山西五鹿山白皮松群落乔木层的种间关联性分析

根据2×2联列表,运用方差分析、χ2检验、AC指数、Ochiai指数等技术,对山西五鹿山白皮松群落50个样方内的26种乔木的种间总体联结关系以及各种对间关联显著性和关联系数进行分析与测定。结果表明:该地区26种乔木的总体联结关系以正关联为主,表明白皮松林与其外环境是相适应的;种对间以正、负关联两种形式存在,成对物种之间正负关联的出现,是该群落内环境的表现,也是由群落内环境异质性所致。     

山西太岳山稀有濒危植物脱皮榆群落种间关联

研究区域石膏山位于太岳山国家森林公园的北端,是中国脱皮榆较为集中的分布区。基于2×2联列表,通过方差分析、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数检验,对太岳山脱皮榆群落优势种的种间关联性进行研究。方差分析表明:脱皮榆群落的乔木层灌木层总体关联性均呈不显著相关,反映出该地区物种间虽存在一定的联系,但仍然存在独立的分布格局。不同检验结果表明:乔木层、灌木层绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强,这种种间联结的松散性可能与群落目前的发展阶段及物种本身的生态学特性有关,各群落正处于朝稳定方向发展的阶段。     

甘肃小陇山华山松群落灌木层优势种种间关联性分析

通过野外大量调查,选取小陇山华山松林55个样方中的20个常见物种,运用多物种复合关联VR,χ2检验,Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数和关联测度等测算和综合分析群落的种间联接关系,结果表明:(1)多物种关联性(VR)的分析表明华山松林主要组成成员间的关系以正关联为主,说明华山松群落主要种群对生存环境的需求是一致的;(2)20个常见种种对中以华山松-锐齿栎、华山松-栓皮栎、华山松-辽东栎等种对之间呈正关联;锐齿栎-栓皮栎、锐齿栎-盐肤木等呈现负关联;黑刺菝葜、多毛樱桃等为独立关系等,是群落内环境的体现,是群落内环境异质性的表征;(3)依据华山松林种间关系的不同性质把组成群落的20个常见种归纳为3个生态种组,即正关联组、负关联组和独立组;(4)种间关联的研究结果对华山松群落的生境监测、营林管理、林区道路景观再造中的树种选择和配置有一定的实际指导意义。     

山西五鹿山白皮松群落乔灌层的种间分离

种间分离的研究对于揭示种间相互作用、群落组成与动态具有重要意义。为了探讨五鹿山自然保护区白皮松林内物种间的关系及其共存机制,运用ArcGIS软件、N×N最近邻体列联表及其2×2列联表截表的方法、Pielou的分离指数,Hegyi单木竞争指数对山西五鹿山白皮松群落55个样方内的15种乔木和灌木的种间分离规律及9种乔木的种内种间竞争关系进行研究,并根据种间分离情况以及物种对环境的适应方式,将样地中15个物种划分为3个生态种组。结果表明:(1)该群落中随机毗邻种对占绝大多数(80%),正分离种对较少(16.19%),负分离种对极少(3.81%),群落趋于稳定。(2)种间分离在不同种之间存在着一定的差异,正分离常发生在群落中的建群种或优势种之间;而负分离常发生在群落中的优势种和一些伴生种之间。(3)物种的种间分离状况与其种内种间竞争及物种的空间分布格局具有密切的关系,正分离常常发生在种内竞争大于种间竞争呈聚集分布的优势种或建群种之间;而负分离常常发生在种间竞争大于种内竞争的优势种和伴生种之间,且同一生态种组内的物种种间竞争较不同生态种组间激烈。(4)种间分离与群落的生境异质性和物种的生态需求也具有密切的关系,即两个具有不同生境要求的物种之间常常发生正分离;而具有相同或相似生境要求的物种之间常常发生负分离。(5)白皮松群落内物种的总体分离规律为全面不分离。(6)由生境异质性和物种间不同的生态适应性引起的种内种间关系是维持五鹿山自然保护区白皮松群落稳定共存的机制。     

珍稀濒危植物江南油杉群落乔木层主要树种种间关联性分析

基于2×2列联表,采用方差比率法(R_v)、x²检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验等方法,对福建君子峰国家级自然保护区江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis)群落乔木层主要树种进行种间关联性分析,并通过主成分分析(PCA)划分生态种组。结果表明,21种主要树种总体表现为不显著负关联,且江南油杉与其他物种多呈不显著相关。210个种对中,正相关的有110对,负相关的有81对,不相关的有19对,正负比1.36。绝大多数种对间呈不显著相关,显著率仅为0.48%,物种间相互独立。Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验结果具有一致性,负相关种对数大于正相关种对数,绝大多数种对不显著,显著率分别为6.19%和7.14%。与x²检验相比,Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验方式更加灵敏。运用PCA二维排序可将主要树种划分为4个生态种组,同一生态种组内物种的生态习性和资源需求相似,多呈正相关,种对间相互依赖共存;不同生态种组间物种多呈负...     

濒危植物缙云卫矛群落种间联结分析

采用方差比率法（VR）、X^2检验、无中心指数等方法对缙云卫矛（Euonymus chloranthoides）3个群落进行了群落物种间关联性分析。结果表明,3个群落内物种的总体关联均表现为不显著的负关联性;北温泉群落6个主要物种的15个种对中有7个正关联,8个负关联;鸡公山群落8个主要物种的28个种对中有11个正关联,16个负关联,1个相对独立的关系;东温泉群落4个主要物种的6个种对中2个正关联,4个负关联。这反映了整个群落处于不稳定状态,这与生境片断化是密切相关的。种对间的关联性表明缙云卫矛与慈竹间显示出较强的正关联性,这表明缙云卫矛的生长需要慈竹为其提供适宜的生境。     

桂林岩溶石山密花树群落主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性

研究群落内主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性,有助于正确地认识种间关系和物种共存机制,进而能为植被的恢复与重建以及生物多样性保护等提供理论依据。然而桂林岩溶石山密花树群落主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性仍不明确。基于群落调查数据,采用方差比率法(VR)、χ²检验、Pearson相关检验、Spearman秩相关检验和M.Godron稳定性等方法,对该群落主要物种的种间关联及群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:(1)该群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层主要物种间的总体关联性均呈显著负关联;(2)χ²检验结果显示,各层次绝大部分种对均无显著关联,种间关联较松散,各物种间呈独立分布格局;(3) Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现,各层次绝大部分种对均呈不显著相关,种间相关性较弱;(4) M.Godron稳定性结果表明,整个群落及其各垂直层次的稳定性测定结果均远离20/80,皆处于不稳定状态。研究显示桂林岩溶石山密花树群落种间关联较松散,各物种呈相对独立分布格局,群落处于不稳定的演替早期阶段。因此,在岩溶地区植被恢复与重建过程中,应将资源利用方式、生物学特征和生态学习性相近,对生境要求相似的优势乡土物种搭配在一起。此外,可采取适当的抚育措施,调节种间关系,提高群落稳定性。     

紫柏山亚高山草甸群落的种间关联和相关分析

采用方差比率法、x2检验、Jaccard关联指数以及Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了秦岭紫柏山亚高山草甸群落20个主要物种的种间关联与相关性.结果表明:种对间呈显著和极显著关联(相关)的种对较少,x2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验的正负关联(相关)比分别为0.85、0.61和1.02,群落总体上接近无关联,处于相对稳定状态;Spearman秩相关星座图将20个物种划分为4个生态种组,各生态种组内的物种具有相似的生态要求和资源利用方式,不同生态种组间呈现明显的演替转化趋势;种对间呈正关联或者正相关,主要是由于具有相近的生物学特性,对生境具有相似的生态适应性;种对间呈负关联或者负相关,主要由于彼此间具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致.     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要乔木树种的种间关联

分析桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要种群的种间关联性,揭示其种群间的共生关系,可为桂林岩溶石山植被的修复与重建、经营管理和生物多样性保护提供理论依据.基于样方调查,采用χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数(OI)、Dice指数(DI)和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对桂林岩溶石山青冈群落中重要值前22位的乔木物种进行种间关联测定和生态种组划分.结果表明: 研究区22个主要乔木物种总体呈显著正联结,表明该地区青冈群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段;χ²检验结果显示,231个种对中有108个种对呈正联结,115个种对呈负联结,8个种对无联结,正负联结比为93.9%,绝大多数种对呈不显著联结,种对间的独立性较强,主要原因可能在于桂林岩溶石山较高的生境异质性导致物种间的生态位产生分化;AC、PC、OI和DI与χ²检验结果基本一致,种间关联性分析应以χ²检验为基础,辅以AC、PC、OI和DI等指数进行综合研究;根据PCA排序和种间关联关系,将22个主要乔木种群划分为3个生态种组,组内物种对生境具有趋同适应性,组间物种具有不同的生态要求.     

天水小陇山锐齿栎群落种间关系定量分析

应用联结系数研究种间关系,结果显示：锐齿栎和榛子为正联结,对环境要求相同,锐齿栎和胡枝子为负联结,对环境反应不同,和箭竹联结系数较低,联结不明显。     

山西牛奶子群落优势种种间关联性研究

基于2×2联列表,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法对山西牛奶子群落的25个优势种,共300个种对间的关联性进行分析研究。结果表明,25个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈不显著关联,种的分布相对独立。χ2检验结果有121个种对呈正相关,155个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.78;Pearson相关系数检验有111个种对呈正相关,189个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.59;Spearman秩相关系数检验有128个种对呈正相关,172个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.74;Spearman秩相关系数比Pearson相关系数的检验方法灵敏度更高。山西牛奶子群落总体上呈不显著负关联,表明其处于演替过程的初期。     

五针白皮松在群落演替过程中的种间联结性分析

通过方差分析、χ2检验和共同出现百分率PC等的计算,对五针白皮松(Pinus squamata)分布的群落中主要树种间的种间联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：2个五针白皮松分布的群落总体种间关联性为显著正相关,其中半阳坡上的群落为正相关,阴坡上的群落为显著正相关。由于半阳坡上的群落为针阔叶混交林,而阴坡上的群落为常绿阔叶林,表明五针白皮松分布的群落有从针阔叶混交林向常绿阔叶林演替的趋势。χ2检验和共同出现百分率PC的结果说明,阴坡群落的树种间有较密切的正相关,五针白皮松与其他树种总体上无关联性,表明五针白皮松是一个阳性先锋树种,它与其他物种的共同出现往往是由于随机的因素。同时,通过五针白皮松年龄结构并联系云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)与其他物种关系的分析得出结论,五针白皮松的濒危状况可能是在长期的植被演化过程中被阔叶树种排挤所造成的。     

Late Embryogeny of Pinus bungeana

Except for Pseudolarix, which is endemic to China, the late embryogeny of ten genera of Pinaceae has been reported before in the diffferent degree. Among them the mature embryos of Keteleeria evelyniana are different from those of the others in having well-developed cotyledons and a very short hypocotyl. As far as information we have is concerned there are three types in structure of the mature embryos of Pinaceae. The first type occurs in Keteleeria and Cedrus, which have very well-developed cotyledons; the second one appears in Picea and Larix, in which the hypocotyl and the root cap are equal in length; the third one, to which Pinus bungeana belongs, includes all the other genera of Pinaceae. The last type is of a prominent hypocotyl in the mature embryos. It is interesting to note that the mature embryos of Torreya grandis and Keteleeria evelyniana are very similar in having specially developed cotyledons, while the proportions of the various tissues in the mature embryo in Fokienia of Cupressaceae as well as Taxus and Amentotaxus of Taxaceae are similar to those of Pinus bungeana. The pith and secretory cells are usually present in the mature embryos of Pinaceae. Although no pith is present in those of Metasequoia and Taiwania of Taxodiaceae, the secretory cells generally occur in their embryos in Fokienia of Cupressaceae and Taxus and Pseudotaxus of Taxaceae, neither pith nor secretory cells are present in their hypocotyl. From above, the structures of mature embryos among Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae are different from one another to some degree. The most outstanding feature of the matur embryos in Pinus bungeana is that the shoot apex is very well developed, with a high H/D ratio, about 0.83 on an average, even up to 0.96 in some case. Above-mentioned H/D ratio of Pinus bungeana is rare in the mature embryos of conifers. Gifford (1943) reports that the average H/D ratio of shoot apex of Ephedra altissima is from 0.44 to 0.68, while in 5-year-old branch apex of Pinus ponderosa, the average ratio is about 0.25, and that in l5-year-old branch apex is about 0.35. For the apex of the dormant short shoots of Pinus densiflora the average ratio is about 0.35, but that of shoot apex is about 0.52 when new buds have just formed. According to the present data about shoot apices of both branches and mature embryos, the average ratio of shoot apex of mature embryos in Pinus bungeana is the largest one. From the present investigation the shoot apex of mature embryos of Pinus bungeana exhibits four distinct tissue zones, i.e. the apical initials, the central mother cell zone, the peripheral tissue zone and the rib meristem. It is worthy of note that the shoot apex of Pinus strobus may be divided into five zones, including transition zone between central mother cells and rib meristem (Owston, 1968). Four zones are recognized in the shoot apex of Pinus lambertiana and P. ponderosa, without transition one (Sacher, 1954). From cytological zonation, the shoot apex of mature embryos in Pinus bungeana is rather similar to that of Pinuslambertiana and P. ponderosa.     

Nucleotide diversity and demographic history of Pinus bungeana,an endangered conifer species endemic in China

Orographic and climatic oscillations have played crucial roles in shaping the nucleotide diversity and evolutionary history of many species across the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, based on 10 nuclear loci and a chloroplast DNA marker, we analyzed the nucleotide polymorphisms and demographic history of the endangered conifer species Pinus bungeana in Northwest China and investigated the phylogenetic relationships between P. bungeana and two related species, that is, Pinus gerardiana and Pinus squamata. We found that P. bungeana exhibited an extremely low level of nucleotide diversity (π_sil = 0.00159). Demographic simulations based on DIYABC analysis showed that P. bungeana underwent demographic expansion and contraction during the Miocene. According to ecological niche modeling, we found that this species survived in situ during the glacial period and was not restricted to southern refugia. We speculate that P. bungeana may have experienced widespread population shrinkage from the Last Interglacial to the Last Glacial Maximum due to geological or climatic events. Isolation‐with‐migration analysis revealed that the divergence (~2.4–4.2 Ma) among P. bungeana and its related species was significantly associated with the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau uplift events in the mid‐to‐late Tertiary period. Species tree analyses suggested that these three related Pinus species formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support. These results suggest that the Miocene–Pliocene and Pleistocene geological and climatic fluctuations might have profoundly affected the nucleotide diversity and demography of this psychrotolerant conifer species in western China.     

Anatomical Studies on Secondary Phloem of Pinus bungeana

This paper deals with structures of the secondary phloem of Pinus bungeana Zucc. The sieve cells lived for only one growing season. Most of them formed in spring and summer and then died in the end of winter. However, some of them formed in autumn and died eventually in the end of next spring. Two types of albuminous cells: type A and type B were seen in radial plates and rays, which possessed the following common characteristics, there were unilateral sieve area connections between these and the sieve cells. These cells had larger nuclei, denser cytoplasm with abundant mitochondria and rich RNA-protein. Their death closely followed that of the sieve cells. Type A albuminous cells differed from type B in that the former collapsed before the contents of sieve cells accompanied with it dissppeared. But, type B did not collapse until complete disappearance of the contents of sieve cells. The cytological characteristics of albuminous cells, the relationship between radial plates and rays, and possible physiological significance are also disscussed.     

The Cytological Studies on Albuminous Cells in Secondary Phloem of Pinus bungeana

This paper emphatically deals with the ultrastructure of albuminous cells in different stages of development in the secondary phloem of Pinus bungeana. The secondary phloem of Pinus bungeana is composed of sieve cells, axial parenchyma cells, radial plates and rays. Among the constituents, most of upright ray cells and radial plate parenchyma cells are albuminous cells. Although the shape and distribution of this kind of albuminous cells may be different, they possess the following common cytological characteristics. These cells have dense cytoplasm with abundant mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticula and a large nucleus, the nuclei of some albuminous cells are lobed in shape which increases the outer surface of the nuclei. Usually the albuminous cell contains some starch granules, the quantity of the starch granules in albuminous cells is less than the other parenchyma cells of the secondary phloem. All these cytological characteristics suggest that albuminous cells are active physiologically. The distinguishing characteristics of albuminous cells from other parenchyma ceils are that the albuminous cells are associated with sieve cells through unilateral sieve area and they died together with the sieve cells.