均净排放1.99 g CO2·m-2·d-1,而对照处理平均净吸收2.68 g CO2·m-2·d-1,两者差异达极显著水平(P《0.01);二是稻草覆盖使田间杂草的生物量及其吸收的光合有效辐射显著减少, 导致覆盖处理白天CO2排放量提高.稻草覆盖处理土壤表层(0～15 cm)相对含水量比无覆盖处理提高了9%以上,但未对CO2通量的变化产生显著影响.     

黄土高原冬小麦田土壤CH4通量对人工降水的短期响应

为了解黄土高原旱作农田土壤CH4排放对不同降水事件的短期响应过程,分别在冬小麦拔节期和夏闲期进行了人工模拟降水试验,对1~32 mm不同降水量模拟降水后0~72 h土壤CH4排放通量进行了观测.结果表明:模拟降水后旱作农田土壤CH4排放通量变化特征表现出两种不同的模式:低降水量(1、3和8 mm)处理为波动变化,高降水量(16和32 mm)处理呈单峰型变化.降水后72 h土壤CH4累积通量(CH4-C)与降水量(P)呈显著线性正相关(冬小麦拔节期:CH4-C=2.45P-6.09,R2=0.92,P<0.01;夏闲期:CH4-C=2.43P-4.73,R2=0.91,P<0.01).相关分析表明,土壤CH4通量与土壤含水量和土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著相关,而与土壤温度不相关.少量降水(1~8 mm)可以在短期内促进旱作农田土壤对CH4的吸收,加强土壤作为大气CH4汇的强度,然而这种促进作用也会随降水量的增大和降水的下渗而削弱.较大降水(≥16 mm)可以刺激土壤产甲烷菌活性促进CH4释放,在短期内使旱作农田土壤由单一的汇功能转变为汇源双重功能.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高条件下旱地土壤气体CO2浓度廓线测定

设计了一套适合于FACE(free airCO2 enrichment)平台的旱地土壤气体CO2 浓度廓线测定方法 ,并将其应用于田间实验 .在江苏省无锡市郊区具有太湖地区典型水稻土的稻麦轮作农田 ,对FACE和对照麦田以及裸土 0～ 30cm土层的土壤气体CO2 浓度廓线进行了观测研究 .结果表明 ,所采用的方法满足进行旱地农田土壤气体CO2 浓度廓线研究的要求 ;在 0～ 30cm土层中 ,上层土壤气体中的CO2 向上垂直扩散要比下层土壤快 ;在作物旺盛生长期 ,大气CO2 浓度升高 2 0 0± 4 0 μmol·mol-1使 0～ 30cm土层的土壤气体CO2 浓度显著提高 14 %± 5 % (t 检验P <0 .0 0 1) .     

东北温带次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放通量

2007年6月-2008年6月,在帽儿山用静态箱/气相色谱法测定了相邻次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH4和N2O通量,结果表明:次生林转变为落叶松人工林后土壤年CH4吸收和年N2O排放通量均显著增加,分别为次生林的1.2倍和3.6倍.两林分CH4和N2O通量表现相似的季节动态,生长季土壤CH4吸收通量和N2O排放通量均高于非生长季.次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH4吸收通量与土壤温度均呈正相关关系,而与土壤含水量呈负相关关系.土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤铵态氮含量均呈正相关关系,而与土壤含水量没有明显相关性.次生林转变为落叶松人工林后,落叶松林地较厚的凋落物层改变了林地土壤水分的格局,影响了土壤的CH4和N2O通量.     

bcl-2与FAS在NO介导的肝细胞凋亡中的作用

目的　探讨bcl 2与FAS在NO介导的重型肝炎肝细胞凋亡中的作用。方法　雌性Balb/C小鼠 2 4只随机分为A、B、C、D 4组 ,每组 6只 ,分别为正常对照组、模型组、L Arg干预组 (NO供体干预 )、L NAME干预组 (NOS抑制剂干预 )。各组动物均于用药后 6h处死 ,留取血清、肝组织。用Griess法测定血清NO代谢产物NO-2 ,TUNEL原位检测肝细胞凋亡状况并计算凋亡指数 ,免疫组织化学法检测各组肝组织Fas表达及原位杂交技术检测各组肝组织bcl 2mRNA的表达。结果　 1.应用NO合成干预因素后 ,C组及D组NO-2 水平分别较B组升高及降低。 2 .正常肝组织经TUNEL检测未见凋亡细胞 ,其凋亡指数为 0。B组存在肝细胞凋亡现象 ,凋亡指数为 16 2 7% ,C组凋亡指数上升 (2 4 5 2 % ) ,而D组凋亡指数下降 (7 92 ) % ,组间比较有显著性差异 ,P值 <0 0 1。 3.正常肝细胞内未见Fas蛋白及bcl 2mRNA表达。B组Fas表达较广泛 ,C及D组Fas表达呈不同程度的增强和减弱 ;组间比较差异有显著性 ,P值 <0 0 1。B组及C组均未见bcl 2mRNA杂交信号 ,仅D组见肝细胞内出现杂交信号。结论　高水平的NO具有明显的促进肝细胞凋亡的作用。NO对于肝细胞的损伤可以通过介导凋亡的方式实现。NO在介导肝细胞凋亡的过程中 ,启动了FAS凋亡途径 ,而抑制NO的过量产生可     

华东稻麦轮作生态系统冬小麦田NO排放观测研究

在采用基于箱法的自动观测技术对华东稻麦轮作生态系统的整个小麦生育期进行了ＮＯ排放全天候连续观测基础上,本文讨论了华东麦田ＮＯ排放的季节变化和变化特征以及温度、土壤湿度、施肥和植物生长的影响,华东冬小麦田的ＮＯ排放很明显地表现为”春高、秋低、冬无“的季节变化趋势,温度是决定其季节变化基本形式的首要因素,尽管施氮肥可以增加当季ＮＯ排放５－７倍,但却能不改变ＮＯ排放的季节变化格局,在植物生长活动较弱的情     

Exchange of NO and NO2 between wheat canopy monoliths and the atmosphere

The fluxes of NO and NO₂ between wheat canopy monoliths and the atmosphere were investigated with the dynamic chamber technique. For this purpose monoliths were dug out at different plant growth stages from a field site, transported to the institute, and placed in an environmental growth chamber. The wheat canopy monoliths were exposed over a period of four days to the average ratios of atmospheric NO₂ and NO measured at the field site, i.e. NO₂ concentration of about 18 mL L^-1 plus NO concentration lower than 0.5 nL L^-1. Under these conditions NO emission into the atmosphere and NO₂ deposition into canopy monoliths was observed. Both fluxes showed diurnal variation with maximum rates during the light and minimum rates during darkness. NO₂ fluxes correlated with soil temperature as well as with light intensity. NO fluxes correlated with soil temperature but not with light intensity. From the investigation performed the diurnal variation of the NO and NO₂ compensation points, the maximum rates of NO and NO₂ emission, and the total resistances of NO and NO₂ fluxes were calculated. Under the assumption that the measured data are representative for the whole vegetation period, annual fluxes of NO and NO₂ were estimated. Annual NO emission into the atmosphere amounted to 87 mg N m^-2 y^-1 (0.87 kg ha^-1 y^-1), annual NO₂ deposition into canopy monoliths amounted to 1273 mg N m^-2 y^-1 (12.73 kg ha^-1 y^-1). Apparently, the uptake of atmospheric nitrogen by the wheat field from NO₂ deposition is about 15 times higher than the loss of nitrogen from NO emission. It can therefore be assumed that even in rural areas wheat fields are a considerable sink for atmospheric nitrogen. The annual sink strength estimated in the present study is ca. 12 kg N ha^-1 y^-1. The possible origin of the NO emitted and the fate of atmospheric NO₂ taken up by the wheat canopy monoliths are discussed.Preliminary results of this paper were presented at the Joint Workshop COST 611/Working Party 3 and EUROTRAC in Delft, The Netherlands (Ludwig et al., 1991).     

大气CO2浓度增高对麦田土壤硝化和反硝化细菌的影响

硝化和反硝化细菌是土壤中与氮转化有关的微生物菌群 ,大气CO2 浓度升高可能对它们的数量产生影响。位于中国无锡的稻 麦轮作农田生态系统FACE平台 2 0 0 1年 6月开始运行。本试验在 2 0 0 3年小麦生长季研究了土壤 (0～ 5cm和 5～ 10cm土层 )中硝化和反硝化细菌在大气CO2 浓度升高条件下的变化。试验采用最大可能法 (MPN)计这两种微生物菌群的数量。结果表明 ,0～ 5cm土层硝化菌数拔节期和成熟期FACE低于对照 ,而孕穗期FACE高于对照 ,5～ 10cm土层硝化菌数越冬期与成熟期FACE低于对照 ,大气CO2 浓度升高使得麦田土壤硝化细菌数目减少。 0～ 5cm土层各个生长期反硝化菌数FACE与对照均没有明显差异 ,5～ 10cm土层反硝化菌数拔节期FACE低于对照 ,大气CO2 浓度升高对麦田土壤反硝化菌的影响不大。     

Influence of acid rain and liming on fluxes of NO and NO2 from forest soil

Flux measurements of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were performed in a coniferous forest (Höglwald) in southern Germany using a fully automated measuring system based on the dynamic chamber method. The forest soil was predominately a source of NO, but mean flux rates of NO ranged from –26.3 (deposition) to 55 g N m^-2 h_-1 (emission). NO₂ was deposited on the forest soil with mean flux rates ranging from –4 to –72 g N m^-2 h_-1 . Removal of forest floor vegetation did not influence NO or NO₂ fluxes. Apparently, forest floor vegetation was neither a source of NO nor a significant sink of NO₂. When the organic layer of the forest soil was removed, net NO flux changed from emission to deposition. Thus NO emitted to the atmosphere was produced almost exclusively in the organic layer of the forest soil. Liming caused a significant decrease in the rate of NO emission by 43 to 100%, whereas irrigation with simulated acid rain increased the emission of NO by a factor of 3.1. Irrigation with simulated normal rain decreased the emission of NO by 35 to 100%. No such effects could be detected for the deposition of NO₂.     

Effects of soil moisture content and temperature on methane uptake by grasslands on sandy soils

Aerobic grasslands may consume significant amounts of atmospheric methane (CH4). We aimed (i) to assess the spatial and temporal variability of net CH4 fluxes from grasslands on aerobic sandy soils, and (ii) to explain the variability in net CH4 fluxes by differences in soil moisture content and temperature. Net CH4 fluxes were measured with vented closed flux chambers at two sites with low N input on sandy soils in the Netherlands: (i) Wolfheze, a heather grassland, and (ii) Bovenbuurtse Weilanden, a grassland which is mown twice a year. Spatial variability of net CH4 fluxes was analysed using geostatistics. In incubation experiments, the effects of soil moisture content and temperature on CH4 uptake capacity were assessed. Temporal variability of net CH4 fluxes at Wolfheze was related to differences in soil temperature (r2 of 0.57) and soil moisture content (r2 of 0.73). Atmospheric CH4 uptake was highest at high soil temperatures and intermediate soil moisture contents. Spatial variability of net CH4 fluxes was high, both at Wolfheze and at Bovenbuurtse Weilanden. Incubation experiments showed that, at soil moisture contents lower than 5% (w/w), CH4 uptake was completely inhibited, probably due to physiological water stress of methanotrophs. At soil moisture contents higher than 50% (w/w), CH4 uptake was greatly reduced, probably due to the slow down of diffusive CH4 and O2 transport in the soil, which may have resulted in reduced CH4 oxidation and possibly some CH4 production. Optimum soil moisture contents for CH4 uptake were in the range of 20 – 35% (w/w), as prevailing in the field. The sensitivity of CH4 uptake to soil moisture content may result in short-term variability of net atmospheric CH4 uptake in response to precipitation and evapotranspiration, as well as in long-term variability due to changing precipitation patterns as a result of climate change.     

垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦田的土壤呼吸

通过大田试验研究了垄沟覆膜栽培条件下冬小麦生长过程中土壤呼吸规律。结果表明,垄沟覆膜栽培条件下垄脊土壤呼吸速率高于平作栽培,而垄沟部土壤呼吸速率小于平作。冬小麦生育期内垄脊平均呼吸速率为(2.06±0.44)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,垄沟为(0.75±0.11)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,而平作栽培为(1.14±0.20)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1。土壤呼吸季节变化显著,越冬期低,夏季高。不同生育期土壤呼吸日变化规律不同,越冬前和返青期土壤呼吸与土壤温度成正相关,随着土壤温度的升高而增加,呈单峰曲线;拔节期后垄脊部的土壤呼吸日变化明显,呈现双峰曲线;而平作和垄沟的土壤呼吸速率平稳,没有明显峰值。5 cm土壤温度与土壤呼吸之间的相关性最好。在一定范围内(<24—31℃),土壤呼吸随着温度的增加而增加,温度过高反而会抑制土壤呼吸速率。土壤呼吸f(R)与5 cm土壤温度之间的关系可以用二次函数表示;5 cm土壤温度T和土壤含水量W的交互效应可用函数:f(R)=a(bT2+cT)(1+dln(2W)/T)+e表示。垄沟覆膜栽培显著改变了冬小麦田的土壤呼吸作用。     

长期施肥对NO3^——N深层积累和土壤剖面中水分分布的影响

研究了旱地农业系统中,长期不同施肥条件下,降水对NO3^--N积累、剖面水分分布以及N有收量、回收率影响及其相互之间的关系。结果表明,降水和氮肥施用量显著影响作物产量。施用氮肥在土壤剖面中造成NO3^--N深层积累,其中NPM处理累积层位于60－120cm,累积量相当于3.0年的年度施肥量（120kg·hm^-2）,NP处理累积层位于80－140cm,相当于1.4年施肥量。随着降水的年际间波动,进化论在丰水年、平水年还是干旱年,NPM处理耗水量＞NP处理＞M处理＞P,CK处理。12年不同施肥造成了土壤剖面水分差异。冬小麦播种前不同施肥处理0－100cm水分剖面分布差别不大,NPM处理、NP处理（除丰水年外）,土壤100－300cm含水量迅速降低,干旱年M处理缓慢降低,P和CK处理在任何年份变化都不大,氮肥回收率随着降水的波动也呈现相应的高低变化,NPM、NP处理的高低波动幅度最大。NPM、NP处理NO3^-－N累积与N素回收率的降低、土壤水分亏缺基本吻合。由此也反映了水分－作物－施肥三者之间存在的内在制约关系。     

Processes leading to N2O and NO emissions from two different Chinese soils under different soil moisture contents

Background and Aims

Great attention has been paid to N₂O emissions from paddy soils under summer rice-winter wheat double-crop rotation, while less focus was given to the NO emissions. Besides, neither mechanism is completely understood. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O and NO emissions from the two soils at different soil moisture contents

Methods

N₂O and NO emissions during one winter wheat season were simultaneously measured in situ in two rice-wheat based field plots at two different locations in Jiangsu Province, China. One soil was neutral in pH with silt loam texture (NSL), the other soil alkaline in pH with a clay texture (AC). A ¹⁵?N tracer incubation experiment was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the relative importance of nitrification and denitrification for N₂O and NO emissions at soil moisture contents of 40 % water holding capacity (WHC), 65 % WHC and 90 % WHC.

Results

Higher N₂O emission rates in the AC soil than in the NSL soil were found both in the field and in the laboratory experiments; however, the differences in N₂O emissions between AC soil and NSL soil were smaller in the field than in the laboratory. In the latter experiment, nitrification was observed to be the more important source of N₂O emissions (>70 %) than denitrification, regardless of the soils and moisture treatments, with the only exception of the AC soil at 90 % WHC, at which the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions were comparable. The ratios of NO/N₂O also supported the evidence that the nitrification process was the dominant source of N₂O and NO both in situ and in the laboratory. The proportion of nitrified N emitted as N₂O (P _N2O ) in NSL soil were around 0.02 % in all three moisture treatments, however, P _N2O in the AC soil (0.04 % to 0.10 %) tended to decrease with increasing soil moisture content.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that N₂O emission rates obtained from laboratory incubation experiments are not suitable for the estimation of the true amount of N₂O fluxes on a field scale. Besides, the variations of P _N2O with soil property and soil moisture content should be taken into account in model simulations of N₂O emission from soils.