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1.
Fungal entomopathogens are often studied within the context of their use for biological control, yet these natural enemies are also excellent subjects for studies of ecological interactions. Here, we present selected principles from community ecology and discuss these in relation to fungal entomopathogens. We discuss the relevance of apparent competition, food web construction, intraguild predation and density-mediated and trait-mediated indirect effects. Although current knowledge of community interactions involving fungal entomopathogens are limited, fungal entomopathogens can be important, interactive members of communities and the activities of fungal entomopathogens should be evaluated in the context of ecological principles. We also discuss aspects of metapopulation ecology and the application of these principles to fungal entomopathogens. Knowledge of ecological interactions is crucial if we are to understand and predict the effects of fungal entomopathogens on host populations and understand the interactions among fungal entomopathogens and other organisms in the communities in which they occur. 相似文献
2.
Fungal‐host diversity among mycoheterotrophic plants increases proportionally to their fungal‐host overlap
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Sofia I. F. Gomes Vincent S. F. T. Merckx Serguei Saavedra 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(10):3623-3630
The vast majority of plants obtain an important proportion of vital resources from soil through mycorrhizal fungi. Generally, this happens in exchange of photosynthetically fixed carbon, but occasionally the interaction is mycoheterotrophic, and plants obtain carbon from mycorrhizal fungi. This process results in an antagonistic interaction between mycoheterotrophic plants and their fungal hosts. Importantly, the fungal‐host diversity available for plants is restricted as mycoheterotrophic interactions often involve narrow lineages of fungal hosts. Unfortunately, little is known whether fungal‐host diversity may be additionally modulated by plant–plant interactions through shared hosts. Yet, this may have important implications for plant competition and coexistence. Here, we use DNA sequencing data to investigate the interaction patterns between mycoheterotrophic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We find no phylogenetic signal on the number of fungal hosts nor on the fungal hosts shared among mycoheterotrophic plants. However, we observe a potential trend toward increased phylogenetic diversity of fungal hosts among mycoheterotrophic plants with increasing overlap in their fungal hosts. While these patterns remain for groups of plants regardless of location, we do find higher levels of overlap and diversity among plants from the same location. These findings suggest that species coexistence cannot be fully understood without attention to the two sides of ecological interactions. 相似文献
3.
Modeling interactions between fungi and their hosts at the systems level requires a molecular understanding both of how the host orchestrates immune surveillance and tolerance, and how this activation, in turn, affects fungal adaptation and survival. The transition from the commensal to pathogenic state, and the co-evolution of fungal strains within their hosts, necessitates the molecular dissection of fungal traits responsible for these interactions. There has been a dramatic increase in publically available genome-wide resources addressing fungal pathophysiology and host-fungal immunology. The integration of these existing data and emerging large-scale technologies addressing host-pathogen interactions requires novel tools to connect genome-wide data sets and theoretical approaches with experimental validation so as to identify inherent and emerging properties of host-pathogen relationships and to obtain a holistic view of infectious processes. If successful, a better understanding of the immune response in health and microbial diseases will eventually emerge and pave the way for improved therapies. 相似文献
4.
Saprotrophic fungal community composition, determined by the outcomes of competitive mycelial interactions, represents a key determinant of woodland carbon and nutrient cycling. Atmospheric warming is predicted to drive changes in fungal community composition. Grazing by invertebrates can also exert selective pressures on fungal communities and alter the outcome of competitive fungal interactions; their potential to do so is determined by grazing intensity. Temperature regulates the abundance of soil collembola, but it remains unclear whether this will alter the top-down determination of fungal community composition. We use soil microcosms to explore the direct (via effects on interacting fungi) and indirect (by influencing top-down grazing pressures) effects of a 3 °C temperature increase on the outcomes of competitive interactions between cord-forming basidiomycete fungi. By differentially affecting the fungal growth rates, warming reversed the outcomes of specific competitive interactions. Collembola populations also increased at elevated temperature, and these larger, more active, populations exerted stronger grazing pressures. Consequently, grazing mitigated the effects of temperature on these interactions, restoring fungal communities to those recorded at ambient temperature. The interactive effects of biotic and abiotic factors are a key in determining the functional and ecological responses of microbial communities to climate change. 相似文献
5.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Laccase Activity in Interacting Mycelia of Wood-Decaying Basidiomycete Fungi 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract
Interspecific fungal interactions are important ecological processes, whereas their physiological mechanisms are little understood.
The aim of this work was to study how activity of fungal extracellular laccase was changed across mycelia during interactions
between white- and brown-rot basidiomycetes from different wood decay stages. Qualitative assay of eight species interacting
with each other in all combinations showed four spatial patterns of laccase activity: (I) laccase activity present both in
contact zone and mycelium, (II) laccase activity only in contact zone, (III) laccase activity in mycelium but not in contact
zone, (IV) no laccase activity. Presence of laccase activity only in the contact zone was more frequent than expected from
random samples associated with mycelia that replaced other ones. On the other hand, the presence of laccase activity in the
mycelium but not in the contact zone was only attributed to fungal species that were replaced by their antagonists. After
one month, laccase activity was distributed over mycelia more homogeneously than after 6 days of interactions. In interacting
mycelia, laccase activity was higher than in control and increasing with time. Saprotrophic fungi from late successional stages
of wood decay generally had higher laccase activity than early succession saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi. The qualitative
assays were confirmed by quantitative assay of total laccase activity. Significance of the results in antagonistic fungal
interactions as well as in the processes of hyphal tip growth and mycelium senescence is discussed.
Received: 6 October 1999; Accepted: 1 February 2000; Online Publication: 5 May 2000 相似文献
6.
Zhongtao Zhao Xiaojuan Li Ming Fai Liu Vincent S. F. T. Merckx Richard M. K. Saunders Dianxiang Zhang 《The ISME journal》2021,15(6):1614
Mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) growing on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) usually maintain specialized mycorrhizal associations. The level of specificity varies between MHPs, although it remains largely unknown whether interactions with mycorrhizal fungi differ by plant lineage, species, and/or by population. Here, we investigate the mycorrhizal interactions among Burmannia species (Burmanniaceae) with different trophic modes using high-throughput DNA sequencing. We characterized the inter- and intraspecific dynamics of the fungal communities by assessing the composition and diversity of fungi among sites. We found that fully mycoheterotrophic species are more specialized in their fungal associations than chlorophyllous species, and that this specialization possibly results from the gradual loss of some fungal groups. In particular, although many fungal species were shared by different Burmannia species, fully MHP species typically host species-specific fungal assemblages, suggesting that they have a preference for the selected fungi. Although no apparent cophylogenetic relationship was detected between fungi and plants, we observe that evolutionarily closely related plants tend to have a greater proportion of shared or closely related fungal partners. Our findings suggest a host preference and specialization toward fungal assemblages in Burmannia, improving understanding of interactions between MHPs and fungi.Subject terms: Fungi, Plant sciences, Evolution 相似文献
7.
《Fungal Ecology》2021
Crops’ wild relatives host a wide range of microorganisms, including some beneficial species that are not found or are under-represented in the domesticated crops. Our goal was to study the underexplored composition of root-associated fungal communities in endangered wild grapevines. We found high taxonomic diversity representing multiple trophic guilds that include beneficial symbiotrophs and endophytes. Soil factors explain a relatively small part of their overall variability. In contrast, the majority of the associated fungal taxa shows a close fit to the neutral model for prediction of their distributions. Only beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the pathogenic Ilyonectria depart from the neutral distribution model and form intimate interactions with the plant host. In addition, pathogenic fungi rarely occurred in samples that included ectomycorrhizal fungi, which suggested potentially applicable inter-microorganism interactions. High abundance and diversity of fungal endophytes on the wild grapevine roots highlight the need for their careful consideration in future studies. 相似文献
8.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed by fungi in the course of metabolic activity. ROS production increases in fungi due to various stress agents such as starvation, light, mechanical damage, and interactions with some other living organisms. Regulation of ROS level appears to be very important during development of the fungal organism. ROS sources in fungal cells, their sensors, and ROS signal transduction pathways are discussed in this review. Antioxidant defense systems in different classes of fungi are characterized in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on ROS functions in interactions of phytopathogenic fungi with plant cells. 相似文献
9.
Miransari M 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2011,89(4):917-930
The soil environment is interesting and complicated. There are so many interactions taking place in the soil, which determine
the properties of soil as a medium for the growth and activities of plants and soil microorganisms. The soil fungi, arbuscular
mycorrhiza (AM), are in mutual and beneficial symbiosis with most of the terrestrial plants. AM fungi are continuously interactive
with a wide range of soil microorganisms including nonbacterial soil microorganisms, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,
mycorrhiza helper bacteria and deleterious bacteria. Their interactions can have important implications in agriculture. There
are some interesting interactions between the AM fungi and soil bacteria including the binding of soil bacteria to the fungal
spore, the injection of molecules by bacteria into the fungal spore, the production of volatiles by bacteria and the degradation
of fungal cellular wall. Such mechanisms can affect the expression of genes in AM fungi and hence their performance and ecosystem
productivity. Hence, consideration of such interactive behavior is of significance. In this review, some of the most important
findings regarding the interactions between AM fungi and soil bacteria with some new insights for future research are presented. 相似文献
10.
The behavioural response of an insect to a fungal pathogen will have a direct effect on the efficacy of the fungus as a biological
control agent. In this paper we describe two processes that have a significant effect on the interactions between insects
and entomopathogenic fungi: (a) the ability of target insects to detect and avoid fungal pathogens and (b) the transmission
of fungal pathogens between host insects. The behavioural interactions between insects and entomopathogenic fungi are described
for a variety of fungal pathogens ranging from commercially available bio-pesticides to non-formulated naturally occurring
pathogens. The artificial manipulation of insect behaviour using dissemination devices to contaminate insects with entomopathogenic
fungi is then described. The implications of insect behaviour on the use of fungal pathogens as biological control agents
are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Madhav P. Thakur Vera Quast Nicole M. van Dam Nico Eisenhauer Christiane Roscher Arjen Biere Ainhoa Martinez‐Medina 《Oikos》2019,128(8):1136-1146
Plants form mutualistic relationship with a variety of belowground fungal species. Such a mutualistic relationship can enhance plant growth and resistance to pathogens. Yet, we know little about how interactions between functionally diverse groups of fungal mutualists affect plant performance and competition. We experimentally determined the effects of interaction between two functional groups of belowground fungi that form mutualistic relationship with plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Trichoderma, on interspecific competition between pairs of closely related plant species from four different genera. We hypothesized that the combination of two functionally diverse belowground fungal species would allow plants and fungi to partition their symbiotic relationships and relax plant–plant competition. Our results show that: 1) the AM fungal species consistently outcompeted the Trichoderma species independent of plant combinations; 2) the fungal species generally had limited effects on competitive interactions between plants; 3) however, the combination of fungal species relaxed interspecific competition in one of the four instances of plant–plant competition, despite the general competitive superiority of AM fungi over Trichoderma. We highlight that the competitive outcome between functionally diverse fungal species may show high consistency across a broad range of host plants and their combinations. However, despite this consistent competitive hierarchy, the consequences of their interaction for plant performance and competition can strongly vary among plant communities. 相似文献
12.
《Fungal Biology Reviews》2018,32(2):62-85
Trichoderma species are opportunistic fungi residing primarily in soil, tree bark and on wild mushrooms. Trichoderma is capable of killing other fungi and penetrating plant roots, and is commonly used as both a biofungicide and inducer of plant defence against pathogens. These fungi also exert other beneficial effects on plants including growth promotion and tolerance to abiotic stresses, primarily mediated by their intimate interactions with roots. In root–microbe interactions (both beneficial and harmful), fungal secreted proteins play a crucial role in establishing contact with the roots, fungal attachment, root penetration and triggering of plant responses. In Trichoderma–root interactions, the sucrose present in root exudates has been demonstrated to be important in fungal attraction. Attachment to roots is mediated by hydrophobin-like proteins, and secreted swollenins and plant cell wall degrading enzymes facilitate internalization of the fungal hyphae. During the early stage of penetration, suppression of plant defence is vital to successful initial root colonisation; this is mediated by small soluble cysteine-rich secreted proteins (effector-like proteins). Up to this stage, Trichoderma's behaviour is similar to that of a plant pathogen invading root structures. However, subsequent events like oxidative bursts, the synthesis of salicylic acid by the plants, and secretion of elicitor-like proteins by Trichoderma spp. differentiate this fungus from pathogens. These processes induce immunity in plants that help counter subsequent invasion by plant pathogens and insects. In this review, we present an inventory of soluble secreted proteins from Trichoderma that might play an active role in beneficial Trichoderma–plant interactions, and review the function of such proteins where known. 相似文献
13.
14.
Nrupali Patel Peter V. Oudemans Bradley I. Hillman Donald Y. Kobayashi 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》2013,103(6):1271-1280
Despite substantial interest investigating bacterial mechanisms of fungal growth inhibition, there are few methods available that quantify fungal cell death during direct interactions with bacteria. Here we describe an in vitro cell suspension assay using the tetrazolium salt MTT as a viability stain to assess direct effects of the bacterial antagonist Lysobacter enzymogenes on hyphal cells of the filamentous fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. The effects of bacterial cell density, fungal age and the physiological state of fungal mycelia on fungal cell viability were evaluated. As expected, increased bacterial cell density correlated with reduced fungal cell viability over time. Bacterial effects on fungal cell viability were influenced by both age and physiological state of the fungal mycelium. Cells obtained from 1-week-old mycelia lost viability faster compared with those from 2-week-old mycelia. Likewise, hyphal cells obtained from the lower layer of the mycelial pellicle lost viability more quickly compared with cells from the upper layer of the mycelial pellicle. Fungal cell viability was compared between interactions with L. enzymogenes wildtype strain C3 and a mutant strain, DCA, which was previously demonstrated to lack in vitro antifungal activity. Addition of antibiotics eliminated contributions to MTT-formazan production by bacterial cells, but not by fungal cells, demonstrating that mutant strain DCA had lost complete capacity to reduce fungal cell viability. These results indicate this cell suspension assay can be used to quantify bacterial effects on fungal cells, thus providing a reliable method to differentiate strains during bacterial/fungal interactions. 相似文献
15.
Host-induced gene silencing: a tool for understanding fungal host interaction and for developing novel disease control strategies 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Recent discoveries regarding small RNAs and the mechanisms of gene silencing are providing new opportunities to explore fungal pathogen-host interactions and potential strategies for novel disease control. Plant pathogenic fungi are a constant and major threat to global food security; they represent the largest group of disease-causing agents on crop plants on the planet. An initial understanding of RNA silencing mechanisms and small RNAs was derived from model fungi. Now, new knowledge with practical implications for RNA silencing is beginning to emerge from the study of plant-fungus interactions. Recent studies have shown that the expression of silencing constructs in plants designed on fungal genes can specifically silence their targets in invading pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium verticillioides, Blumeria graminis and Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Here, we highlight the important general aspects of RNA silencing mechanisms and emphasize recent findings from plant pathogenic fungi. Strategies to employ RNA silencing to investigate the basis of fungal pathogenesis are discussed. Finally, we address important aspects for the development of fungal-derived resistance through the expression of silencing constructs in host plants as a powerful strategy to control fungal disease. 相似文献
16.
Melissa A. Danks Natalie Simpson Todd F. Elliott C. E. Timothy Paine Karl Vernes 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(23):12920
Despite the importance of mammal‐fungal interactions, tools to estimate the mammal‐assisted dispersal distances of fungi are lacking. Many mammals actively consume fungal fruiting bodies, the spores of which remain viable after passage through their digestive tract. Many of these fungi form symbiotic relationships with trees and provide an array of other key ecosystem functions. We present a flexible, general model to predict the distance a mycophagous mammal would disperse fungal spores. We modeled the probability of spore dispersal by combining animal movement data from GPS telemetry with data on spore gut‐retention time. We test this model using an exemplar generalist mycophagist, the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor). We show that swamp wallabies disperse fungal spores hundreds of meters—and occasionally up to 1,265 m—from the point of consumption, distances that are ecologically significant for many mycorrhizal fungi. In addition to highlighting the ecological importance of swamp wallabies as dispersers of mycorrhizal fungi in eastern Australia, our simple modeling approach provides a novel and effective way of empirically describing spore dispersal by a mycophagous animal. This approach is applicable to the study of other animal‐fungi interactions in other ecosystems. 相似文献
17.
Further advances in orchid mycorrhizal research 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Dearnaley JD 《Mycorrhiza》2007,17(6):475-486
Orchid mycorrhizas are mutualistic interactions between fungi and members of the Orchidaceae, the world’s largest plant family.
The majority of the world’s orchids are photosynthetic, a small number of species are myco-heterotrophic throughout their
lifetime, and recent research indicates a third mode (mixotrophy) whereby green orchids supplement their photosynthetically
fixed carbon with carbon derived from their mycorrhizal fungus. Molecular identification studies of orchid-associated fungi
indicate a wide range of fungi might be orchid mycobionts, show common fungal taxa across the globe and support the view that
some orchids have specific fungal interactions. Confirmation of mycorrhizal status requires isolation of the fungi and restoration
of functional mycorrhizas. New methods may now be used to store orchid-associated fungi and store and germinate seed, leading
to more efficient culture of orchid species. However, many orchid mycorrhizas must be synthesised before conservation of these
associations can be attempted in the field. Further gene expression studies of orchid mycorrhizas are needed to better understand
the establishment and maintenance of the interaction. These data will add to efforts to conserve this diverse and valuable
association. 相似文献
18.
19.
Nicholas P. Money 《Fungal biology》2021,125(4):257-259
Like other cells, fungal hyphae show exquisite sensitivity to their environment. This reactiveness is demonstrated at many levels, from changes in the form of the hypha resulting from alterations in patterns of exocytosis, to membrane excitation, and mechanisms of wound repair. Growing hyphae detect ridges on surfaces and respond to restrictions in their physical space. These are expressions of cellular consciousness. Fungal mycelia show decision-making and alter their developmental patterns in response to interactions with other organisms. Mycelia may even be capable of spatial recognition and learning coupled with a facility for short-term memory. Now is a fruitful time to recognize the study of fungal ethology as a distinctive discipline within mycology. 相似文献
20.
Some aspects of forest soil and litter ecology in the Dawyck Cryptogamic Sanctuary with a particular reference to fungi
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Here we report on ecology and biodiversity of fungi in a unique mycological sanctuary in Britain, where data on species composition have been collected since 1994. To complement the biodiversity data by the information on the fungal ecological interactions and their role in the overall ecosystem functioning, soil properties and the composition of forest litter and field layer, bacterial population numbers and fungal biomass (in terms of ergosterol) were measured in 8 plots covered with different vegetations (beech, birch, birch-oak-beech, grass) over a May–Aug. period, and the results were analysed by correlation analysis and stepwise regression modelling together with data on protozoa and nematodes available from parallel research. The results highlighted the complexity of factors influencing temporal dynamics and spatial variability of fungal biomass in soil and forest litter. Most of the registered interactions appeared to be transient, and this should be taken into account while interpreting environmental observations. Interpretation of the specific relationships is given and implications for further research and overall ecosystem functioning are discussed. 相似文献