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1.
Artful visions     
Wade NJ 《Spatial Vision》2007,21(1-2):27-53
Visual artists and visual scientists are often concerned with examining the same spatial phenomena, but the methods they adopt differ radically. Scientists try to discover new facts regarding old phenomena; they rarely discover new phenomena but different conditions under which the old ones operate (perhaps using some novel apparatus for generating stimuli). Artists are concerned with arranging phenomena in a manner that has not been seen before, or perhaps to increase the spectators' awareness of the phenomena. This typically involves complicating the effects rather than simplifying pattern elements. Thus, scientists rarefy and isolate phenomena to control them in the laboratory, whereas artists embrace complexity and manipulate phenomena intuitively. The differences in method have resulted in divergent vocabularies for describing similar effects, and the two approaches can appear more disparate than their phenomenal commonality would suggest. It could be argued that for spatial vision, prior to the advent of computer graphics, visual scientists have not represented adequately the subject matter of their own enquiry; this want was supplied by visual artists. Not only have artists provided more engaging examples of spatial phenomena, but they have also enhanced their range in ways that are scientifically novel. The opposite argument applies to motion perception, where scientists developed techniques that were eagerly adopted in the arts. The interactions between art and both spatial and motion vision were influenced by instruments invented in the early nineteenth century for manipulating the representation of space and time - the stereoscope and the stroboscopic disc.  相似文献   

2.
We are currently in an interesting phase of plant biotechnology releases, both for the scientists responsible for these innovations who are beginning to see their ideas realized, and for the biotechnology companies that are starting to see a return on their investment. One of the most notable examples, is the introduction of transgenic crops that are engineered to express a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin that confers resistance to insect predation. However, the picture is not altogether positive - there is concern that the introduction of this technology was premature or should not have happened at all, and that the valuable insecticidal properties of Bacillus thuringiensis will be lost.  相似文献   

3.
Fueled by novel technologies capable of producing massive amounts of data for a single experiment, scientists are faced with an explosion of information which must be rapidly analyzed and combined with other data to form hypotheses and create knowledge. Today, numerous biological questions can be answered without entering a wet lab. Scientific protocols designed to answer these questions can be run entirely on a computer. Biological resources are often complementary, focused on different objects and reflecting various experts' points of view. Exploiting the richness and diversity of these resources is crucial for scientists. However, with the increase of resources, scientists have to face the problem of selecting sources and tools when interpreting their data. In this paper, we analyze the way in which biologists express and implement scientific protocols, and we identify the requirements for a system which can guide scientists in constructing protocols to answer new biological questions. We present two such systems, BioNavigation and BioGuide dedicated to help scientists select resources by following suitable paths within the growing network of interconnected biological resources.  相似文献   

4.
As the history of science has developed as a professional intellectualdiscipline, it has had and will continue to have an importantrole in defining science and its place in our culture. Suchdefinitions should be based on as much information as possible.Scientists can help supply some of this information throughparticipation in symposia on the history of science. In addition,scientists can learn much about the nature of their disciplineby becoming aware of the concepts of science which are derivedfrom the careful analysis of its history. Efforts should bemade to bring historians of science and scientists togetherfor their mutual benefit.  相似文献   

5.
The Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (BAH) offers unique possibilities for research and education in marine sciences in the southern part of the North Sea. Besides its own research duties, the Institute provides research facilities and technical assistance for guest scientists, assists in the teaching and education of university student groups, and conducts its own courses. The Institute further supplies universities and research institutions on the mainland with marine organisms. The marine station on Helgoland has 14 laboratories, with a total of 32 working places available for guest scientists. The Wadden Sea Institute in List on the island of Sylt offers 6 laboratories with a total of 18 working places. Furthermore, laboratory classrooms are located on Helgoland and in List for 50 and 20 participants, respectively. For the convenience of the guest researchers staying at the BAH, guest-houses are run on Helgoland (Arthur-Hagmeier-Haus, Wilhelm-Mielk-Haus) und in List (Adolf-Bückmann-Haus). Guest researchers have been welcome since the founding of the Institute in 1892. Heincke gave a brief report on the activities of the first visitors from 1892 to 1897. Only sporadic reports are available for the first 60 years of this century. Guest scientists and their activities have only been recorded in detail in the annual reports of the BAH since 1962. The number of researchers and the length of their visits have increased continuously since 1962. The research facilities on Helgoland, in List and Hamburg have been modernized during the last 20 years. In 1971, four modern laboratories for guest researchers could be opened on Helgoland with financial support of the German Research Foundation (DFG). The number, of guest researchers in List and Hamburg increased after the completion of new buildings in 1979 and 1982. The recent increase in research activities by guest scientists is due to numerous students, from many different universities, using the superb research facilities to do their Masters thesis, or Ph.D. Guest researchers and students either perform their own research or cooperate with scientists of the BAH.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract: Absence of scientific independence can be associated with a lack of impartiality and therefore with a lack of credibility. Yet scientific credibility is essential for effective participation in sociopolitical processes—processes that necessarily involve politics and often result in decisions about land management, conservation, and public policy. All scientists are aware of these processes, many wish to participate, and some wish to advocate for their personal policy preferences. However, scientists who lack impartiality often create the perception of bias, and they can suffer a concomitant loss of credibility. Some policy-makers also have personal preferences for certain policies, and the term normative policies can be used here even though all policies can be viewed as normative in the sense that they involve multiple inputs. Hence, the idea that scientists must provide unbiased information for unbiased application by policy-makers is sometimes wrong. For scientists to be effective participants in sociopolitical processes that lead to conservation policies or related actions, they should inform the public about issues while avoiding direct involvement in policy development and the political considerations this necessarily entails. Scientists should only participate in the decision-making process with impartial information and in their proper role as objective scientists.  相似文献   

7.
藓纲植物化学成分及其生物活性研究进展   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
藓纲植物是天然活性产物的重要来源,在自然界分布广泛;但是对藓纲植物的化学成分及其生理活性的研究较少,国内基本属于空白。本文对近年来该领域内的研究成果进行了综述,旨在引起化学家、植物学家及其他相关科学家对此门类研究的兴趣和重视,共同开发这一重要资源。  相似文献   

8.
The Women in Biology forum (WiB) of Bioclues (India) began in 2009 to promote and support women pursuing careers in bioinformatics and computational biology. WiB was formed in order to help women scientists deprived of basic research, boost the prominence of women scientists particularly from developing countries, and bridge the gender gap to innovation. WiB has also served as a platform to highlight the work of established female scientists in these fields. Several award-winning women researchers have shared their experiences and provided valuable suggestions to WiB. Headed by Mohanalatha Chandrasekharan and supported by Dr. Reeta Rani Singhania and Renuka Suravajhala, WiB has seen major progress in the last couple of years particularly in the two avenues Mentoring and Research, off the four avenues in Bioclues: Mentoring, Outreach, Research and Entrepreneurship (MORE).In line with the Bioclues vision for bioinformatics in India, the WiB Journal Club (JoC) recognizes women scientists working on functional genomics and bioinformatics, and provides scientific mentorship and support for project design and hypothesis formulation. As a part of Bioclues, WiB members practice the group''s open-desk policy and its belief that all members are free to express their own thoughts and opinions. The WiB forum appreciates suggestions and welcomes scientists from around the world to be a part of their mission to encourage women to pursue computational biology and bioinformatics.  相似文献   

9.
Recent advances in computer networks and information technologies have created exciting new possibilities for sharing and analyzing scientific research data. Although individual datasets can be studied efficiently, many scientists are still largely limited to considering data collected by themselves, their students, or closely affiliated research groups. Increasingly widespread high-speed network connections and the existence of large, coordinated research programs suggest the potential for scientists to access and learn from data from outside their immediate research circle. We are developing a web-based application that facilitates the sharing of scientific data within a research network using the now-common “virtual globe” in combination with advanced visualization methods designed for geographically distributed scientific data. Two major components of the system enable the rapid assessment of geographically distributed scientific data: a database built from information submitted by network members, and a module featuring novel and sophisticated geographic data visualization techniques. By enabling scientists to share results with each other and view their shared data through a common virtual-globe interface, the system provides a new platform for important meta-analyses and the analysis of broad-scale patterns. Here we present the design and capabilities of the SFMN GeoSearch platform for the Sustainable Forest Management Network, a pan-Canadian network of forest researchers who have accumulated data for more than a decade. Through the development and dissemination of this new tool, we hope to help scientists, students, and the general public to understand the depth and breadth of scientific data across potentially large areas.  相似文献   

10.
Brazilian scientists have been contributing to the protozoology field for more than 100 years with important discoveries of new species such asTrypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. In this work, we used a Brazilian thesis database (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) covering the period from 1987-2011 to identify researchers who contributed substantially to protozoology. We selected 248 advisors by filtering to obtain researchers who supervised at least 10 theses. Based on a computational analysis of the thesis databases, we found students who were supervised by these scientists. A computational procedure was developed to determine the advisors’ scientific ancestors using the Lattes Platform. These analyses provided a list of 1,997 researchers who were inspected through Lattes CV examination and allowed the identification of the pioneers of Brazilian protozoology. Moreover, we investigated the areas in which researchers who earned PhDs in protozoology are now working. We found that 68.4% of them are still in protozoology, while 16.7% have migrated to other fields. We observed that support for protozoology by national or international agencies is clearly correlated with the increase of scientists in the field. Finally, we described the academic genealogy of Brazilian protozoology by formalising the “forest” of Brazilian scientists involved in the study of protozoa and their vectors over the past century.  相似文献   

11.
Farmers have to cope with both society and market pressures in their working practices, as well as with the enlargement of farms, off-farm opportunities and profound changes in the workforce. Expectations in terms of working duration and rhythms are increasingly expressed by farmers, meaning that working conditions and the efficiency of work organisation are critical issues nowadays. The bibliography shows that work organisation is mainly discussed by social scientists, but that livestock scientists make a significant contribution to the debate. Indeed, technical changes modify working calendars, priorities between tasks and interchangeability among workers; technical adaptations are levers to solving problems of work with equipment, buildings and the workforce. We present here French approaches to work organisation that take into account livestock management and its implications in work organisation. The 'Work Assessment' method represents the work organisation and evaluates work durations and time flexibility for farmers. The ATELAGE model describes and qualifies work organisation with its various regulations and time scales, integrating the other activities - economic or private - that farmers can carry on. Three principles underpin them: not all workers are interchangeable; tasks have different temporal characteristics (rhythms, postponement, etc.); and the year is a succession of work periods that differ in their daily form of organisation. We illustrate with concrete examples how these approaches contribute to helping and guiding farmers in their thoughts about change.  相似文献   

12.
Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI, also called Imaging Mass Spectrometry) can be used to map molecules according to their chemical abundance and spatial distribution. This technique is not widely used in mass spectrometry circles and is barely known by other scientists. In this review, a brief overview of the mass spectrometer hardware used in MSI and some of the possible applications of this powerful technique are discussed. I intend to call attention to MSI uses from cell biology to histopathology for biological scientists who have little background in mass spectrometry. MSI facts and perspectives are presented from a non-mass spectrometrist point of view.  相似文献   

13.
To address the critical challenges of biodiversity conservation and study its impact on the ecosystem, over the last decade, scientists have been producing a large amount of highly heterogeneous and distributed data. For managing, processing, and visualizing this data, requires informatics skills. While many biologists lack these skills, informaticians are limited in their understanding of biological domain requirements and the context of the data. The focus of our research study is to assist scientists with the suggestion of possible visualizations for exploring and understanding their data. To be useful, such suggestions need to be based on the visualization knowledge of domain experts. We intend to gather such knowledge and use in the development of a visualization recommendation framework serving the biodiversity research community. Therefore, the authors want to encourage readers to share their domain knowledge on the biodiversity data visualization usage by participating in an online survey.  相似文献   

14.
Molecular imprinting: at the edge of the third millennium   总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19  
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) represent a new class of materials that have artificially created receptor structures (1-3). Since their discovery in 1972, MIPs have attracted considerable interest from scientists and engineers involved with the development of chromatographic adsorbents, membranes, sensors and enzyme and receptor mimics.  相似文献   

15.
This is part of a project on the disadvantaged, marginalized, vulnerable/weaker section of the population and their survival strategy. The paper presents the results of a survey carried out during 2006-07 with the objective of throwing light on the life and living conditions of an economically weaker community such as 'fishing community' residing in the coastal area of Bay of Bengal in West Bengal and Orissa, India, in the context of global scenario. Various scientists have conducted quite a large number of studies to ascertain the income and nutritional status of people in rural India. Very few attempts, however, have been made to investigate in detail regarding the living standards of some specific communities, which are very often referred to, as the 'weaker section' of the people. The people belonging to fishing community are, by and large, not only economically weak in terms of earning and availability of work, the majority of them are not able to procure the minimum nourishment. The present study shows that some notable elements of living conditions such as food, shelter, health etc. matters much more than the conventional income or calorie deficiency. Commonly, the social scientists equate poverty with income or calorie deficiency which may not be the case as is evident from this study. We have hinted some measures to be undertaken to ameliorate the sufferings of the fishing community.  相似文献   

16.
The stem cell concept in plants: a matter of debate   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
Laux T 《Cell》2003,113(3):281-283
Throughout their life, which can last for over a thousand years, plants have the fascinating ability to give rise to new organs from founder cells in their apical meristems. Whether these founder cells are equivalent to the pluripotent stem cells in animals has been a long-standing controversy amongst plant scientists. Here, this controversy will be addressed in light of classical observations and recent findings.  相似文献   

17.
Life with auntie     
Are journalists the enemies of scientists? The media specialize in communication, an area in which scientists are traditionally perceived to be weak. If barriers to understanding could be broken down then there is a real opportunity for mutual benefit. An appreciation of what drives the media can best be achieved by entering their camp.  相似文献   

18.
Metal-induced sequential transitions among DNA conformations   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The action of [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 on poly(dGdC) · poly(dGdC) can lead to a series of consecutive reactions, in which B-DNA is first converted to Z-DNA [M. Behe and G. Felsenfeld (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 78 , 1619–1623], which in turn is transformed into an unidentified conformer that we tentatively call “U”, and finally the highly associated anisotropic ψ-DNA is produced. Conditions are given under which the sequence B ? Z ? “U” ψ(+) can be stopped at any point in the direction from left to right. The reverse processes, from right to left, occur when ψ(+) or “U”-DNA are treated with various amounts of salt concentrations and lowering temperature. Thus it is demonstrated that four conformers of poly(dGdC) · poly(dGdC) are readily interconvertible, and that Z-DNA and “U” conformers are intermediates in the reversible transformations of B- and ψ-DNA.  相似文献   

19.

Background

Interdisciplinary health research is a priority of many funding agencies. We surveyed clinician and biomedical scientists about their views on the value and funding of interdisciplinary health research.

Methods

We conducted semistructured interviews with 31 biomedical and 30 clinician scientists. The scientists were selected from the 2000–2006 membership lists of peer-review committees of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. We investigated respondents’ perspectives on the assumption that collaboration across disciplines adds value to health research. We also investigated their perspectives on funding agencies’ growing support of interdisciplinary research.

Results

The 61 respondents expressed a wide variety of perspectives on the value of interdisciplinary health research, ranging from full agreement (22) to complete disagreement (11) that it adds value; many presented qualified viewpoints (28). More than one-quarter viewed funding agencies’ growing support of interdisciplinary research as appropriate. Most (44) felt that the level of support was unwarranted. Arguments included the belief that current support leads to the creation of artificial teams and that a top-down process of imposing interdisciplinary structures on teams constrains scientists’ freedom. On both issues we found contrasting trends between the clinician and the biomedical scientists.

Interpretation

Despite having some positive views about the value of interdisciplinary research, scientists, especially biomedical scientists, expressed reservations about the growing support of interdisciplinary research.Collaboration between health disciplines is a new priority of research institutions and funding agencies. Many of these agencies have undergone restructuring and have developed programs specifically to intensify interdisciplinary research. In 2007, the US National Institutes of Health created 9 interdisciplinary research consortia “as a means of integrating aspects of different disciplines to address health challenges that have been resistant to traditional research approaches.”1 In 2000, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) was established with an express mandate “to forge a health research agenda across disciplines, sectors, and regions that embraces scientific opportunity and reflects the emerging health needs of Canadians, the evolution of the health care system and the information needs of health policy decision-makers.”2This change in priority has been attributed to 3 main factors: the need to answer complex health problems, the need to explore questions that are not confined to a single discipline and the need to provide effective solutions to societal problems.3,4 Although the arguments advocating for interdisciplinary health research have evoked many kinds of promises, scientists undertaking collaborative research can also face many challenges. The past 10 years have seen a growing body of literature examining the impediments and facilitators to interdisciplinary collaboration.3,514Despite this growing interest, little is known about scientists’ opinions on the prevalent assumption that working across disciplines adds value to health research. Moreover, little consideration has been given to how scientists perceive the growing support of interdisciplinary research by funding agencies. In a survey commissioned by the CIHR, 36% of funded researchers indicated that their collaboration across disciplines had increased as a result of the agency’s establishment.15 Whether this shift reflects researchers’ scientific interests or their attempts to secure funding by appealing to the agency’s policy of promoting interdisciplinary research is unknown.As part of a broad research program investigating the integration of social science in health research,16 we conducted this study to examine to what extent, and why, biomedical and clinician scientists are for or against the promotion of interdisciplinary research. We targeted these types of scientists because they were predominantly affected by the move toward interdisciplinary research that occurred after the creation of the CIHR.  相似文献   

20.
As we strive to lift up a diversity of voices in science, it is important for ecologists, evolutionary scientists, and educators to foster inclusive environments in their research and teaching. Academics in science often lack exposure to research on best practices in diversity, equity, and inclusion and may not know where to start to make scientific environments more welcoming and inclusive. We propose that by approaching research and teaching with empathy, flexibility, and a growth mind‐set, scientists can be more supportive and inclusive of their colleagues and students. This paper provides guidance, explores strategies, and directs scientists to resources to better cultivate an inclusive environment in three common settings: the classroom, the research laboratory, and the field. As ecologists and evolutionary scientists, we have an opportunity to adapt our teaching and research practices in order to foster an inclusive educational ecosystem for students and colleagues alike.  相似文献   

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