科学营养与运动健身对超重与肥胖的干预

国内外有关肥胖症的相关研究大多都停留在对肥胖症状(单纯性肥胖)产生机制以及肥胖运动治疗的影响因素等研究上。本文综述超重与肥胖的营养干预及运动治疗研究进展,旨在为大众提供一个科学的、合理的、可供参考的、可操作性的营养膳食搭配以及运动减肥负荷量的参考处方。     

个性化医学营养干预对超重及肥胖患者的效果评价

目的：探究医学营养干预对门诊超重及肥胖患者体成分及体重管理认知度的影响,为体重管理的实践提供科学依据及相关经验。方法：对2017年6月—12月聊城市人民医院体重管理门诊103名超重及肥胖患者进行3个月的个性化医学营养干预及密切跟踪随访,对干预前超重及肥胖患者超重危险因素进行问卷调查,干预前后患者进行人体成分分析及体重管理认知度调查。结果：聊城市人民医院体重管理门诊103名超重及肥胖患者超重危险因素主要包含嗜油腻（油炸食品、外出进餐频繁）、甜品摄入较多（零食、饮料）、体力运动少（久坐、规律锻炼）、压力大以及睡眠不充足;个性化营养干预后患者体重、BMI、体脂率、腰围及腰臀比明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,肌肉量无明显变化（P＞0.05）,患者减重知识的认知度明显提高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：个性化医学营养干预对超重及肥胖患者减重效果明显,可广泛推广应用。     

父母及个人行为对学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的影响

目的：探讨学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的现状及其影响因素。方法：从青岛市幼儿园招募年龄在3-6 岁儿童参与本调查,通过健 康体格检查和问卷调查两部分进行。其中体格检查包括身高和体重的测量,问卷调查内容包括父母的相关变量以及儿童个人饮 食行为等因素。其中1080 份为完整有效数据。结果：学龄前儿童超重和肥胖人数分别占总数的18.80%和8.98%。男孩的超重和 肥胖率（31.8%）高于女生（23.8%）。父亲和母亲的超重和肥胖均与儿童超重和肥胖存在关联性(P<0.05)。较长屏幕时间、快速进食 是超重和肥胖的危险因素(P<0.05),而增加体力活动时间为保护因素（P<0.05）。偏爱肉类也是与超重/ 肥胖相关的因素(P<0.05）。 结论：孩子个性习惯和父母均与学龄前儿童超重和肥胖相关,学龄前儿童超重和肥胖问题仍然是一个重要的公共卫生问题。     

高强度登山对超重肥胖人群的心电影响及分析

目的：探讨超重肥胖人群在高强度登山时的心电图改变与其它冠心病危险因素的关系。方法：对260例超重肥胖登山者不适时即时12导联心电图描记后加以分析,综合其它冠心病危险因素分组统计。结果：260例超重肥胖高强度登山者的心电图描记中,发现异常者112例,占43%,心电图改变包括ST-T改变及心律失常表现等,A、B、C、D、E、F、G组心电图异常改变率分别为95.2%、55.36%、60.4%、21.7%、17.3%、2.5%、20%,A组的心电图异常改变率明显高于其它组（P〈0.01）,冠心病危险因素的数量及类型对心电图的异常改变有较显著的差异。结论：超重肥胖人群不宜进行高强度登山运动,原因有：1、冠心病危险因素越多,心电图异常改变机率越大。2、吸烟及缺乏体力活动可增高心电图异常机率。3、伴有3种或3种以上冠心病危险因素不适于高强度登山运动。     

孕前期低热饮食干预对超重个体妊娠糖尿病的影响

目的：探讨孕前期低热饮食干预模式对超重（含肥胖）个体妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的影响效果。方法：于2017年12月—2020年1月,将我院产科收入的52例首胎、超重及肥胖的育龄女性随机分为对照组（26例）和干预组（26例）,对照组采用常规性膳食营养指南模式,干预组则采用个性化、持续性的低热量饮食模式,干预完成后在第24~28孕周测量受试者体重及血糖情况,对比两组孕期的体重增长和GDM发生率。结果：干预后两组研究对象的体重均显著增加,但干预组（2.62±1.37）明显低于对照组（5.85±1.48）,两组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;干预组GDM的发生率（30.77%）显著低于对照组（57.69%）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：孕前期的低热饮食干预模式能够有效地控制超重及肥胖育龄女性孕期体重的增长,并显著降低GDM发生率,未来可考虑应用及推广,以减少该群体GDM的发生。     

高蛋白膳食干预对肥胖及相关慢性疾病的影响

目前我国超重和肥胖问题日益严重,并呈现流行态势。高蛋白膳食作为一种宏量营养素调节方式,可通过提高饱腹感、减少能量摄入、增加机体能量消耗形成能量负平衡,进而达到减重和改善代谢机能的作用。现有研究表明,高蛋白膳食对于短期体重管理具有积极作用,对于2型糖尿病、脂肪肝和代谢综合征等肥胖相关疾病的营养治疗亦具有广阔应用前景,但其对长期体重管理的安全性和有效性,以及对肾脏和心血管疾病的潜在风险仍有待系统研究。     

学龄前儿童超重肥胖的调查和影响因素分析

目的：调查北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖流行现状并分析其影响因素,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法：选择842例3~5岁健康查体的学龄前儿童为研究对象,测量身高、体重并计算体质量指数（BMI）。向儿童主要养护人进行问卷调查,获得母亲孕期、儿童早期喂养、身体活动和行为习惯、家庭情况和膳食情况等与儿童超重肥胖的相关信息。以儿童是否超重肥胖为因变量,影响儿童超重肥胖的23个因素为自变量,进行单因素和多因素Logistic 回归分析。结果：学龄前儿童超重率为10.69%、肥胖率为11.28%;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,孕期增重、出生6月内喂养方式、屏幕暴露时长、谷薯类食物食用频率4个变量差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,孕期增重过多、出生6月内人工喂养、每日屏幕暴露时长≥1 h、每周食用谷薯类食物是儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论：北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖率处于较高水平,儿童超重肥胖受多种因素的共同影响。     

营养干预体重管理对孕前超重孕产妇脂、糖代谢及妊娠结局的影响

目的：研究孕前超重孕产妇进行营养干预体重管理,对其脂、糖代谢及妊娠结局的影响。方法：选择2016年6月——2017年5月在本院立卡并分娩的136例孕前超重孕产妇作为研究对象,其中进行营养干预体重管理者设为干预组（70例）,采取常规护理者设为对照组（66例）。比较两组的血脂水平、整个孕期的增长体重、血糖水平、妊娠结局、胎儿结局、并发症。结果：孕36周时,干预组的TG、TC、LDL、HDL显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。对照组整个孕期的增长体重显著大于干预组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。干预组GDM发生率（24.29%）显著低于对照组GDM发生率（37.88%）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。干预组剖宫产率、巨大儿率显著低于对照组,对照组阴道分娩率、正常儿率显著低于干预组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。干预组并发症率为12.86%,与对照组并发症率19.69%比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：对孕前超重孕产妇进行营养干预体重管理,可有效控制其妊娠期间的脂、糖代谢紊乱及体重增加,从而减少剖宫产率,促进母婴良性结局。     

个体动态化体重管理对体外受精-胚胎移植超重肥胖患者体重控制及妊娠结局的影响

目的:针对接受体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)的超重肥胖患者实施个体动态化体重管理,探讨该干预方法对体重控制及妊娠结局的影响。方法:选择2017年5月至2018年12月就诊于我院拟行IVF-ET的超重肥胖患者共99例纳入本研究,随机分为实验组50例与对照组49例,分别采取个体动态化体重管理及常规干预的方法对两组进行体重管理,记录并统计干预前后相关指标的组间差异。结果:两组干预前后BMI的差值差异有统计学意义(P0.05);内膜厚度、获卵数、可用胚胎数、移植胚胎数的组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组临床妊娠率与活产率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);出生婴儿体重组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预满意度评分差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:个体动态化体重管理的干预方法可有效减轻接受IVF-ET的超重肥胖患者的体重,降低体重指数,提高IVF-ET的移植成功率、活产率,值得临床推广应用。     

个体化膳食方案联合运动指导对肥胖患者减重及脂代谢的影响

目的：探究个体化膳食方案联合运动指导对肥胖患者体重控制及脂代谢的影响。方法：选取2018年1-10月于我院门诊就诊的肥胖者120例作为研究对象,经数字随机表法分为对照组和观察组各60例。两组均进行运动指导,在此基础上,对照组制定限能量均衡膳食方案（蛋白质20%、脂肪20%、碳水化合物60%）、观察组制定高蛋白膳食方案（蛋白质30%、脂肪30%、碳水化合物40%）。比较两组干预前后体重、体重指数（BMI）、腰围、臀围各体质量情况,内脏脂肪面积、体脂肪、肌肉量、身体总水分各人体成分数据,以及总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）等各项代谢指标。结果：干预前,两组各体质量情况和人体成分数据差异不显著（P＜0.05）;干预后,两组体重、BMI、腰围、臀围和内脏脂肪面积、体脂肪含量、身体总水分均较干预前下降,且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）。干预前,两组TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C差异不明显（P＞0.05）;干预后,观察组TC、TG、LDL-C均低于干预前和对照组,HDL-C高于干预前和对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：个性化的高蛋白膳食方案联合运动指导,可以助力肥胖患者控制超重,促进脂代谢的改善。     

Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects

Summary. Taurine has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in experimental animals fed with high-cholesterol or high fat diets. Whether taurine benefits lipid metabolism in humans has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese young adults. Thirty college students (age: 20.3±1.7 years) with a body mass index (BMI) 25.0kg/m², and with no evidence of diabetes mellitus were selected and assigned to either the taurine group (n=15) or the placebo group (n=15) by double-blind randomization. Taurine 3g/day or placebo was taken orally for 7 weeks. Triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and plasma glucose were measured before and after supplementation. The atherogenic index (AI) was calculated as (TC–HDL-C)/HDL-C. There were no differences in any baseline parameter between the two groups. Taurine supplementation decreased TG and AI significantly. Body weight also reduced significantly in the taurine group. These results suggest that taurine produces a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism and may have an important role in cardiovascular disease prevention in overweight or obese subjects.     

Diet-induced weight loss in overweight or obese women and changes in high-density lipoprotein levels and function

Diet-induced weight loss in women may be associated with decreases not only in plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but also in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Whether a decrease in HDL-C is associated with altered HDL function is unknown. One hundred overweight or obese women (age 46 ± 11 years, 60 black; 12 diabetic) were enrolled in the 6-month program of reduced fat and total energy diet and low-intensity exercise. Serum cholesterol efflux capacity was measured in (3)H-cholesterol-labeled BHK cells expressing ABCA1, ABCG1, or SR-B1 transporters and incubated with 1% apolipoprotein B (apoB)-depleted serum. Antioxidant properties of HDL were estimated by paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation was measured by conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline in endothelial cells incubated with HDL from 49 subjects. Participants achieved an average weight loss of 2.2 ± 3.9 kg (P < 0.001), associated with reductions in both LDL-C (-6 ± 21 mg/dl, P = 0.004) and HDL-C (-3 ± 9 mg/dl, P = 0.016). Cholesterol efflux capacity by the ABCA1 transporter decreased by 10% (P = 0.006); efflux capacities by the ABCG1 and SR-B1 transporters were not significantly altered. ORAC decreased by 15% (P = 0.018); neither PON1 activity nor eNOS activation was significantly altered by reduction in HDL-C. Findings were similar for diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diet-induced weight loss in overweight or obese women is associated with a decrease in HDL-C levels, but overall HDL function is relatively spared, suggesting that decrease in HDL-C in this setting is not deleterious to cardiovascular risk.     

Moderate exercise and bright light treatment in overweight and obese individuals

Objective: Increased physical activity is important given the concern over the growing rates of obesity. The aim of this study is to conduct a controlled investigation of the effects of bright light therapy and exercise on weight loss and body composition in overweight and obese individuals. Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐five overweight and obese subjects were assigned to 6 weeks of moderate exercise with or without bright light treatment. Outcome measure included changes in body mass and body composition and ratings of mood, seasonality, and sleep. Results: Body weight decreased significantly with exercise in subjects in the light and non‐light treatment groups, but the change was not significantly different between the groups. Similar results were found for BMI. With exercise, body fat decreased significantly only in the light treatment group. There was a significant effect of the interaction of group by time on body fat composition, but the group by time interaction failed to reach statistical significance for body weight and BMI. Mood scores improved significantly with exercise in the light group, but no significant changes were noted regarding sleep. Discussion: This preliminary study is the first to show that addition of bright light treatment to a 6‐week moderate exercise program can alter body composition by significantly reducing body fat. The reduction in body fat mass is of particular importance, because visceral fat has been particularly implicated as a major factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome. This study is an important step toward finding ways to maximize the effects of exercise.     

Economic evaluation of weight loss interventions in overweight and obese women

Objective: To conduct a clinical and economic evaluation of outpatient weight loss strategies in overweight and obese adult U.S. women. Research Methods and Procedures: This study was a lifetime cost‐use analysis from a societal perspective, using a first‐order Monte Carlo simulation. Strategies included routine primary care and varying combinations of diet, exercise, behavior modification, and/or pharmacotherapy. Primary data were collected to assess program costs and obesity‐related quality of life. Other data were obtained from clinical trials, population‐based surveys, and other published literature. This was a simulated cohort of healthy 35‐year‐old overweight and obese women in the United States. Results: For overweight and obese women, a three‐component intervention of diet, exercise, and behavior modification cost $12,600 per quality‐adjusted life year gained compared with routine care. All other strategies were either less effective and more costly or less effective and less cost‐effective compared with the next best alternative. Results were most influenced by obesity‐related effects on quality of life and the probabilities of weight loss maintenance. Discussion: A multidisciplinary weight loss program consisting of diet, exercise, and behavior modification provides good value for money, but more research is required to confirm the impacts of such programs on quality of life and the likelihood of long‐term weight loss maintenance.     

Effects of exercise on weight loss and monocytes in obese mice

Obesity causes innate immune dysfunction, contributing to increased disease risk. Weight loss from a combination of caloric restriction and exercise is the most effective treatment of obesity. We compared forced and voluntary exercise as weight-loss treatments in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and assessed the effects of weight loss on monocyte concentration and cell-surface expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, CD80, and CD86. DIO CD1 male mice were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 groups (n = 6 per group): voluntary wheel running (VEX); forced treadmill running (FEX); and sedentary (S). A fourth (control) group (CN, n = 6) of nonDIO mice was included also. During the 8-wk weight-loss treatment, all 4 groups consumed a low-fat (10% fat) diet. Nonlethal saphenous vein blood samples collected at baseline, week 4, and week 8 were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess monocyte concentration and functional receptor expression. The VEX and FEX groups lost significantly more body weight (36% and 27%, respectively) over the 8 wk of treatment than did other groups. VEX mice ran 4.4 times more than did FEX animals. VEX mice had higher monocyte concentrations (48% and 58%, respectively) than did the CN and FEX groups. Compared with baseline, week 8 cell-surface expression of TLR2 (22%), TLR4 (33%), and CD86 (18%) was increased in VEX mice. At week 4, CD80 expression was 42% greater for VEX than S mice. The present study confirms that short-term exercise and low-fat diet consumption cause significant weight loss and altered immune profiles.     

Disability prevalence among healthy weight,overweight, and obese adults

Objective:

Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes in people with and without disabilities. However, little is known about disability prevalence among people who are obese. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and type of disability among adults who are obese.

Design and Methods:

Pooled data from the 2003‐2009 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were analyzed to obtain national prevalence estimates of disability, disability type and obesity. The disability prevalence was stratified by body mass index (BMI): healthy weight (BMI 18.5‐<25.0), overweight (BMI 25.0‐<30.0), and obese (BMI ≥ 30.0).

Results:

In this pooled sample, among the 25.4% of US adults who were obese, 41.7% reported a disability. In contrast, 26.7% of those with a healthy weight and 28.5% of those who were overweight reported a disability. The most common disabilities among respondents with obesity were movement difficulty (32.5%) and work limitation (16.6%).

Conclusions:

This research contributes to the literature on obesity by including disability as a demographic in assessing the burden of obesity. Because of the high prevalence of disability among those who are obese, public health programs should consider the needs of those with disabilities when designing obesity prevention and treatment programs.     

Effects of weight loss on erythrocyte membrane composition and fluidity in overweight and moderately obese women

A previous study showed chemical and physical impairment of the erythrocyte membrane of overweight and moderately obese women. The present study investigated the effects of a low-calorie diet (800 kcal/day deficit for 8 weeks) on erythrocyte membrane properties in 70 overweight and moderately obese (body mass index, 25-33 kg/m²) normotensive, nondiabetic women. At the end of dietary intervention, 24.3% of women dropped out, 45.7% lost less than 5% of their initial weight (Group I) and only 30% of patients lost at least 5% of their initial body weight (Group II). Group I showed no significant changes in erythrocyte membrane composition and function. The erythrocyte membranes of Group II showed significant reductions in malondialdehyde, lipofuscin, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, palmitic acid and nervonic acid and an increase in di-homo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and membrane fluidity. Moreover, Group II showed an improvement in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycemia and insulin resistance. These changes in erythrocyte membrane composition could reflect a virtuous cycle resulting from the reduction in insulin resistance associated with increased membrane fluidity that, in turn, results in a sequence of metabolic events that concur to further improve membrane fluidity.     

Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation of overweight and obese adults

Objective: This study examined experiences of weight stigmatization, sources of stigma, coping strategies, psychological functioning, and eating behaviors in a sample of 2671 overweight and obese adults. Research Methods and Procedures: The total sample was partitioned into two subsamples for investigation. Sample I was comprised of 2449 adult women, and Sample II was a matched sample of adult men and women (N = 222) that was disaggregated to investigate gender differences. Both samples completed an online battery of self‐report questionnaires measuring frequency of weight stigmatization and coping responses to deal with bias, the most common sources of the bias, symptoms of depression, self‐esteem, attitudes about weight and obesity, and binge eating behaviors. Results: Experiences of weight stigmatization, in many forms and across multiple occasions, was common in both samples. A variety of coping strategies were used in response. More frequent exposure to stigma was related to more attempts to cope and higher BMI. Physicians and family members were the most frequent sources of weight bias reported. No gender differences were observed in types or frequency of stigmatization. Frequency of stigmatization was not related to current psychological functioning, although coping responses were associated with emotional well‐being. Discussion: These findings raise questions about the relationship between stigma and psychological functioning and have important implications for obesity treatment and stigma reduction intervention efforts, both of which are discussed.